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PubMed2000

Parent's perceptions of their first graders' need for mental health and educational services.

OBJECTIVES: (1) To estimate the proportion of first graders perceived by their parents as needing mental health or educational services, (2) to examine the validity of these perceptions, and (3) to examine whether factors found to be associated with children's referral to or use of services are associated with parental perceptions. METHOD: Subjects are an epidemiological sample of 467 first graders. Children's social adaptational status and psychological well-being were assessed by multiple methods. Logistic regression was used to investigate the associations between indicators of need and parental perceptions of their children's need for services. RESULTS: More than 39% of the children were perceived by their parents as needing services. Predictors of parents perceiving their children as needing services were parent and teacher ratings of children's behavior and symptoms, children's standardized achievement test scores, and gender. CONCLUSIONS: Given that a large proportion of parents reported their children as needing mental health and educational services and that parents play a central role in children's receiving services, longitudinal studies that investigate the entire process by which children enter into and are maintained in the service delivery system are needed.

Anxiety↗
PubMed2002

Quasispecies in the 5' untranslated genomic region of bovine viral diarrhoea virus from a single individual.

The variability of the 5' untranslated genomic region (5'UTR) of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) RNA obtained from a single individual was analysed. Lung, kidney and spleen tissues from a naturally infected foetus were used as the source of viral RNA. A fragment of 288 bases of the internal ribosome entry site from the BVDV 5'UTR was amplified by RT-PCR using a proofreading DNA polymerase. PCR products were cloned into pGem and, subsequently, transformed into Escherichia coli. The single-strand conformational polymorphisms of 158 lung-derived clones were analysed; a total of 11 banding patterns was observed. DNAs corresponding to all patterns were sequenced. Of the randomly selected clones, 11 and 10 clones derived from the kidney and spleen, respectively, were also sequenced. All sequences presented differences ranging from 1 to 6 nt substitutions. Analysis of the secondary structure of the variant sequences and comparisons to variant nucleotide sites from the 5'UTR of several BVDV isolates showed that the observed changes were almost free of randomness. Clustering and phylogenetic analyses suggested the existence of low-kinetic variants. BVDV quasispecies may be involved in establishing persistent infections by means of eluding maternal antibodies. The methods described here may be adapted easily both to analyse large numbers of samples from other genomic regions and for the study of BVDV quasispecies evolution in other systems.

5' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed2004

Advanced detection systems for X-ray fluorescence excitation spectroscopy.

This paper accounts for selected detector developments carried out over the past 15 years within the ESRF X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy group. This includes various types of photodiodes used as integrated current detectors. Special emphasis is put on the long-standing development of a Si drift-diode array suitable for energy-dispersive detection of X-ray fluorescence. This detector, which is now operational, was used to record high-quality XMCD/XAFS spectra on [Fe70Pt30] nanoparticles highly dispersed on a Si wafer. Using numerically deconvoluted spectra, energy resolution was decreased to 82 eV for the Si Kalphabeta line, 126 eV for the Fe Kalpha line and 176 eV for the Pt Lalpha line. A high-vacuum-compatible high-energy-resolution crystal analyzer was also installed on ID12, making it possible to record X-ray fluorescence excitation spectra in the photon-in/photon-out mode over a wide spectral range. Prospects of adapting these methods in order to investigate biological samples are briefly discussed.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed1992

Prevalence estimates of pathological gambling in Seville (Spain).

Pathological gambling is becoming an increasing concern for the Spanish population. Governmental figures from 1989 show that in the Autonomic Region of Andalucia, with a population of 7 million inhabitants, more than three hundred billion pesetas (approximately UK pounds 1,500 million) were spent during 1988 gambling in casinos, slot machines and at bingo. These figures represent an increase of 15% over the figures of the previous year and suggest that gambling may have come a very important problem in Spain. This paper presents the first epidemiological study carried out in Spain on gambling and the estimated prevalence of pathological gambling in Seville, political capital of Andalucia. A sample of 598 individuals were interviewed with an adapted screening instrument. The results suggest that further epidemiological studies are required at a national level. They also indicate that preventive and treatment measures should also be taken urgently.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

FPA content - a criterion of quality for plasma as factor VIII source.

The appearance of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) in plasma indicates that factor VIII has been at least partially activated; consequently, we asked the following questions: (1) Is the FPA content of single donor plasma influenced by the method of blood collection? (2) Does a high FPA content of the starting fresh frozen plasma impair the quality of factor VIII preparations? Using a modified procedure adapted to the assay of large series of samples, we surveyed the FPA content of normal donor plasma. Our results show that the FPA content of donor plasma depends strongly on the quality of blood collection. Improved mixing of the anticoagulant with the blood led to a drastic reduction of the FPA content of the plasma. Furthermore, two lots of factor VIII concentrates produced from FPA-poor plasma showed significant improvement in stability and solubility.

Anticoagulants↗
PubMed1998

Academic achievement in children with epilepsy or asthma.

The purposes of the study were to compare academic achievement between children with epilepsy and those with asthma and to identify child perception, school adaptive functioning, and condition severity factors related to academic achievement. Subjects were 225 children (117 with epilepsy and 108 with asthma) aged between 8 and 12 years. Academic achievement was measured using school-administered group tests. Self-report questionnaires were used to measure child attitudes and school self-concept. Teachers rated school adaptive functioning. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA and multiple regression. Children with epilepsy had significantly lower achievement scores than children with asthma. Boys with severe epilepsy were most at risk for underachievement. Factors related to poor academic achievement in both samples were: high condition severity, negative attitudes, and lower school adaptive functioning scores. Less variance was accounted for in the model for epilepsy (R2=0.25) than for asthma (R2=0.36). Boys with high seizure severity were most at risk for achievement-related problems. Future research in epilepsy should consider additional factors in the model predicting academic achievement.

Asthma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychosocial stress and adaptive functioning in children and adolescents suffering from hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia.

In its fully manifest form, hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) leads to a typical dysmorphia of the face, referred to as "old man" facies. Few studies have been conducted on how children and adolescents deal with and adapt to the effects of this illness. The psychosocial stress and adaptive functioning of such patients was investigated by means of a semistructured interview conducted on a sample of 14 children and adolescents with varying degrees of this disease. The results revealed that adaptive functioning is not only dependent on the severity of symptoms. The child's intellectual potential and personality, how the disease is dealt with within the family, and reactions from the child's environment influence adaptive functioning in different ways.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Motion compensation for adaptive horizontal line array processing.

Large aperture horizontal line arrays have small resolution cells and can be used to separate a target signal from an interference signal by array beamforming. High-resolution adaptive array processing can be used to place a null at the interference signal so that the array gain can be much higher than that of conventional beamforming. But these nice features are significantly degraded by the source motion, which reduces the time period under which the environment can be considered stationary from the array processing point of view. For adaptive array processing, a large number of data samples are generally required to minimize the variance of the cross-spectral density, or the covariance matrix, between the array elements. For a moving source and interference, the penalty of integrating over a large number of samples is the spread of signal and interference energy to more than one or two eigenvalues. The signal and interference are no longer clearly identified by the eigenvectors and, consequently, the ability to suppress the interference suffers. We show in this paper that the effect of source motion can be compensated for the (signal) beam covariance matrix, thus allowing integration over a large number of data samples without loss in the signal beam power. We employ an equivalent of a rotating coordinate frame to track the signal bearing change and use the waveguide invariant theory to compensate the signal range change by frequency shifting.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1984

Simple field method for concentration of viruses from large volumes of water.

A pressure spray tank was adapted to supply positive pressure for processing water samples for concentrating viruses with microporous filters under field conditions. This low-cost system allows water to be processed in locations where electric current is not readily available or where light-weight portable equipment is required.

Fresh Water↗
PubMed1990

Rotavirus serotypes 6 and 10 predominate in cattle.

Calf fecal rotavirus strains were serotyped in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, using monoclonal antibodies to the VP7s of serotypes 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 and to the VP4 of B223 (designated serotype 10). Sixty-six percent of 162 samples were typed as serotype 6, and 7% were serotyped as serotype 10. Most of the untyped strains did not react with a monoclonal antibody directed to a common VP7 epitope, indicating insufficient virus present in the samples. However, seven untyped samples that did react with this antibody were adapted to culture and typed, and six of these also proved to belong to serotype 6 or 10. Two of these viruses belonged to a monotype within serotype 6 that did not react with the serotype 6 monoclonal antibody. The seventh isolate reacted in cross-neutralization tests with serotype 8 viruses. Bovine rotaviruses from the United Kingdom, Federal Republic of Germany, and Japan that had been shown previously to be distinct from serotype 6 were compared in neutralization tests with B223 from the United States. These viruses proved to be a closely reacting group distinct from all other rotavirus serotypes, justifying the establishment of serotype 10 as the second major type of bovine rotavirus.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Use of muscle exudates for the detection of anti-gE antibodies to Aujeszky's disease virus.

A commercial ELISA test to detect serum anti-gE antibodies to Aujeszky's disease virus was adapted for use with muscle exudates. The muscle samples were taken from the diaphragm of pig carcasses at the slaughterhouse. Three hundred and eighty-nine pairs of samples of serum and muscle exudate were compared to determine the possibility of using muscle exudate samples in a programme to control Aujeszky's disease. Taking the serum samples as the reference, the individual sensitivity of the test was 93.2 per cent and the individual specificity was 98.3 per cent. The concentration of antibodies in the muscle exudates was on average 20 times lower than that in the serum samples.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Fluctuations in basal levels and effects of altered nutrition on plasma somatostatin.

Rapid oscillations in basal plasma levels of insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, and glucose in rhesus monkeys have been reported previously. We now report large minute-to-minute fluctuations in plasma somatostatinlike immunoreactivity (SLI) in undisturbed, chair-adapted, and chronically cannulated male rhesus monkeys. Plasma samples were drawn from eight monkeys at 1- to 2-min intervals for 30-40 min following an overnight fast. Large fluctuations in SLI levels with periods of 4.4-9.4 min/cycle and possibly secondary periods of 14-18 min/cycle with average amplitudes of +/- 23% relative to the respective mean SLI levels were observed both within a single experiment and across monkeys under basal conditions. No consistent relationship was found between SLI fluctuations and that of insulin or glucagon. When portal and central blood samples were drawn precisely simultaneously no consistent portal-central gradient was found. Patterns of fluctuations in central and portal SLI levels were not correlated. Overfeeding significantly increased insulin levels but did not alter SLI levels. After 5 days of food deprivation basal SLI levels were unchanged. These data indicate the need to exercise care in the interpretation of single samples in the measurement of plasma SLI levels. Somatostatin secreted into the blood under basal, unstimulated conditions appears to be unrelated to nutritional balance.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Neuronal activity in the primary somatosensory cortex in monkeys (Macaca mulatta) during active touch of textured surface gratings: responses to groove width, applied force, and velocity of motion.

1. In a descriptive survey of primary somatosensory cortex (SI) responses during active touch, two monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were trained to stroke their fingertips over pairs of gratings with constant ridge (250 microns) and varying groove (500-2,900 microns) width (roughness) and to identify the smoother (smaller groove). Speed of hand motion and applied force level during the stroke were monitored and recorded. Transdural single-unit recordings were obtained from areas 3b and 1 of SI while animals performed the task. 2. The statistical sample consisted of 164 single units. Most cells in the sample responded in some fashion during the stroke, including brief increased or decreased activity to 1-mm ridges (touch strips) placed between surface pairs and at ends of each block to serve as touch sensors. These peristroke response patterns were described briefly. Most cells (153/164) responded to grating contact. Three types of responses to groove width were characterized. 1) Response was proportional to groove width in many cells. There was a vigorous response to roughest and none to smoothest surface. Mean firing rates for these cells appeared linearly related to groove width. 2) Graded responses were seen with smaller response differences to the same groove width range as in 1. Responses of some cells of types 1 and 2 were uncorrelated with variations in applied force and velocity of stroke. 3) There were inverse responses to groove width. Greater responses occurred during contact with smoother surfaces. 3. Many cells were influenced by a combination of changes in groove width, force, and/or velocity. Activity of a small sample of cells in area 1 with slowly adapting (SA) response properties was an almost exclusive positive function of variations in force level. Unlike SAs in 3b, responses of these cells were uncorrelated with alterations in groove width or stroke velocity. Velocity effects were almost always associated with response to groove width. Positive velocity cells coded temporal period. Significant velocity effects were not evident in graded or inverse graded cells. Negative force and velocity effects were due to shifts in behavioral strategy. Periodicity related to the spatial period of the grating was found in autocorrelograms of a small number of cells. Finally, responses of some cells were unaffected by changes in groove width, force, or velocity. Some of these were affected by contact with touch strips. Others responded in undifferentiated fashion to the stroke, and their function remains unresolved. Overall, there was a continuum of response patterns. Subgroups of cells were not distinct.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy.

With few and commercially available add-ons, both confocal and full-field fluorescence microscopes can be adapted to provide more information on the biological sample of interest. In this review we discuss the possibilities offered by two additional functionalities to fluorescence microscopes, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and fluorescence lifetime imaging mi croscopy (FLIM). FCS measurements at a single point in a sample allow kinetic and diffusion properties of fluorescently labeled molecules to be determined, as well as their concentration and aggregation state. Data from multiple points of the sample can be acquired using scanning-FCS, image correlation spectroscopy, and raster image correlation spectroscopy. These techniques cover phenomena with characteristic durations from sub-microsecond to second time scales. The power of FLIM lies in the fact that the measured fluorescent lifetime of a fluorophore is sensitive to the molecular environment of that fluorophore. FLIM is a robust means to quantify Forster resonance energy transfer and thus determine protein-protein interactions or protein conformational changes. In addition, FLIM is very valuable for functional imaging of ion concentrations in cells and tissues as it can be applied in heterogeneously labeled samples. In summary, FCS and FLIM allow information to be gathered beyond localization, including diffusional mobility, protein clustering and interactions, and molecular environment.

Animals↗
PubMed1968

Partition of calcium, phosphate, and protein in the fluid phase aspirated at calcifying sites in epiphyseal cartilage.

A reproducible method, adapted from renal micropuncture techniques, was developed for sampling 10-40 mmul of a clear fluid from epiphyseal cartilage of normal or rachitic rats in vivo, either from the hypertrophic cell zone (C(f1)) or surface resting cell cartilage (L(f1)). Characterization of this fluid depended upon quantitation of protein, total inorganic phosphate (P(it)), total calcium (Ca(t)), nucleotide, and hemoglobin in volumes of 20 mmul. Established methods for macroscale measurements of each of these parameters have been modified to permit direct spectrophotometric readings on samples of 10(-10)-10(-11) g. The fluid from hypertrophic and peripheral resting cell cartilage was of an extracellular nature as evidenced by a high chloride and sodium, as well as low potassium, protein, and nucleotide content. The pH of fluid isolated from endochrondral plates in vivo was measured under oil as a function of P(CO2) and the computed bicarbonate was elevated above concurrent serum levels. After ultracentrifugation of C(f1) of normal, rachitic, and healing rachitic animals, nonprotein-bound calcium (Ca(f)) and phosphate (P(if)) were determined on supernatant fluids. The hypertrophic cell cartilage fluid of rachitic rats was distinguished by a high ratio C(f1)/serum of P(if). This ratio returned to normal during treatment of rickets. The upper limit for ionic activity A(1) Ca(++) x A HPO(4) (=) was too low to initiate precipitation of brushite or dicalcium phosphate but was in a range of supersaturation in respect to crystalline apatites. Thus these data are consistent with initiation of calcification by heterogeneous nucleation of mineral in the septal matrix but can be reconciled alternately with a precipitation mechanism only if the site of initial mineral phase separation is outside the septal matrix.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Sensitivity of intravenous and oral alfentanil and pupillary miosis as minimally invasive and noninvasive probes for hepatic and first-pass CYP3A activity.

This investigation determined the ability of alfentanil miosis and single-point concentrations to detect various degrees of CYP3A inhibition. Results were compared with those for midazolam, an alternative CYP3A probe. Twelve volunteers were studied in a randomized 4-way crossover, targeting 12%, 25%, and 50% inhibition of hepatic CYP3A. They received 0, 100, 200, or 400 mg oral fluconazole, followed 1 hour later by 1 mg intravenous midazolam and then 15 microg/kg intravenous alfentanil 1 hour later. The next day, they received fluconazole, followed by 3 mg oral midazolam and 40 microg/kg oral alfentanil. Dark-adapted pupil diameters were measured coincident with blood sampling. Area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) ratios (fluconazole/control) after 100, 200, and 400 mg fluconazole were (geometric mean) 1.3*, 1.4*, and 2.0* for intravenous midazolam and 1.2*, 1.6*, and 2.2* for intravenous alfentanil (*significantly different from control), indicating 16% to 21%, 31% to 36%, and 43% to 53% inhibition of hepatic CYP3A. Single-point concentration ratios were 1.5*, 1.8*, and 2.4* for intravenous midazolam (at 5 hours) and 1.2*, 1.6*, and 2.2* for intravenous alfentanil (at 4 hours). Pupil miosis AUC ratios were 0.9, 1.0, and 1.2*. After oral dosing, plasma AUC ratios were 2.3*, 3.6*, and 5.3* for midazolam and 1.8*, 2.9*, and 4.9* for alfentanil; plasma single-point ratios were 2.4*, 4.5*, and 6.9* for midazolam and 1.8*, 2.9*, and 4.9* for alfentanil, and alfentanil miosis ratios were 1.1, 1.9*, and 2.7*. Plasma concentration AUC ratios of alfentanil and midazolam were equivalent for detecting hepatic and first-pass CYP3A inhibition. Single-point concentrations were an acceptable surrogate for formal AUC determinations and as sensitive as AUCs for detecting CYP3A inhibition. Alfentanil miosis could detect 50% to 70% inhibition of CYP3A activity, but was less sensitive than plasma AUCs. Further refinements are needed to increase the sensitivity of alfentanil miosis for detecting small CYP3A changes.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2006

Low temperature reduction of hexavalent chromium by a microbial enrichment consortium and a novel strain of Arthrobacter aurescens.

BACKGROUND: Chromium is a transition metal most commonly found in the environment in its trivalent [Cr(III)] and hexavalent [Cr(VI)] forms. The EPA maximum total chromium contaminant level for drinking water is 0.1 mg/l (0.1 ppm). Many water sources, especially underground sources, are at low temperatures (less than or equal to 15 Centigrade) year round. It is important to evaluate the possibility of microbial remediation of Cr(VI) contamination using microorganisms adapted to these low temperatures (psychrophiles). RESULTS: Core samples obtained from a Cr(VI) contaminated aquifer at the Hanford facility in Washington were enriched in Vogel Bonner medium at 10 Centigrade with 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 1000 mg/l Cr(VI). The extent of Cr(VI) reduction was evaluated using the diphenyl carbazide assay. Resistance to Cr(VI) up to and including 1000 mg/l Cr(VI) was observed in the consortium experiments. Reduction was slow or not observed at and above 100 mg/l Cr(VI) using the enrichment consortium. Average time to complete reduction of Cr(VI) in the 30 and 60 mg/l Cr(VI) cultures of the consortium was 8 and 17 days, respectively at 10 Centigrade. Lyophilized consortium cells did not demonstrate adsorption of Cr(VI) over a 24 hour period. Successful isolation of a Cr(VI) reducing organism (designated P4) from the consortium was confirmed by 16S rDNA amplification and sequencing. Average time to complete reduction of Cr(VI) at 10 Centigrade in the 25 and 50 mg/l Cr(VI) cultures of the isolate P4 was 3 and 5 days, respectively. The 16S rDNA sequence from isolate P4 identified this organism as a strain of Arthrobacter aurescens, a species that has not previously been shown to be capable of low temperature Cr(VI) reduction. CONCLUSION: A. aurescens, indigenous to the subsurface, has the potential to be a predominant metal reducer in enhanced, in situ subsurface bioremediation efforts involving Cr(VI) and possibly other heavy metals and radionuclides.

Arthrobacter↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of dementia in an urban population in Kerala, India.

BACKGROUND: Dementia is emerging as an important health problem of elderly people in India. AIMS: To investigate the prevalence, psychosocial correlates and risk factors of various dementing disorders in an urban population in Kerala, southern India. METHOD: A door-to-door survey was conducted in the city of Kochi (Cochin) to identify residents aged > or =65 years using cluster sampling. Of 1934 people screened with a vernacular adaptation of the Mini-Mental State Examination, all those scoring at or below the cut-off of 23 were evaluated further and those with confirmed cognitive and functional impairment were assigned diagnoses according to DSM-IV criteria. Identified cases were categorised by ICD-10 criteria. Ten per cent of those screened as negative were evaluated at each stage. RESULTS: Prevalence of dementia was 33.6 per 1000 (95% CI 27.3-40.7). Alzheimer's disease was the most common type (54%) followed by vascular dementia (39%), and 7% of cases were due to causes such as infection, tumour and trauma. Family history of dementia was a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and history of hypertension was a risk factor for vascular dementia. CONCLUSIONS: Dementia is an important health problem of the elderly population. Identification of risk factors points towards the possibility of prevention.

Age Distribution↗