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PubMed1978

Identification of oleoresin in epoxy-embedded slash pine tissue.

Sudan black B stains oleoresin blue-black in epoxy-embedded material as well as in living tissue. The Sudan black B staining properties of oleoresin are similar to those of lipid, but it can be distinguished from tannin, which stains brown. Pratically all oleoresin present in resin ducts and intercellular spaces, and much of that contained in epithelial and ray cells, is extracted in preparatory procedure for electron microscopy. A fixation procedure is proposed which preserves significantly more oleoresin in situ. The use of Sudan black B enables one to localize oleoresin by light microscopy, and permits direct comparison of adjacent sections of epoxy-embedded material at the ultrastructure level. Ultrastructurally oleoresin and lipid possess similar electron densities and can be distinguished from the highly electron-opaque tannin deposits.

Azo Compounds↗
PubMed1988

Reproductive performance of hens fed field beans and potential relationships to vicine metabolism.

Field beans (faba beans, broad beans, horse beans, ackerbohnen, Vicia faba L.) depress weight of eggs when fed to laying hens. Vicine isolated from field beans has been shown to depress egg weight and hatchability when fed in large amounts. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of using three varieties of field beans, varying in tannin and total vicines content, at 20% in breeder diets on reproductive performance of hens and associated vicine transfer from the diet to the egg. Data on egg production, feed consumption, egg weight, body weight, egg quality, hatchability, and hen blood chemistry were obtained. Direct spectrophotometric and high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analyses of field beans, egg albumen, and egg yolk were conducted. Performance of the hens was excellent on all production characteristics except that there was a nonsignificant reduction in egg weight, a significant reduction in egg shell thickness for hens fed all three types of field beans, and a highly significant reduction in hatchability of eggs from hens fed one but not the other two sources of field beans. The hatchability effect was not correlated with vicine or tannin content of the field beans and only traces of vicine were transferred to the egg by the hen from the diet. Although larger amounts of vicine depressed hatchability when injected into fertile eggs, the trace amounts found in eggs from feeding field beans did not account for the reduction in hatchability observed in this study. It is possible that the hydrolysis product of vicine, divicine or the analogous product from convicine, isouramil, or both, may be involved in toxicity, because these substances are known to be the cause of a hemolytic anemia in some humans that suffer from favism due to consumption of field beans.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2002

Effect of wine phenolic compounds on Lactobacillus hilgardii 5w viability.

After 6 days of Lactobacillus hilgardii 5w incubation at 4 degrees C, the viable cell counts diminish 31.9, 45.6, and 89.0% when suspended in control wine (2,600 mg/liter gallic acid equivalents [GAE]), three-fold concentrated wine (6,150 mg/liter GAE), and six-fold concentrated wine (13,000 mg/liter GAE), respectively. At 20 degrees C in the same conditions, the cell viabilities decrease 74.2, 80.5, and 100.0%, respectively. In decolorized wines, which result in tannin losses, the viable cell counts increase. There is a relationship between L. hilgardii 5w tannin binding and its viability loss.

Color↗
PubMed2000

The effect of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) and white clover (Trifolium repens) in mixed pasture swards on incoming and established nematode infections in young lambs.

Lotus corniculatus L., a leguminous plant containing condensed tannins, is now being evaluated in Sweden as a component of mixed pastures. This is because of its high nutritive value, palatability, modest requirement for water, calcium and phosphorous and particularly because it has the ability to survive harsh weather conditions that typify northern Scandinavia. This trial was undertaken to assess the possible parasitological benefits of using L. corniculatus when fed as a minor component in a mixed pasture sward to young sheep. This was compared with similar sheep that were fed pasture with a comparable legume content consisting of Trifolium repens L. Separate groups of lambs, maintained in pens and provided with fresh pasture cuts containing either L. corniculatus or T. repens each day, were trickle-dosed with infective larvae of mixed parasite species. For each pasture type, groups of 6 lambs had either established worm burdens only, received incoming infections only, or had the combination of both adult and incoming infections. Worm burdens were monitored by serial faecal egg counts and at the termination of the study, all animals were slaughtered for worm recovery, identification and enumeration. The results showed that there were no differential effects between L. corniculatus and T. repens on the different stages of development for a range of nematode parasite species recovered from these lambs. Several reasons may account for this: such as the low level of condensed tannins in the L. corniculatus variety tested, the minor proportion of this plant in the diet and/or the variety of L. corniculatus used in this trial which do not provide any benefits to controlling parasites of sheep.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Micronucleus formation in human lymphocytes and in the metabolically competent human hepatoma cell line Hep-G2: results with 15 naturally occurring substances.

To examine the concordance of two metabolizing systems for use in genotoxocity testing with the micronucleus test, 15 naturally occurring substances (arecoline, the plant extract aristolochic acid, beta-asarone, benzyl acetate, coumarin, emodine, isatidine dihydrate, monocrotaline, psoralen, reserpine, retrorsine, safrole, sanguinarine chloride, tannin and thiourea) were tested for their genotoxicity in the cytokinesis-block micronucleus test in vitro with human lymphocytes and in the presence and the absence of an exogenous metabolizing system from rat liver S9-mix and the metabolically competent human hepatoma cell line Hep-G2. Arecoline, the plant extract aristolochic acid, psoralen and tannin caused a significant increase in the number of micronuclei in human lymphocytes in the presence and the absence of an exogenous metabolising system from rat liver S9-mix and the metabolically competent human hepatoma cell line Hep-G2. A significant increase in the number of micronuclei with beta-asarone, coumarin, monocrotaline and retrorsine could be detected in the presence of S9-mix and the cell line Hep-G2. Benzyl acetate, emodine, isatidine dihydrate, reserpine, safrole, sanguinarine chloride and thiourea did not reveal any micronucleus inducing activity in either human lymphocytes or in Hep-G2. In addition to the other Hep-G2 results in the literature, this human hepatoma cell line could have a useful potential in the in vitro micronucleus test.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Description, distribution, anatomy, chemical composition and uses of Mimosa tenuiflora(Fabaceae-Mimosoideae) in Mexico].

Because of some catastrophic events which occurred in Mexico during the 1980 decade, the utilization of "tepescohuite" bark against skin wounds and burns was popularized. The media manipulated the lack of available information about its medical properties and gave erroneous information to the society propagating a lot of myths. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to determine its taxonomic identity and to study the distribution, bark and wood anatomy of this species, and to determine its actual and historic uses, and the compilation of the information about bark pharmacology and toxicity. Its taxonomic identity is established as Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. (Fabaceae-Mimosoideae). It blooms and fructifies from November to June, occurring in Mexico (the states of Oaxaca and Chiapas), Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil, at altitudes of 0-1110 (-1520) m. In Mexico, it is found in dry forests, thorny thickets, Pinus and Pinus-Quercus forests, and in M. tenuiflora pure thickets, along roads and in resting or abandoned culture lands. This species has an aggregate distribution in the forests and a uniform one in the thickets. It presents a mean density of 9 individuals per m2, with 0.45 of frequency per quadrat and 1.69 m2 of mean coverture, and it has a wide range of tolerance to climatic and edaphic factors, confirming their invasive character. Regionally, the wood is used as fuel and fence construction, and against skin wounds and burns (bark tea, powder and/or ointment), and diverse products, such as shampoos, creams, capsules, soaps, etc., are commercialized. The bark is wrinkled, reddish-brown to grey, fibrous texture, 0.5-1.5 mm thick, resinous and with an astringent odor and flavor, and with a great quantity of tannins. The wood presents extremely short vessel elements, with alternate areolate punctuations, and simple perforated plates, vasicentric axial parenchima, confluent stripes, uniseriated rays, extremely short, fine and very short libriform fibres. The bark contains tannins, saponins, an alkaloide fraction, lipids, phytosterols, glucosides, xylose, rhamnose, arabinose, lupeol, methoxychalcones, and kukulkanins.

Mexico↗
PubMed2000

[Utilizable value of wild economic plant resource--acron kernel].

Peking whites breeding hens were selected. Using true metabolizable energy method (TME) to evaluate the available nutritive value of acorn kernel, while maize and rice were used as control. The results showed that the contents of gross energy (GE), apparent metabolizable energy (AME), true metabolizable energy (TME) and crude protein (CP) in the acorn kernel were 16.53 mg/kg-1, 11.13 mg.kg-1, 11.66 mg.kg-1 and 10.63%, respectively. The apparent availability and true availability of crude protein were 45.55% and 49.83%. The gross content of 17 amino acids, essential amino acids and semiessential amino acids were 9.23% and 4.84%. The true availability of amino acid and the content of true available amino acid were 60.85% and 6.09%. The contents of tannin and hydrocyanic acid were 4.55% and 0.98% in acorn kernel. The available nutritive value of acorn kernel is similar to maize or slightly lower, but slightly higher than that of rice. Acorn kernel is a wild economic plant resource to exploit and utilize but it contains higher tannin and hydrocyanic acid.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2002

Polyphenolic constituents of Callistemon lanceolatus leaves.

Two new flavonol glycosides, kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-galacturonopyranoside and quercetin 3-O-(2"-O-galloyl)-beta-D-glucoronopyranoside, were isolated, from leaves of Callistemon lanceolatus DC, as well as eighteen known polyphenols (phenolic acids, flavonoids and three tannins). All structures were established mainly on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic analysis (UV, 1D NMR and negative ESI-MS) and finally confirmed by 2D NMR experiments (HMQC and HMBC), in the case of flavonoid glycosides and tannins.

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of lignins and their precursors on nitric oxide, citrulline and asparagine production by mouse macrophage-like Raw 264.7 cells.

Lignins, tannins and flavonoids are commonly found polyphenols. Among these polyphenols, lignins, polymers of phenylpropenoids complexed with polysaccharides, were the least cytotoxic and most potently stimulated the production of nitric oxide (NO), citrulline and asparagine by mouse macrophage-like Raw 264.7 cells. The maximum production of these substances reached the level attained by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, epigallocatechin gallate, phenylpropenoid monomers (ferulic acid, caffeic acid) and gallic acid (component unit of tannin) were inactive. These data suggest that the macrophage-stimulation activity of polyphenols depends, at least in part, on their molecular weight or structural configuration. There was a positive relationship between the extent of asparagine production and that of NO or citrulline. Western blot analysis demonstrated that both lignins and LPS elevated the cellular level of asparagine synthetase. The present study suggests the possible link between the stimulated asparagine production and macrophage activation.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Ecological feedback significance of polyphenols in organic layer of forest soil].

By comparing polyphenols (total polyphenols and condensed tannin) and other chemical and biological properties in soil organic layers during the transformation and regeneration of pure mature spruce stand in middle Europe, the functions of polyphenols in forest ecosystem were approached. The results showed that polyphenols concentration had a significant positive correlation with effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC), but no relation with organic C. The net N mineralization had no significant correlation with total polyphenols, organic C and C/N ratio, but had a significant negative correlation with condensed tannin. Polyphenols concentration also positively correlated with 1 mol.L.-1 KCl extractable C and N. It is suggest that although the polyphenols have no obvious physiological function in tree metabolism, it should be paid attention to its ecological feedback significance in the whole ecosystem.

Ecology↗
PubMed1999

Antigenotoxic properties of Terminalia arjuna bark extracts.

Compounds possessing antimutagenic properties (polyphenols, tannins, vitamins, etc.) have been identified in fruits, vegetables, spices, and medicinal plants. Terminalia arjuna (Combretaceae), a tropical woody tree occurring throughout India and known locally as Kumbuk, is a medicinal plant rich in tannins and triterpenes that is used extensively in Ayurvedic medicine as a cardiac tonic. The aim of the present collaborative work was to test six solvent extracts from the bark of Terminalia arjuna for antigenotoxic activity using in vitro short-term tests. Terminalia arjuna extracts were obtained by sequential extraction using acetone, methanol, methanol + HCl, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethyl ether. The antigenotoxic properties of these extracts were investigated by assessing the inhibition of genotoxicity of the directacting mutagen 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4NQO) using the "comet" assay and the micronucleus (MN) test. Human peripheral blood leukocytes were incubated with different concentrations of the six extracts (from 5 to 100 microg/ mL) and with 4NQO (1 and 2 microg/mL, for the "comet" assay and MN test, respectively). Each extract/4NQO combination was tested twice; in each experiment, positive control (4NQO alone) and negative control (1% DMSO) were set. "Comet" assay results showed that acetone and methanol extracts were highly effective in reducing the DNA damage caused by 4NQO, whereas the acidic methanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethyl ether extracts showed less marked or no antigenotoxic activity. In the MN test, a decrease in 4NQO genotoxicity was observed by testing this mutagen in the presence of acetone, methanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts, even though the extent of inhibition was not always statistically significant.

4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide↗
PubMed2004

Nutritive value and qualitative assessment of secondary compounds in seeds of eight tropical browse, shrub and pulse legumes.

Seeds of four tropical multipurpose trees (Albizia saman, Albizia lebbeck, Albizia rhizonse, Leucaena leucocephala), two shrubs (Tephrosia candida, Tephrosia bracteolata) and two pulse legume (Lablab purpureus, Canavalia ensiformis) were chemically analysed for dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and ether extract (EE). Qualitative evaluation of secondary metabolites (saponins, phenols, steroids, and alkaloids) was elucidated. The DM, ash, CP, NDF and EE ranged between 88.9-93.6 %, 3.0-5.4 %, 24.8-38.2 %, 22.1-46.9 % and 2.0-17.0 % respectively. All seed species contained at least one group of secondary plant metabolites and steroids were common to all except C. ensiformis that was not implicated for any. A. lebbeck and A. rhizonse showed low saponin content. Indications for water soluble tannins were reported for L. leucocephala while the two species of Tephrosia contained flavonoids or condensed tannins. The study suggested the potentials of the legumes seed species as a feed source for ruminants.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of antinutritional factors on protein digestibility and amino acid availability in foods.

Digestibility of protein in traditional diets from developing countries such as India, Guatemala, and Brazil is considerably lower compared to that of protein in typical North American diets (54-78 versus 88-94%). The presence of less digestible protein fractions, high levels of insoluble fiber, and high concentrations of antinutritional factors in the diets of developing countries, which are based on less refined cereals and grain legumes as major sources of protein, are responsible for poor digestibility of protein. The effects of the presence of some of the important antinutritional factors on protein and amino digestibilities of food and feed products are reviewed in this chapter. Food and feed products may contain a number of antinutritional factors that may adversely affect protein digestibility and amino acid availability. Antinutritional factors may occur naturally, such as glucosinolates in mustard and rapeseed protein products, trypsin inhibitors and hemagglutinins in legumes, tannins in legumes and cereals, phytates in cereals and oilseeds, and gossypol in cottonseed protein products. Antinutritional factors may also be formed during heat/alkaline processing of protein products, yielding Maillard compounds, oxidized forms of sulfur amino acids, D-amino acids, and lysinoalanine (LAL, an unnatural amino acid derivative). The presence of high levels of dietary trypsin inhibitors from soybeans, kidney beans, or other grain legumes can cause substantial reductions in protein and amino acid digestibilities (up to 50%) in rats and pigs. Similarly, the presence of high levels of tannins in cereals, such as sorghum, and grain legumes, such as fababean (Vicia faba L.), can result in significantly reduced protein and amino acid digestibilities (up to 23%) in rats, poultry, and pigs. Studies involving phytase supplementation of production rations for swine or poultry have provided indirect evidence that normally encountered levels of phytates in cereals and legumes can reduce protein and amino acid digestibilities by up to 10%. D-amino acids and LAL formed during alkaline/heat treatment of proteins such as casein, lactalbumin, soy protein isolate, or wheat proteins are poorly digestible (less than 40%), and their presence can reduce protein digestibility by up to 28% in rats and pigs. A comparison of the protein digestibility determination in young (5-week) versus old (20-month) rats suggests greater susceptibility to the adverse effects of antinutritional factors in old rats than in young rats. Therefore, the inclusion of protein digestibility data obtained with young rats, as the recommended animal model, in the calculation of PDCAAS (Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score) may overestimate protein digestibility and quality of products, especially those containing antinutritional factors, for the elderly. For products specifically intended for the elderly, protein digestibility should be determined using more mature rats.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2005

[Chemical and sensory characterization of tea (Thea sinensis) consumed in Chile].

By means of descriptive analysis four varieties of tea (Thea sinensis) were assesed: Argentinean OP (orange pekoe) tea (black), Brazilian OP tea (black), Ceylan OP tea (black) and Darjeeling OP tea (green). The appearance of dry tea leaves were qualitatively characterized comparing with dry leaves standard. The attributes: colour, form, regularity of the leaves, fibre and stem cutting were evaluated The differences obtained were related to the differences produced by the effect of the fermentation process. Flavour and aroma descriptors of the tea liqueur were generated by a trained panel. Colour and astringency were evaluated in comparison with qualified standards using non structured linear scales. In order to relate the sensory analysis and the chemical composition for the different varieties of tea, following determinations were made: chemical moisture, dry material, aqueous extract, tannin and caffeine. Through multifactor regression analysis the equations in relation to the following chemical parameters were determined. Dry material, aqueous extract and tannins for colour and moisture, dry material and aqueous extract for astringency, respectively. Statistical analysis through ANOVA (3 variation sources: samples, judges and replications) showed for samples four significant different groups for astringency and three different groups for colour. No significant differences between judges or repetitions were found. By multifactor regression analysis of both, colour and astringency, on their dependence of chemist results were calculated in order to asses the corresponding equations.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1991

[Value and limitations of urinary cytology in the diagnosis of bladder tumors].

There were studied 222 patients with bladder tumors, 64 with operated transitional cell carcinoma and 166 with non-malignant diseases from cytologic and histologic point of view. Each patient was investigated by urinary cytology, endoscopy, and during the intervention biopsies were taken, which helped us to establish the histological form, the degree of differentiation and "T" element, using TNM system. All smears were stained by blue polychrome-tannin Dragan method and correlated with histological results which allowed us to appreciate cytodiagnostic as real positives, false negatives, real negatives and false positives. We signalled out some morphological aspects of malignant cells revealed by blue polychrome-tannin Dragan stain, which identified malignant elements in 87% tumors of the bladder G1, in 91.5% in G2 and 93.5% in G3; results were enhanced using washings of the bladder. There was some causes for false negatives results: a calcified tumor in its surface, tumors developed in vesical diverticulum, a limited exfoliation and a wrong interpretation of exfoliated cells. In patients transurethrally operated for tumors of the bladder the urinary cytology identified malignant elements in 22 of them; four presented tumors in the moment of endoscopic examination and 18 were considered as "apparently false-positive"; eleven of them developed tumors in the next 6-24 months from the intervention. In patients with non-malignant diseases false positives results were related specially to urinary lithiasis and chronic renal failure. Results of initial and survey cytodiagnosis allowed us to increase the period between traditional cystoscopies.

Carcinoma, Transitional Cell↗
PubMed1991

[Negative effects of anti-nutritional factors in animal feed on nitrogen burden of the environment and possibilities of its reduction. Nutritional physiology effects].

Antinutritional factors (ANFs) protect the seed against attacks of moulds, bacteria, insects and birds. The defensive effect of ANFs is apparently related to disturbances in digestive processes in insects and microorganisms. When animals consume seeds containing ANFs, the digestive processes and growth may be disturbed in a similar manner. In the present paper, the fact is discussed that all proteins passing undigested through the small intestine will be fermentatively digested in the large intestine. The final products of the protein digested in the large intestine are excreted in the faeces or urine. For investigations into the digestion of protein in pigs and the amounts of N excreted into the environment, it is of importance to measure the ileal digestibility of protein. Studies showed that ANFs such as trypsin inhibitors, lectins and tannins present in legume seeds reduce the ileal digestibility of protein. In the case of Phaseolus beans it was found that more protein passed through the terminal ileum than was ingested with the feed. With peas was shown that ANFs reduce the ileal digestibility of protein. The carbohydrates of peas did not affect the ileal digestibility of protein, although the ileal chyme was more loose. In the case of faba beans, negative correlation of tannins with ileal digestibility of protein was observed. Calculations showed that, when ANFs were removed from peas and faba beans a considerable reduction in excretion of N into the environment can be achieved. These calculations also showed important possibilities of reducing the secretion of N into the environment by elimination of ANFs.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1990

In vitro studies on interactions of iron salts and complexes with food-stuffs and medicaments.

It has been shown in the present study that food components such as phytic acid, oxalic acid, tannin, sodium alginate, choline and choline salts, vitamins A, D3 and E, soy oil and soy flour, do not undergo any interactions with iron(III)-hydroxide polymaltose complex (Ferrum Hausmann). Phytic acid, oxalic acid, tannin and sodium alginate, however, react with iron(II) or iron(III)-salts at pH values of 3.0, 5.5 and 8.0, giving rise to iron complexes. Trimethylamine-N-oxide, which is present in fish meal, reacts with iron(II)-sulphate to produce iron(III) reaction products; it does not react with iron(III)-hydroxide polymaltose complex. Special soybean flours show no irreversible adsorption or precipitation with iron(III)-hydroxyide polymaltose complex over the pH range 3.0-8.0, in contrast to iron(II)-sulphate. Antacids containing aluminium hydroxide, talc, ion exchange resins or other unabsorbable, insoluble components absorb iron(III)-hydroxide polymaltose complex in the pH range 3.0-8.0 in a reversible manner, while the strong adsorption or precipitation observed with iron(II)-sulphate at pH 8.0 is irreversible. No interaction was observed between the steroid hormones studied and iron(II)-sulphate or iron(III)-hydroxide polymaltose complex. On the basis of the measured compatibilities, iron(III)-hydroxide polymaltose complex can be administered orally simultaneously with many other drugs, without prejudicing the absorption of iron or of the other drug as is often seen with iron(II) and iron(III) salts.

Absorption↗
PubMed1979

[Serological diagnosis of IBR. Passive hemagglutination microreaction].

The preparation and standardization of the ingredients for PHA is described in detail. Formalin treated erythrocites in a 10% concentration treated with 1:20 000 tannin were used. The antigen concentrated by ultracentrifugation properly sensibilizes the erythrocites and their titer does not change in case of its dilution up to 1:8. The non-concentrated virus antigen has a low covering potential only if it is either not diluted, or in a 1:2 dilution and sensibilizes the erythrocites to a lesser extent. The great advantage of the use of concentrated antigen is that it equalizes antigens obtained from various lots. The optimal time for loading by erythrocites is 1 h, and a longer sensibilization has no influence on the effect of loading. It was proven that the sensibilization of formalin treated erythrocites allows long storage of the produced antigen. The tannin treated formalinized erythrocites can be stored up to 20 days without any change in their ability to be antigen covered, while the sensibilized erythrocites are not changed for 6 days and up to the 30th day their titer is twice lower, but this is of no practical importance.

Animals↗