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PubMed2003

Antibiogram and plasmid profiles of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from Cameroon: useful tools for epidemiological survey.

A prospective laboratory-based investigative study was carried out on clinical isolates of N. gonorrhoea to determine their antibiotic susceptibility patterns and plasmid profile using standard microbiological and molecular techniques. All the 32 isolates studied showed total resistance to penicillin, spectinomycin and amoxyclinE. On the other hand, susceptibilities of 100%, 98.6% and 98.6% were noted for ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and norfloxacin respectively. Thirty (93.8%) of the 32 isolates were found to harbour plasmids of molecular weights ranging from 9.2 to 25.2 Mdal. Three distinct groups of N. gonorrhoea isolates were identified based on the molecular weights of the plasmids, namely, group one (9.2 Mdal), group two (12.6 Mdal) and group three (25.2 Mdal). These results suggest that different strains of N. gonorrhoea may be circulating in Fako Division of Cameroon, a finding that is of clinical and epidemiological significance.

Cameroon↗
PubMed1992

[Resistance to antibiotics of vibrio cholerae strains isolated in Angola].

Among 87 strains of Vibrio choleare (78 Ogawa serotype and 9 Inaba serotype strains) isolated in Angola in 1987-1990, 86% exhibited multiple resistance to antimicrobials. Eighty-four to 86% of strains were resistant to ampicillin with beta-lactamase production (MIC greater than or equal to 512 mg/l), streptomycin (MIC greater than or equal to 64 mg/l), spectinomycin (MIC greater than or equal to 1,024 mg/l), and trimethoprime-sulfisoxazole (MIC greater than 1,024 mg/l). Seventy-four per cent of strains were resistant to kanamycin (MIC = 512 mg/l), 26% to chloramphenicol (MIC = 32 mg/l), 10% to tetracycline (MIC = 16 mg/l), and 10% to gentamycin (MIC greater than or equal to 32 mg/l). Transfer to E. coli K12 was associated with a substantial increase in expression of resistance to tetracycline and chloramphenicol (CAT type I), with MICs in the 128-512 mg/l range. Transfer rates to E. coli K12 of plasmids for the various resistance phenotypes were 10(-6)/10(-8). The size of the isolated plasmids was 100 Md in diameter and belonged to the incompatibility group inc 6-C.

Angola↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella serotypes isolated from apparently healthy slaughtered camels (Camelus dromedarius) in eastern Ethiopia.

A total of 714 samples consisting of faeces, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, abdominal and diaphragmatic muscles (each 119) were collected from November 2001 to April 2002 from apparently healthy slaughtered camels (Camelus dromedarius) in eastern Ethiopia. One hundred sixteen (16.2%) Salmonella strains belonging to 16 different serovars were isolated. All Salmonella strains isolated were examined for antimicrobial resistance to 17 selected antimicrobials. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined by the microdilution broth test. Fifty-two (44.8%) of the Salmonella isolates were resistant to one or more antimicrobials. Thirty-nine of the 52 (75%) resistant Salmonella serovars exhibited multiple resistance to up to eight different antimicrobials. Among the serovars tested, S. Typhimurium, S. Heidelberg, S. Braenderup and S. Hadar displayed multiple resistance mainly to streptomycin (35.3%), spectinomycin (28.4%), sulfamethoxazole (25.0%), ampicillin (24.1%), trimethoprim (22.4%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (18.9%), tetracycline (12.9%) and colistin (11.2%). All Salmonella strains tested were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, gentamicin, kanamycin and neomycin. The present study showed the importance of camels as a potential source of single and multiple resistant Salmonella strains to different antimicrobials that are also used in the public health sector for the treatment of different bacterial diseases in Ethiopia.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Increasing incidence of ciprofloxacin resistant gonorrhea in Sweden. Choose a correct antibiotic and follow up the treatment!].

The incidence of gonorrhoea has increased in Sweden and is now three times higher than in the middle of the 1990's. A remarkable increase of ciprofloxacin resistant gonorrhoea has been reported in Stockholm and other parts of Sweden during 2003. Among men attending a clinic for homosexual men in Stockholm the ciprofloxacin resistant cases have increased from a low level to over 50% during the last year. Most of the homosexual men are exposed in Stockholm and one serotype is dominant. Also in the county of Gävleborg there has been an outbreak of ciprofloxacin resistant gonorrhoea among young heterosexual men and women. No resistance to cefixime, ceftriaxone and spectinomycin has been noted and these antibiotics are then a better first choice of treatment in a Swedish context.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The use of aminoglycosides, colistin and beta-lactam antibiotics as animal feed drugs for pigs in Schleswig-Holstein].

An evaluation of production orders for medicated feedingstuffs for pigs given in 1998 in Schleswig-Holstein showed aminoglycosides, colistin and beta-lactam antibiotics as regularly used antibiotical ingredients. The presented study analyses the production orders which include these antibiotics more in detail particularly with regard to the prescribed dosages. In part, there were deviations to the rules of good clinical practise for the use of anitbiotics. The applied dosage of spectinomycin and apramycin was often lower than suggested in the literature. The low oral bioavailability of amoxicillin was not considered when using amoxicillin in medicated feedingstuffs.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed2005

Induction and characterization of streptomycin-resistant mutants in Capsicum praetermissum.

Streptomycin-resistant mutants were isolated from mutagenised cotyledon explants of Capsicum praetermissum Heiser & Smith. The explants were mutagenised with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, which resulted in a high frequency of streptomycin-resistant mutants (18.0%) and a low frequency of chlorophyll-deficient (albino) mutants (8.0%). Complete streptomycin-resistant plantlets were obtained after rooting of the regenerated green shoots on rooting medium containing 1.0 mg L-1 IAA and 500 mg L-1 streptomycin sulphate. Leaf-segment assay of these plantlets revealed that they were resistant to streptomycin but sensitive to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, lincomycin, and spectinomycin. Reciprocal crosses between streptomycin-resistant and -sensitive plants showed a non-Mendelian transmission of resistance by female parents.

Capsicum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antibiogram studies of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 isolates from poultry and meat.

BACKGROUND: Human infection with Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 has increased worldwide since last decade and has been shown to be related mainly with the consumption of poultry meat and eggs. The public health significance and economic importance of this serovar underscores the need to generate base line data on the antimicrobial susceptibilities and protein profile of indigenous S. enteritidis. This study was performed to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibilities of S. enteritidis PhageType4 isolates from poultry and meat. METHOD: This study was carried out in the department of biological sciences Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad during 1998--2000. A total of nineteen quinolone sensitive isolates of S. enteritidis from poultry meat and eggs collected during 1994--1998 were characterized. The isolates were serotyped and phage typed at federal institute of consumer Health and Veterinary Medicine, Wernigerode Germany. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed in accordance to the method of Bauer et al. (1966). RESULTS: The results of the standard disc diffusion test showed 100% resistance against bacitracin, erythromycin and novobiocin. All (100%) isolates were highly sensitive to chloramphenicol. The results of minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) tests using serial dilution of antimicrobial drugs revealed that 100% of the isolates were resistant against bacitracin, erythromycin and novobiocin at various levels of concentrations. Kanamycin, streptomycin and spectinomycin, all had very poor activity against serovar Enteritidis. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest the limited therapeutic potential and low typability of this serovar.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Relationship between antibiotic resistance and integrons of Escherichia coli isolated from food].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli strains isolated from food and the integrons they harbored. METHODS: PCRs amplifying intI gene and the variable region between the conserved segments (CS-PCR) were performed for class1, class2, and class 3 integron. And the integron content of every isolate was characterized by RFLP analysis and sequencing. RESULTS: 19 of 50 isolates were identified as being positive for integrase 1 gene in the genomic DNA, of which 13 had detectable amplification products for CS-PCR. Two E. coli isolates had class 2 integron. All the integron-positive strains were resistance to at least 4 antibiotics. Most of the gene cassettes integrated in the integrons conferred resistance against trimethoprim and streptomycin-spectinomycin, and the integrons with the dfr17-aadA5 gene cassettes combination were predominant. Some strains with different antibiotic resistance profile or plasmid profile were found to have the same integron. CONCLUSION: There was a good correlation between Integron-carrying and the antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli strains isolated from food, but in terms of an individual strain, its antibiotic profile was not consistent with the gene cassettes of the integron it harbored.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[The insect resistance of OC and Bt transplastomic plant and the phenotype of their progenies].

The Bt gene and OC gene were cotransformed to tobacco chloroplast with particle bombardment method and spectinomycin resistance tobacco seedlings were obtained. Bioassays showed that the transgenic tobacco containing both genes had enhanced toxicity to the larvae of cotton bollworm (helicoverpa zea) by comparison with the plants containing only Bt or OC gene. Southern-blotting analysis and genetic analysis of progenies showed that the Bt and OC gene expressed and was inherited maternally to the progenies.

English Abstract↗
PubMed2005

[In vitro antibacterial activities of telithromycin against clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae].

In vitro antibacterial activity of telithromycin (TEL) against the isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (212 isolates) derived from urine or genital secretion in 2002 (April to December) was examined in comparison with those of macrolides (erythromycin [EM], clarithromycin [CAM]), penicillins (penicillin G [PCG]), cephems (cefodizime [CDZM], cefixime [CFIX]), quinolones (levofloxacin [LVFX]), tetracyclines (minocycline [MINO]), and aminoglycosides (spectinomycin [SPCM]). The MIC of TEL was ranged from < or = 0.039 to 0.25 microg/mL and the MIC50 and MIC90 of TEL were respectively 0.125 and 0.25 microg/mL, which were the lowest values compared with those of other oral antibacterial agents measured. When compared TEL with other agents in the order of the MIC50 and MIC90, TEL was more superior to EM and CAM (both eight times), MINO (four times and twice), and LVFX (16 and 64 times). The MIC90 of TEL was superior in twice though the MIC50 was the same in comparison with CFIX. The CDZM resistant strain did not exist and SPCM also inhibit growth with 32 microg/mL or less that was the breakpoint MIC excluding one stock though the PCG sensitive strain was only 1.4% in the injection drug. However, clinical breakpoint MIC is not established, but the efficacy of TEL is prospective because of its high antibacterial activity to inhibit growth of all stocks for gonococcus with 0.25 microg/mL. It is expected that TEL can become an oral antibiotic recommended for treatment of gonococcus if dosage and administration are considered.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2005

Study of five penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Italy.

Five penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) were isolated from urethral specimens of men admitted to the "Santa Chiara" Hospital (Trento, Italy). All strains proved to be resistant to penicillin and ampicillin, and sensitive to cefuroxime, erythromycin, tetracycline, spectinomycin, nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin. PPNG plasmid profiles showed that four of the isolates carried the 3.2 MDa "Africa" plasmid and one the 4.5 MDa "Asia" plasmid, the two well-known phenotypes reported in the USA and Europe as well as in Asian and African countries. Membrane matings were performed using N. gonorrhoeae carrying the 24.5 MDa conjugative plasmid as donors and E. coli K12 J 53 as recipient. The transfer of beta-lactamic antibiotic resistance was supported by the presence of 4.5 or 3.2 MDa plasmid bands and by beta-lactamase production in the transconjugants. Restriction analysis of Asian and African plasmids is reported.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1992

Changing trends in the epidemiology and management of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum.

Between June 1985 and December 1988, 58 cases of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum were admitted to the neonatal unit at the University Hospital (USM). Of these, 15 (25.9%) cases were due to penicillin-resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoea. Of the 58 cases, 56 cases were treated effectively with a single dose of antibiotic given systemically. The mean period of recovery was shorter with spectinomycin in doses of 40 mg/kg than with cefotaxime (100 mg/kg). There was no permanent sequelae in the treated cases. An increasing incidence of infection with penicillin-resistant strains of N. gonorrhoea has been observed in the area of study.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Regeneration of cybrid Lycopersicon peruvianum x (Solanum rickii) plants with genetically transformed chloroplasts].

The hybrid plants with transformed plastids were regenerated after PEG fusion of chlorophyll-deficient Lycopersicon peruvianum leaf mesophyll protoplasts and leaf mesophyll protoplasts of Solanum rickii, which were previously genetically transformed and as the result were resistant to streptomycine and spectinomycine. The hybrid callus selection was based on the inability of the Lycopersicon peruvianum minicalli to have the green coloration and on the inability of gamma-preirradiated Solanum rickii protoplasts to divide. The hybrids were identified on the base of PCR analyses of nuclear and plastid DNA.

Cell Fusion↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Stable transformation of Solanum rickii chloroplast DNA].

The biolistic method was used for genetic transformation of Solanum rickii chloroplasts with aadA gene encoding resistance to streptomycine and spectinomycine. Selective pressure was applied immediately after microbombardment to avoid appearance of mutant lines. The transplastomic Solanum rickii plants remained green during two years cultivation on the media supplemented with two antibiotics. There were no morphological differences between the transformed and the wild type plants.

Biolistics↗
PubMed2006

Dissemination of Salmonella enterica serotype agona and multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium in Cuba.

The molecular epidemiology, antimicrobial susceptibility, and mechanisms of resistance of 34 Salmonella spp. strains causing acute gastroenteritis, isolated from different provinces in Cuba, were determined. Sixty-four percent of the strains showed multiresistance. Salmonella typhimurium was the most frequent with 15 strains (44%), 13 of which belonged to phagotype 104 and presented similar genetic profiles of pulsed field gel electrophoresis. High levels of resistance to tetracycline (53%), spectinomycin (50%), ampicillin (44%), and chloramphenicol (41%) were found. Resistance to tetracycline was associated with the tet G and tet A genes. Resistance to ampicillin was caused by the presence of beta-lactamases, mainly the CARB type. The floR gene was the main mechanism of resistance to chloramphenicol. Our results showed an antimicrobial susceptible clone of Salmonella enterica serotype Agona in two separate regions. This is the first report of the widespread dissemination of a multiresistant clone of S. enterica serotype Typhimurium definitive phage type 104 in Cuba.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2006

[Expression of the gene coding for a thermostable alpha-amylase from Pyrococcus furious in Chiamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast ].

Thermostable alpha-amylase from Pyrococcus furious is an important industrial enzyme in brewing and alcohol production. Eexpression of the thermostable a-amylase in plants can reduce greatly costs in the production of alcohol using crop plants. A chloroplast expression vector, p64A, containing the thermostable alpha-amylase gene from Pyrococcus furious, was constructed with clpP-trnL-petB-chlL-rp123-rpl2 as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii plastid homologous recombinant fragments and spetinomycin-resistant aadA gene as select marker. The plasmid p64A was transferred into the chloroplast genome of C. reinhardtii by the biolistic method. Nine independently transformed lines were obtained by 100 mg/L spectinomycin selection. PCR amplification, Southern blot analysis of the transgene and cultivation in the dark all showed that the a-amylase gene had been integrated into chloroplast genome of C. reinhardtii. The activity of amylase expressed in the chloroplast of C. reinhardtii was detected by amylase activity assay and found to be as high as 77.5 u/g fresh weight of cells. These experimental results demonstrated the possibility of using transgenic chloroplasts of plant as bioreactors for production of industrial enzymes.

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii↗
PubMed1991

[Antimicrobial sensitivity of 402 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in 7 Spanish cities].

To study N. gonorrhoeae resistance in Spain. We evaluate 402 strains consecutively isolated in 7 Spanish cities (Barcelona, Bilbao, Madrid, Murcia, Seville, Valencia and Valladolid). The MIC to 9 antimicrobial agents was determined by agar-dilution (DST) method. We found a high incidence (15.7%) of penicillinase producer strains (NGPP). Most (53.3%) of all non-NGPP strains showed reduced sensitivity to penicillin and 1.5% of the strains had chromosomally mediated resistance. All NGPP strains and 90% of non-NGPP strains showed reduced sensitivity to tetracycline (MIC greater than 0.23 mg/l). We did not found any strain with high-level tetracycline resistance. MIC90 for the other drugs tested were: erythromycin, 0.125 mg/l; spectinomycin, 16 mg/l; cefoxitin, 2 mg/l; cefuroxime 0.06 mg/l; ceftriaxone 0.0037 mg/l; ofloxacin 0.06 mg/l and ciprofloxacin, 0.0018 mg/l. NGPP are very prevalent in Spain. Most of these strains had chromosomally mediated resistance to penicillin and tetracycline. We did not found resistance to other antimicrobial agents.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1991

[Antibiotic therapy in infertile subjects with chronic gonococcal infections: measurement of sperm output].

Several antibiotics of choice for the treatment of Gonorrhoea have proved to be effective in the acute forms of this disease. Men infected with gonococci may not develop or may not notice any symptoms at all: thus, complications of gonococcal infection can cause semen inadequacy and infertility. We are not aware of any previous paper on the treatment of chronic asymptomatic gonorrhoea (IUGC) and the cytotoxic effects in sperm maturation (so called "stress pattern tubular syndrome") and/or motility possibly mediated by some antigonococcal agents after prolonged period of administration. In IUGC the aims of therapy should be both the bactericidal activity and the improvement in the seminal quality. One-hundred eleven out of 785 male partners of infertile marriages were studied. They had negative post coital test and culture positive for N. Gonorrhoea in their semen. They were subdivided in six random groups and were treated with Ceftazidime (CFZ = 20 cases), Cefonicid (CFN = 20 cases) Spectinomycin (SPM = 15 cases), Aztreonam (AZT = 20 cases), Piperacillin (PP = 18 cases) and Doxycycline (DXC = 18 cases) respectively. After 7 days of treatment (C1) seminal cultures became negative in 25 cases (22.5%) and no seminal parameter showed significant variation among groups. When the treatment was repeated other twice (C3. = 1 week every month for 3 months) the antigonococcal efficacy was complete (100%), but various effects on seminal quality (Density, D; Motility, M, Oval forms, O; Sperm precursors, Sp; nemaspermic penetration depth in bovine cervical mucus PN; rate of pregnancies) were observed.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗