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PubMed1980

Aldosterone response to prolonged ACTH infusion in juvenile hypertension.

The effects of a continuous 5-day ACTH infusion (40 units/24 hr) on plasma aldosterone (aldo) concentration and urinary excretion of aldosterone pH 1 conjugate, tetrahydroaldosterone and free aldo were investigated in 6 normotensive children, and 7 children with hypertension of unknown origin. In both groups, an initial rise of plasma aldo and all urinary aldo metabolites and a subsequent fall were observed during the ACTH test. The decline in plasma aldo correlated significantly with a decrease in plasma renin activity and serum K+. There was, however, evidence for another regulatory factor of aldo secretion during ACTH infusion because on a low salt diet. ACTH produced a similar aldo pattern which could not be attributed to the changes in plasma renin activity or serum K+. Urinary excretion of both free aldo and tetrahydroaldosterone, a metabolite formed in the liver, showed a slower decrease during ACTH infusion than aldosterone pH 1 conjugate, which is of renal origin. The change in pattern of urinary aldo metabolites may be caused by a relative increase of the free, nonprotein bound plasma fraction of aldo and an enhanced metabolism of aldo in the liver during ACTH infusion. Neither in the baseline state nor during the ACTH test was there a difference between the normotensive and the hypertensive group in any of the aldo parameters.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Specific and nonspecific obstructive lung disease in childhood: causes of changes in the prevalence of asthma.

Reversible airway obstruction in childhood includes two major groups of patients: those with recurrent wheezing following bronchiolitis in early childhood, and those with allergic asthma, which represents an increasingly large proportion of cases through the school years. Over the last 40 years of the 20th century, allergic asthma has increased in many countries and in relation to several different allergens. Although this increase has differed in magnitude in different countries and also in the social groups most affected, it has had several features in common. The increase generally started between 1960 and 1970, has been progressive since then, and has continued into the 1990s without a defined peak. Among children 5-18 years of age, the increase has predominantly been among allergic individuals. Theories about the causes of the increase in asthma have focused on two scenarios: a) that changes in houses combined with increased time spent indoors have increased exposure to relevant allergens, or b) that changes in diet, antibiotic use, immunizations, and the pattern of infections in childhood have led to a change in immune responsiveness such that a larger section of the population makes T(H)2, rather than T(H)1 responses including IgE antibodies to inhalant allergens. There are, however, problems with each of these theories and, in particular, none of the proposed changes can explain the progressive nature of the increase over 40 years. The fact that the change in asthma has much in common with epidemic increase in diseases such as Type II diabetes or obesity suggests that similar factors could be involved. Several lines of evidence are reviewed that suggest that the decline in physical activity of children, particularly those living in poverty in the United States, could have contributed to the rise in asthma. The hypothesis would be that the progressive loss of a lung-specific protective effect against wheezing has allowed allergic children to develop symptomatic asthma. What is clear is that current theories do not provide either an adequate explanation of the increase or a practical approach to reversing the current trend.

Allergens↗
PubMed1979

Transport of thyroxine in the serum of vitamin A-deficient rats.

Thyroxine (T4) transport in the serum of rats deficient in vitamin A was studied by electrophoresis after incubation of serum samples with radioactive T4. In serum from vitamin A-deficient rats, the amount of radioactivity bound to the prealbumin zone of the electrophoretograms decreased, whereas there was an increase in the amount of radioactivity bound to the albumin zone. The serum from vitamin A-deficient rats subsequently fed a normal diet (repletion experiment) had an electrophoretic pattern similar to that of normal rats. The serum fraction which bound radioactive T4 appeared in the prealbumin rather than the albumin zone. These results suggest that vitamin A deficiency causes an early change in the transport of thyroid hormones in the plasma and a new level of serum thyroxine which may be responsible for the biochemical and physiological changes which occur in vitamin A-deficient rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

In vitro ouabain-sensitive respiration and protein synthesis in ruminal epithelial papillae of Hereford steers fed either alfalfa or bromegrass hay once daily.

Seven Hereford steers (457 +/- 8.5 kg BW) with ruminal cannulas were fed either long or short chopped bromegrass (B) or alfalfa (A) hay at 90% of a 3-h ad libitum intake once daily between 0900 and 1200 in a 4 x 4 complete and 3 x 4 incomplete Latin square design. After evacuation of ruminal contents, papillae from the ventral sac of the rumen were excised at 0900, 1200, and 2100 and placed in oxygenated media. Oxygen consumption was determined polarographically, after which either 10(-4) M ouabain or 10(-4) M cycloheximide was added for determination of ouabain-sensitive (OSO2) or cycloheximide-sensitive (CSO2) O2 consumption, respectively. Additionally, protein synthesis was measured by uptake of [3H]phenylalanine. Twenty-four-hour patterns of ruminal fluid pH, osmolality, ammonia N, and VFA were also determined. Steers fed A exhibited a rapid rise in total O2, OSO2, and CSO2 immediately after consumption of a meal; the respiration patterns of ruminal epithelial papillae from animals fed B lagged behind those observed for animals fed A. Patterns of O2 consumption for both diets paralleled those observed for ruminal concentration of products of fermentation; those fed A had a larger magnitude of change in both O2 consumption and fermentation products. Ruminal epithelial O2 consumption seems to be determined by substrate availability and products of fermentation, and Na+,K+ATPase and protein synthetic activity each account for one-fifth of ruminal papillae O2 consumption. Fractional rates of protein synthesis were unaffected by type of forage consumed.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2002

Effect of a preparation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on microbial profiles and fermentation patterns in the large intestine of horses fed a high fiber or a high starch diet.

Eight horses were allotted into pairs consisting of one cecum- and right ventral colon-fistulated animal and one cecum-fistulated animal. They were fed daily at the same level of intake either a high-fiber (HF) or a high-starch (HS) diet without or with 10 g of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae preparation, in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. The HS diet provided a starch overload (i.e., 3.4 g starch x kg(-1) BW x meal(-1)) while maintaining a high amount of fiber intake (i.e., dietary NDF/starch ratio was 1.0). A 21-d period of adaptation to the treatments occurred before cecal and colonic contents were withdrawn 4 h after the morning meal to count total anaerobic, cellulolytic, and lactic acid-utilizing bacteria, lactobacilli, and streptococci. Lactic acid, volatile fatty acids, ammonia concentrations, and pH were measured on cecal and colonic fluid samples collected hourly during the first 12-h postfeeding. When the HS diet was fed, the concentration of total anaerobic and lactic acid-utilizing bacteria increased (P < 0.001), whereas that of cellulolytic bacteria decreased (P < 0.05) in the cecum. The concentration of lactobacilli and streptococci increased (P < 0.001) in the cecal and colonic contents. These alterations of the microbial profiles were associated with decreases (P < 0.001) of pH, (acetate + butyrate)/propionate ratio and with an increase (P < 0.001) of lactic acid concentration. Supplementing the S. cerevisiae preparation increased (P < 0.01) the concentration of viable yeast cells, averaging 4.3 x 10(6) and 4.5 x 10(4) cfu/mL in the cecal and colonic contents, respectively. Yeast supplementation had almost no effect on microbial counts in the cecum and colon. The supplementation of S. cerevisiae appeared to modify (P < 0.05) pH, concentrations of lactic acid and ammonia, molar percentages of acetate and butyrate with the HS diet and [(acetate + butyrate)/propionate] ratio when the HF diet was fed. The effects of the S. cerevisiae preparation were greater in the cecum than in the colon, which coincided with the abundance of yeast cells. When the digestion of starch in the small intestine was saturated, the effect of the addition of a S. cerevisiae preparation appeared to limit the extent of undesirable changes in the intestinal ecosystem of the horse.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1976

Hydroxyproline in serum as a homeostatic index for calcium in cattle.

Hydroxyproline, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase values were determined in serum over 24 h in Holstein cows. The cows represented two age groups and three percents of diet calcium. Hydroxyproline followed a cyclic pattern dipping at 0800 and 1600 h after milking at 0500 and 1530 h. Phosphorus showed a 24 h rhythm peaking at 1600 h. No other time effects were demonstrated. Hydroxyproline and alkaline phosphatase were both lower in the older cows, indicating a decreased calcium mobilization from bone with age. There was a correlation coefficient of only .20 between serum calcium and hydroxyproline. The calcium concentration in serum was maintained within a narrow range presumably as a result of homeostatic mechanisms involving bone resorption, i.e. the release of calcium and hydroxyproline may indicate the degree of homeostasis required to maintain serum calcium.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Shift work, risk factors and cardiovascular disease.

The literature on shift work, morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease, and changes in traditional risk factors is reviewed. Seventeen studies have dealt with shift work and cardiovascular disease risk. On balance, shift workers were found to have a 40% increase in risk. Causal mechanisms of this risk via known cardiovascular risk factors, in relation to circadian rhythms, disturbed sociotemporal patterns, social support, stress, behavior (smoking, diet, alcohol, exercise), and biochemical changes (cholesterol, triglycerides, etc) are discussed. The risk is probably multifactorial, but the literature has focused on the behavior of shift workers and has neglected other possible causal connections. In most studies methodological problems are present; these problems are related to selection bias, exposure classification, outcome classification, and the appropriateness of comparison groups. Suggestions for the direction of future research on this topic are proposed.

Burnout, Professional↗
PubMed1998

Search for Extrapancreatic Effects of New Oral Hypoglycemic Agent A-4166: 1. Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests in Normal and Hereditary Insulin Resistant Rats.

OBJECTIVE: To test the effect of new oral hypoglycemic compound A-4166 on insulin secretion during oral glucose challenge in normal and hereditary non-obese, hypertriglyceridemic, insulin resistant and hypertensive rats fed either a normal or high fat diet. METHODS: The rats used were 15 weeks old males of Wistar Charles River strain (controls) and Wistar-derived hereditary hypertriglyceridemic (hHTg) rats of our own colony. They were fed either basal (12 cal% of fat) or high fat diet (70 cal% fat). After 3 weeks of feeding the above diets, the oral glucose tolerance tests (2 g/kg) were carried out in unrestrained conscious rats kept in special metabolic cages after overnight fasting and ten minutes after the administration of A-4166 (100 mg/kg) or placebo by the stomach tube. Plasma glucose, triglycerides, free fatty acids and insulin levels were measured by routine analytical methods. RESULTS: High fat diet feeding resulted in an increase in fasting plasma insulin in both rat strains, while fasting plasma glucose in high fat diet fed animals remained unchanged as compared to those fed basal diet. No differences in the fasting FFA levels were found. The glucose area under curve (AUC) did not differ between the two strains used and high fat diet resulted in a higher glucose AUC in both strains. The administration of A-4166 improved the glucose tolerance in all animals, namely in those fed the basal diet. Insulin AUC showed very similar pattern in both rat strains proving the stimulatory effect of A-4166 on insulin secretion during an oral glucose challenge. High fat feeding resulted in an impairment of insulin action, but the administration of A-4166 restored the antilipolysis in both strains to the normal range. CONCLUSIONS: The previously reported hypoglycemic action of A-4166 resulting from the increased insulin secretion was confirmed. Moreover, some beneficial action of A-4166 on antilipolysis in vivo was demonstrated.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Application of stable isotopic techniques in the prevention of degenerative diseases like obesity and NIDDM in developing societies.

Economic development in developing societies characterized by industrialization, urbanization, and globalization has seen the emergence of an epidemic of diet- and life-style-related chronic degenerative diseases. A research project was initiated under the aegis of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria under its Coordinated Research Programme (CRP) to promote the use of stable isotopic techniques to document the extent of the problem and to understand the determinants of this epidemic. The principal objectives of this CRP involving countries both in the North and the South are to define the magnitude of the problem of obesity and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in developing countries, to identify the vulnerable groups at increased risk, and to attempt to describe the metabolic and physiological mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. These comparative international studies of obesity and NIDDM are looking at the effects of childhood malnutrition (Brazil) and socioeconomic differentials (Mexico) on adult risk factors; the composition of the daily diet on obesity (Chile); levels of patterns of physical activity of older adults (China) as well as their influence on weight gain and obesity (Cuba, Nigeria); the impact of body composition and energy expenditure on the evolution frank diabetes from impaired glucose tolerance (Jamaica), and of body compositional changes and the role of inflammatory cytokines on impaired glucose tolerance (India). The last study conducted in New Zealand was aimed at comparing the energy expenditures of Maori (Pacific Island) with New Zealanders of European descent.

Africa↗
PubMed2002

[Dietary intake assessments: for who? why?].

The use of dietary intake assessment and questionnaires in clinical practice is largely debated, particularly for obese patients. The time needed to carry out them is very long, and the results are little or not at all workable due to the underreporting which may represent up to 50% of intakes for some patients. The usual methods and tools to evaluate dietary intakes are presented, they should not be used to calculate energy intake, but they permit to initiate a dialogue with the patient on his/her dietary pattern. The analysis of the dietary pattern is the first step in diet prescription and is essential to weight management and follow-up. This analysis must consider 3 important components: type of food usually eaten and preferred, the circumstances and environment of food intakes and meals, possible disorders of eating behaviour. Some results on food consumption in adults and children from the Fleurbaix Laventie Ville Santé Study are presented.

Diet Records↗
PubMed2003

[Study based on the WHO Monika program on the connection between psychosocial risk factors and ischemic heart disease in men aged 25-64 in Novosibirsk].

AIM: To study correlations between coronary heart disease (CHD) and psychosocial risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: CHD affected more frequently workers engaged in hard physical labour, in poorly educated persons; the least CHD morbidity was recorded in managers and highly educated persons. CHD males think of their health much worse than males free of CHD. The former smoked much more before CHD diagnosis, but when CHD comes they quit and reduce smoking much more frequently. This fact explains why smokers are encountered among CHD patients two times less frequently than in CHD-free males. In spite of stronger motivation for adequate diet, CHD males changed their nutrition pattern only in 3.7%. CHD males sleep worse: good sleep was registered in CHD-free males two times more frequently. Psychological risk factors such as personal anxiety, sleep disorders were reported much more frequently in CHD patients proving the fact of social stress involvement in development of CHD. So-called coronary behavior was observed in both groups of males with the same rate. Thus, the coronary behavior is not associated with CHD. CONCLUSION: Development of CHD is associated not with the behavior but its components (depression, anxiety, etc.).

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Long-term feeding of corn oil, beef tallow, or menhaden oil and eicosanoid levels in BHE/cdb rats.

The effects of long-term feeding of 2 or 10% fat diets containing corn oil, beef tallow, or menhaden oil on the levels of eicosanoids in brain, plasma, and kidney medulla were studied. Male BHE/cdb rats, which carry a genetic trait for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, were fed these diets for 9 mo, at which time their glucose tolerance levels were determined, as were brain, kidney medulla, and plasma levels of PGE2, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, and LTB4. Glucose tolerance was abnormal in the 2 and 10% corn oil groups and normal in the 10% menhaden oil groups. The glucose tolerance levels of the other groups were only slightly disturbed. The levels of LTB4 in kidney and plasma were not affected by dietary fat type or amount. LTB4 levels were significantly higher in the brains of rats fed a low level of beef tallow than in the brains of rats fed a higher level of beef tallow or a low level of menhaden or corn oil. LTB4 values for the brains of rats fed the other diets were intermediate and not different from the aforementioned values. The levels of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha were highest in rats fed the 10% corn oil diet regardless of the tissue assayed. Rats fed the 2 or 10% beef tallow or menhaden oil were not different but had lower levels of this eicosanoid metabolite than rats fed the corn oil diet. PGE2 levels followed the same pattern, suggesting that the impaired glucose tolerance of the corn oil-fed rats had a strong influence on the tissue levels of these eicosanoids.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗
PubMed1986

The role of dietary fat in human obesity.

Both the amount and quality of dietary fat have been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity. Adipose tissue fatty and composition, which is known to reflect dietary intake, was sampled in 413 free-living, healthy American males appearing for a routine medical examination. The average age was 46.8 +/- 11.4 years (mean +/- s.d.) and body mass index (BMI)--weight/height--was 25.2 +/- 3.4. The BMI was correlated (P less than 0.01) with known risk factors for cardiovascular disease as follows: total cholesterol (TC) r = 0.18, triglycerides (TG) r = 0.32, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) r = 0.18, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) r = -0.24, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) r = 0.30. Underlying patterns which might be related to diet were sought in the distribution of the seven major fatty acids in adipose tissue. Statistical analysis permitted delineation of three factors which were hypothetically related to animals fat intake (F1--monounsaturates), carbohydrate intake (F2--saturates) and vegetable oil intake (F3--polyunsaturates). F1 and F3 together accounted for 12 percent of the variance in BMI while F2 had no influence. Our conclusions are that the variance in BMI is related much more to non-dietary factors than to adipose tissue fatty acid composition and that the nature of dietary fat was not a major distinguishing factor in obesity in this population. There was also no evidence for a high dietary carbohydrate (low fat) intake in the obese.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1983

The state of research in anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

Recent studies suggest that some of the DSM III criteria for anorexia nervosa require revision. In particular exclusion for onset beyond 25, and a requirement for 25 per cent weight loss appear inappropriate, whereas amenorrhoea correlates better with anorectic psychology than weight. Although an increased incidence of affective disturbance among the relatives of anorectics and bulimics has been shown, the precise relationship with affective disorder remains unclear. Cortisol non-suppression and low MHPG excretion are related to weight loss. However, some areas of hypothalamic dysfunction cannot be explained by emaciation or diet. Pre-pubertal LH secretion patterns, absence of estrogen positive feedback on LH, and failure of LH response to clomiphene can persist despite normalisation of weight. Furthermore 1-dopa fails to induce the normal growth hormone response in weight restored anorectics, suggesting impairment at post-synaptic dopamine receptors. Body image studies have been varied, suggesting heterogeneity of body image distortion among anorectic subgroups. The role of family environment in the pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa has not been fully elucidated, although such a role in the relationship between bulimic symptomatology and personality disturbance have been suggested. Of the behavioral therapies, operant positive reinforcement that restores weight in a hospital setting has had the best results. Successful pharmacological approaches have included cyproheptadine (a serotonin antagonist), chlorpromazine and metoclopramide.

Adolescent↗