Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Turkeys”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,405 records · Page 78Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

Experimentally transmitted marble spleen disease in pen-raised wild turkeys.

Pen-raised North American wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo L.) were experimentally infected with marble spleen disease (MSD) to determine their susceptibility to this disease. Gross and microscopic lesions were consistent with experimental MSD in pheasants and domestic turkeys: an enlarged mottled spleen, intranuclear inclusion bodies, and absence of pulmonary edema and hemorrhage. Detectable levels of viral antigen were not demonstrable in sera of turkeys using the agar gell precipitin test.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Vertebrate host specificity and experimental vectors of Plasmodium (Novyella) kempi sp. n. from the eastern wild turkey in Iowa.

Vertebrate host specificity, experimental laboratory vectors, and a description of Plasmodium (Novyella) kempi sp. n. from eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris Vieillot) in Iowa are presented. Plasmodium kempi is infective for domestic turkeys, bobwhites (Colinus virginianus), chukars (Alectoris graeca), guinea fowl (Numida meleagris), peacocks (Pavo cristatus), and canaries (Serinus canaria), produces a transient infection in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and domestic geese (Anser anser), but will not infect ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), pigeons (Columba livia), Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix), leghorn white chickens (Gallus gallus), or starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Oocysts and (or) sporozoites were recovered from 68% (84/124) and 98% (60/61) of the Culex pipiens pipiens and C. tarsalis examined, respectively. Oocysts developed faster and sporozoites invaded the salivary glands sooner in C. tarsalis (6 days) than in C. p. pipiens (7 days). Culex tarsalis transmitted P. kempi more effectively than C. p. pipiens, although both species were capable of transmitting the parasite by natural feeding. Oocysts developed and sporozoites also were produced in C. restuans, but its ability to transmit the parasite was not determined. Aedes aegypti (Rockefeller strain) and A. triseriatus were refractive to P. kempi. Plasmodium kempi produces trophozoites with large refractile globules and fine cytoplasmic extensions, mature schizonts in the form of a condensed fan containing four to eight nuclei (usually 5), and elongate gametocytes with irregular borders. All stages are confined almost exclusively to mature erythrocytes, with no effect on host cell size or position of host cell nucleus. Plasmodium kempi is most similar morphologically to P. (Novyella) hexamerium and P. (Novyella) vaughani. It differs from P. hexamerium in having large refractile globules in trophozoites and immature schizonts, an inability to infect starlings, an absence of phanerozoites in capillary endothelium of the brain, and the ability to develop in C. pipiens mosquitoes. Plasmodium kempi is more like P. vaughani morphologically, but differs by infecting turkeys and ducks (transient), by its inability to infect starlings, its lack of morphological variation even when in different hosts, and its ability to develop in C. pipiens and C. tarsalis.

Aedes↗
PubMed1987

Myopathy associated with megaloschizonts of Haemoproteus meleagridis in a wild turkey from Florida.

Necropsy of an emaciated adult wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo osceola) that died in captivity soon after capture revealed numerous macroscopic 1-2 mm white cysts in the pectoral muscles. Microscopic, aseptate protozoan megaloschizonts, 50-150 microns in diameter, corresponded to the cysts in histological sections. The megaloschizonts were surrounded by a thick, hyaline wall and packed with spherical merozoites less than 1 micron in diameter. Muscle fibers surrounding most of the megaloschizonts exhibited early signs of dystrophic calcification. The fibers were swollen, pale and hyaline and contained scattered basophilic granules. The megaloschizonts were morphologically distinct from sarcocysts of Sarcocystis sp. and Besnoitia sp. and the thin-walled tissue cysts of Toxoplasma gondii. They were identical in structure and host reaction to the second-generation megaloschizonts of Haemoproteus meleagridis, reported previously from experimentally infected domestic turkeys. While the precise cause of death of the wild turkey could not be determined, the most prominent lesions were associated with the numerous intramuscular megaloschizonts.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Feather damage due to mycotic infections in wild turkeys.

Wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) from Pearl River Wildlife Management Area, St. Tammany Parish and from adjacent St. Helena Parish, Louisiana (USA) were observed to have broken and frayed rectrices. The condition was noted in 21% of 90 wild turkeys harvested by hunters during the springs of 1985 through 1988 from the Pearl River Wildlife Management Area. Damage to feathers ranged from mild to severe. Histologic and microbiologic study of five birds disclosed colonization and invasion of the rachis sheath and pulp by fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Curvularia, Cladosporium, Dactylella, Exophiala, Helminthosporium and Trichophyton and by Streptomyces. Sterilized normal rectrices from wild turkeys were inoculated with these organisms and subsequently developed damage that was histologically compatible with field cases. The condition was diagnosed as a multiple etiology mycosis. Successful colonization and invasion of experimentally inoculated feathers required addition of moisture and elevation of relative humidity within the cultures. The apparent high moisture requirements of the fungi suggest that late winter and early spring flooding may be a probable predisposing factor for this condition.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

A survey of infectious diseases in wild turkeys (Meleagridis gallopavo silvestris) from Arkansas.

Wild turkeys (Meleagridis gallopavo silvestris) trapped as part of a relocation program by the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission were tested for selected infectious diseases and parasites. The 45 birds were trapped at four locations in Pope, Scott, and Montgomery counties (Arkansas, USA). Forty-four blood samples for serology, 27 blood smears and 12 fecal samples were collected. Of the serum samples tested, 20 of 44 (45%) were positive for Pasteurella multocida by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 42 of 44 (95%) were positive for Bordetella avium by ELISA, and 15 of 44 (34%) were positive for Newcastle disease virus antibody by the hemagglutination inhibition test. All serum samples were negative for Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, avian paramyxovirus 3, avian influenza, hemorrhagic enteritis, Marek's disease, avian encephalomyelitis, laryngotracheitis, Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella gallinarum. Haemoproteus meleagridis was found in eight of 27 (30%) and Leucocytozoon smithi in nine of 27 (33%) blood smears; all smears were negative for Plasmodium hermani. Enteric parasites included Ascaridia dissimilis, Heterakis gallinarum, Eimeria dispersa and Raillietina spp. This study was an attempt to document the health status and disease exposure of wild turkeys in Arkansas to aid in managing and preventing the spread of disease agents to wild turkeys and other species of birds.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Absence of avian pox in wild turkeys in central Mississippi.

Eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) (n = 1,023), obtained during winter, spring, and summer from 1983 to 1988 on Tallahala Wildlife Management Area (TWMA) (Jasper County, Mississippi, USA) were examined for avian pox lesions. Domestic turkey poults (n = 152) maintained on the area for 1 to 2 wk periods from 1987 to 1989 also were examined. Neither wild nor domestic birds showed gross evidence of pox virus infection. This study indicated that avian pox was not endemic in wild turkeys at TWMA.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Isolation of Mycoplasma gallopavonis from free-ranging wild turkeys in coastal North Carolina seropositive and culture-negative for Mycoplasma gallisepticum.

Serum samples and choanal cleft swabs were collected from livetrapped and hunter killed wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) from Martin and Bertie counties, North Carolina (USA). Sera were tested for antibodies to Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae and Mycoplasma meleagridis by hemagglutination inhibition (HI). Sera from 33% (five of 15) of livetrapped turkeys were positive for antibodies to M. gallisepticum by HI, and all were negative for antibodies to M. synoviae and M. meleagridis. Choanal cleft swabs from 22 livertrapped and five hunter killed wild turkeys cultured in Frey's broth medium resulted in 23 mycoplasma isolations. Using direct immunofluorescence, 74% (17/23) were M. gallopavonis, and 26% (six of 23) were unidentified; no isolate was identified as M. gallisepticum, M. synoviae or M. meleagridis.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Mycoplasma gallopavonis in eastern wild turkeys.

Serum samples and tracheal cultures were collected from eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo sylvestris) trapped for relocation in South Carolina (USA) during 1985 to 1990. Sera were tested for Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae by the rapid plate agglutination and hemagglutination inhibition tests and were found to be negative. Tracheal cultures were negative for all pathogenic Mycoplasma spp., including M. gallisepticum, M. synoviae, M. meleagridis, and M. iowae. However, M. gallopavonis was isolated from every group of wild turkeys tested in 1986 to 1990. These data suggest that M. gallopavonis, which is generally considered nonpathogenic, may be a common microorganism in eastern wild turkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Antibodies to selected disease agents in translocated wild turkeys in California.

Wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) trapped within California (n = 715) or imported into California from other states (n = 381) from 1986 to 1996 were tested for exposure to certain disease agents. Prevalence of antibody to Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma meleagridis, Salmonella pullorum, Salmonella typhimurium, Newcastle disease virus, and avian influenza virus was low (0-4%) for wild turkeys trapped within California. With the exception of antibody prevalence to M. meleagridis of 33%, the same was true for wild turkeys imported into California from other states. Antibody prevalence to Mycoplasma synoviae was 8-10% for both groups.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2000

Normal hematologic and serum biochemical reference intervals for juvenile wild turkeys.

Blood samples taken from 48 4-mo-old wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopova silvestris) were used to establish reference intervals for hematology and serum chemistry values. The study was conducted during September and October 1996. Packed cell volume, total and differential white cell counts, total protein, albumin, glucose, calcium, uric acid, triglyceride concentrations, as well as aspartate transaminase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were assayed. Reference intervals from wild turkeys are similar to those reported for domestic turkeys.

Aging↗
PubMed2001

Aflatoxin levels in corn available as wild turkey feed in Georgia.

Samples of corn available as wildlife feed from retailers throughout Georgia (USA) were collected during April 1997 and analyzed for aflatoxin to determine if levels harmful to wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) were present. Three of 31 (10%) samples collected from a 40-country area were positive. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay qualitatively determined that two samples contained from 0 to 20 ppb aflatoxin. A chromatography analysis of a third sample measured 380 ppb total aflatoxin. A small percentage of our sample of wildlife feed collected during one season contained levels of aflatoxin that may cause harm to turkeys, especially poults. However, because aflatoxin levels ranging from 100 to 400 ppb may cause liver dysfunction and immunosuppression in turkey poults and other wildlife, grains known to be contaminated with aflatoxin at levels unacceptable for domestic animal feeds (> or =100 ppb) should not be sold as wildlife feed. Further analyses of grains sold as wildlife feed should be conducted to address this potential problem.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed2003

Rabies emergence among foxes in Turkey.

Sixteen rabies isolates recently collected from mainland Turkey and two isolates held within a British archive were used to form a representative cohort from a range of vectors, and were analyzed to identify potential causes for an increase of rabies within the fox (Vulpes vulpes) population in Turkey. Each isolate was characterized by sequence analysis of the nucleoprotein gene and compared phylogenetically to the cohort, to isolates from neighboring countries and to isolates from continental Europe and Russia. From this analysis the isolates could be divided into three groups associated with geographic location. This included a western group, an eastern group, and one isolate that did not group with any other Turkish isolate. This observation was also found using the heteroduplex mobility assay as an alternative method for typing rabies virus isolates. Further comparison with isolates from neighboring countries suggests that this isolate was related to viruses present in Georgia and could represent a recent import to Turkey from that country. Within the two larger groups, sequence data were obtained from both infected dogs and foxes suggesting that there has been transmission of virus between these two species. The direction of transmission could not be identified by the phylogenetic analysis, although absence of rabies within the fox population in previous years suggests that this could represent a recent spillover from the domestic dog to the fox.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Pathological changes in chickens, ducks and turkeys fed high levels of rapeseed oil.

Rations containing 25% of either regular rapeseed oil (36% erucic acid), Oro rapeseed oil (1.9% erucic acid), soybean oil or a mixture of lard and corn oil were fed to chickens, ducks and turkeys. The regular rapeseed oil ration caused growth depression, increased feed conversion and anemia in all species. All the ducks and some of the chickens fed the regular rapeseed oil ration died. These dead birds were affected with hydropericardium and ascites. No deaths in the turkeys could be attributed to the regular rapeseed oil ration but some turkeys fed this ration had degenerative foci characterized by infiltrations of histiocytic and giant cells in the myocardium. Severe fatty change in the heart, skeletal muscles, spleen and kidney was found at an early age in all birds fed the regular rapeseed oil ration. Less severe fatty change but no other lesions were found in birds fed the Oro rapeseed oil and soybean oil rations.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rh blood group system in Turkey.

Because of the absence of original data concerning the Rh blood group system in Turkey, for the benefit of researchers interested in the human blood groups field, serological results obtained in Hacettepe University Hospitals' Blood Center between 1980 and 1996 have been evaluated for the first time in this paper. During the study, 581,606 people were evaluated for Rho (D) positivity and negativity. In addition, 5,600 people from different parts of Turkey were screened for the five major antigens (D, C, E, c, e) of the Rh blood group system and, according to the results, various gene frequencies and most likely genotypes were calculated. Results clearly show that the Rh blood group system in Turkey is completely, in line with that of the Caucasians.

Gene Frequency↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Identification of interstitial cells of Cajal in the digestive tract of turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo).

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) were identified in the digestive tract of turkeys by electron microscopy. ICCs have been implicated as sources of pacemaking slow wave potentials that initiate peristalsis in the stomach and intestines in mammals. The gastroduodenal contraction cycle in turkeys, however, is uniquely coordinated by a neurogenic pacemaker in the isthmus area between the glandular stomach and the gizzard, and this controls the coordinated phasic contractions of the muscles of the gizzard, duodenum and glandular stomach. Thus, it becomes important to look for the presence and distribution of ICCs in the avian digestive tract, especially in the gizzard and duodenum. This investigation has identified that cells are present which contain the typical characteristics of ICCs including: numerous mitochondria, caveolae, thin processes, basement membrane, filaments, rough ER, Golgi, and occasional gap junctions. They were mostly located in the region of the myenteric plexus between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers and occasionally within the longitudinal muscle layer. They were frequently near nerve axon bundles and were usually surrounded by collagen, elastin fibers, and occasional fibroblasts or blood vessels. ICCs were easily found in the ileum, but were also present in the duodenum, cecum, and rectum. None were found in the serosal region of the thick muscle of the gizzard. The presence of ICCs in the turkey duodenum, which like the gizzard is under neurogenic control, suggests that ICCs may play a role(s) in addition to initiating peristalsis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Increased left lung consolidation in turkey cholera related to larger left pulmonary artery.

After necropsy of the surviving turkeys in a comparative vaccine study for fowl cholera, in the turkeys with only one lung lobe consolidated, a significantly (P < 0.01, chi square test) higher number of turkeys were found with a consolidation of the left lung lobe than with the right lung lobe. When the circumferences of the left and right pulmonary arteries 0.5 cm rostral from the bifurcation were measured and converted to cross-sectional area, the left pulmonary artery had an average area of 29.6 +/- 2.8 mm2, and the right pulmonary artery had an average area of only 22.9 +/- 2.8 mm2, which was nearly one-fourth smaller. This finding suggests that the left lung lobe receives more blood than the right lobe and that, during an acute Pasteurella multocida septicemia, it would receive more of this organism than the right lung lobe.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Modeling turkey growth with the relative growth rate.

Six sigmoidal growth curves and two growth curves derived from a two-phase relative growth rate model were evaluated, using an experimental body-weight data from male and female turkeys of two genetic lines; a fast-growing (F) line and a randombred control (RBC) line from which the F line was developed. When their root mean square error was compared to the root mean square error of the local regression smoother, all sigmoidal growth curves: the logistic, Gompertz, von Bertalanffy, Richards, Weibull, and Morgan-Mercer-Flodin growth curves demonstrated a lack of fit. The primary source of the systematic lack of fit was identified with nonparametric estimates of the relative growth rate (the growth rate as a fraction of the body weight) of 20 turkeys. When the relative growth rate was estimated from the above sigmoidal growth curves, none could accommodate features of the nonparametric estimates of the relative growth rate. Based on the feature of the relative growth rate, two new growth curves were derived from a segmented two-phase model. Both models, in which the relative growth rate decreases in two linear phases with slopes of beta1 and beta2 joined together at time=kappa, gave growth curves that fit the experimental data acceptably. The linear-linear model with the smooth transition rendered better fit over the model with the abrupt transition. When the growth curves of male and female turkeys were compared, beta1, beta2, and kappa were smaller in males. When the F line was compared to the RBC line, beta1 and kappa were smaller and beta2 was closer to zero, indicating that the relative growth rate declined rapidly until about 61 days of age in the F line, while it declined less rapidly until about 71 days of age in the RBC line.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An outbreak of histomoniasis in turkeys infected with a moderate level of Ascaridia dissimilis but no Heterakis gallinarum.

Histomoniasis was diagnosed in a commercial turkey flock. All morbidity and mortality occurred in one house. Birds exhibited lesions characteristic for histomoniasis, and the diagnosis was confirmed by histopathologic examination. Affected turkeys were infected with moderate levels of Ascaridia dissimilis but not Heterakis gallinarum. Compression smears of hepatic tissues showed typical histotrophic phase Histomonas meleagridis, whereas cecal smears exhibited large numbers of Trichomonas gallinarum. A challenge experiment was conducted in which turkey poults were placed on contaminated litter. Although histomoniasis was not reproduced in the experiment, the birds did become infected with low numbers of A. dissimilis.

Animals↗