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PubMed1992

Pneumonia associated with Salmonella choleraesuis infection in swine: 99 cases (1987-1990).

Salmonella choleraesuis was isolated in pure or mixed bacterial cultures from 153 swine necropsied between Jan 1, 1987 and Dec 31, 1990. Pneumonia was seen in 99 of 109 swine from which this bacterium was isolated in the absence of other pathogenic bacteria. Pneumonia was seen more frequently than hepatitis, splenomegaly, or colitis. Pleuropneumonia that was grossly indistinguishable from the pleuropneumonia associated with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was seen in 29 of 99 swine from which S choleraesuis was the only bacterium isolated.

Animals↗
PubMed1959

Studies in swine of Asian influenza virus.

This article reports on experiments with 6- to 8-week-old pigs infected with a human isolate of Asian strain influenza virus and on the successful passage of this virus into a second group of pigs. These findings are discussed in relationship to negative results obtained by others when swine sera, collected from apparently healthy animals before and after the recent Asian influenza epidemic, were tested for the presence of complement-fixing and haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies.Six "normal" pigs were inoculated intranasally with 1.0 ml of fluid containing approximately 3 200 000 EID(50) of Asian influenza virus. Clinical evidence of disease was not apparent, but Asian strain virus was isolated from four of the pigs and the development of haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody to A/Asia/Japan/305/57 antigen was detected in all of them. Virus isolated from the first group was inoculated intranasally into another group of six "normal" pigs. Clinical evidence of illness was also absent in this group, but Asian strain virus was isolated from five pigs. Haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody developed in all six pigs but complement-fixing antibody in none.The authors conclude that the available evidence indicates that swine did not play a significant role in the epidemiology of the Asian influenza epidemic in the USA, and that the Asian strain appears not to have established itself in swine.

Animals↗
PubMed1962

The occurrence of microthrombi on the aortic endothelium of swine.

Evidence is presented in this report that microthrombi composed chiefly of platelets form on what appears to be morphologically normal swine endothelium and that the pattern of the deposits corresponds to that in analogous flow-chamber models, and to the lesions in the early stages of swine atherosclerosis. Since mural thrombi occur in young swine, it seems reasonable to suggest that this is to some extent a normal process. The cumulative effects of such a process could be a factor in the primary as well as the late stages of atherosclerosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Prevalence of Campylobacter spp isolated from the intestinal tract of pigs raised in an integrated swine production system.

OBJECTIVE: To enumerate the prevalence of Campylobacter isolates in the intestinal tract of market-weight swine raised in an integrated swine operation in Texas. SAMPLE POPULATION: Samples of cecal contents were collected from 595 pigs (mean body weight, 110 kg [242 lb]) at time of slaughter. Pigs were off-spring of Yorkshire-Landrace sows and Duroc or Hampshire boars. Pigs originated from 4 farrow-to-finish farms. PROCEDURE: During a 9-month period, visits were made to a slaughter plant to remove cecal contents from market-weight hogs. Samples were obtained from 50 pigs/visit from designated farms so that samples were obtained 3 times from pigs of each of 4 farms. Isolation of Campylobacter spp was accomplished by use of enrichment broth and restrictive media, using microaerophilic conditions. RESULTS: Campylobacter spp were isolated from 70 to 100% of the pigs, depending on the farm and the date the samples were collected. Campylobacter coli was isolated from 20 to 100% (mean, 60%) of samples, and C jejuni was isolated from 0 to 76% (mean, 31%) of samples. Campylobacter lari was isolated from 2 pigs. Concentrations of C coli or C jejuni ranged from 10(3) to 10(7) colony-forming units/g of cecal content. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Campylobacter coli generally is accepted as a common inhabitant of the intestinal tract of swine. However, analysis of results of this study suggests that a relatively high prevalence of C jejuni may be found in pigs raised on specific farms.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Serum acute phase proteins and swine health status.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between swine health status and the concentration of the serum acute phase proteins, haptoglobin (HP), and C-reactive protein (CRP). A total of 378 clinically healthy pigs from farms A and B, plus 20 pigs culled from farm A due to poor growth, were used in this experiment. Each pig was examined and blood samples were collected during slaughter. The HP concentration was measured by using an HP-hemoglobin binding assay. The CRP concentration was measured by using a CRP enzyme immunoassay. Gross and histopathological lesions were examined and recorded at slaughter. Representative samples were then collected in order to isolate pathogens. Swine enzootic pneumonia, found in 47.7% of the pigs, was the most common lesion. Other lesions included pleuropneumonia (32.7%), suppurative pneumonia (10.3%), fibrinous pericardititis (4.3%), Ascaris migration in the liver (33.9%), and intestinal serositis (3.0%). On farm A, the percentage of pigs with 1 or more lesions was 88.2%. For culled pigs from farm A, the mean serum concentrations of HP and CRP were 2.23 +/- 0.14 mg/mL and 252.93 +/- 11.62 microg/mL, which were significantly higher than concentrations in clinically normal pigs (1.42 +/- 0.02 mg/mL and 84.88 +/- 2.61 microg/mL, respectively, P < 0.01). Moreover, among clinically normal farm A pigs, the mean HP concentration in pigs with lesions (1.43 +/- 0.02 mg/mL) was significantly higher than in pigs without lesions (1.32 +/- 0.07 mg/mL) (P < 0.05). However, the mean serum CRP concentrations in these animals were not significantly different. On farm B, the percentage of pigs with one or more lesions was 50.0%. Interestingly, the mean serum HP concentration in clinically normal pigs with lesions was significantly lower in farm B pigs (1.23 +/- 0.07 mg/mL) than in the farm A pigs (1.43 +/- 0.02 mg/mL; P < 0.01). However, serum CRP concentrations in farm A and B pigs were not significantly different. Serum HP concentration, which is a better indicator of inflammatory reactions in pig herds than serum CRP concentration, provides an important marker for swine health status.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Combined gene therapy enhances collateral vascularization in coronary artery occlusion swine model].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of combined gene transfer of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiotensin-1 (Ang-1) in swine coronary artery occlusion. METHODS: Swine underwent left thoracotomy followed by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery. Constructed PCD(2)/VEGF and/or PCD(2)/Ang-1 eukaryotic expression plasmid was directly injected into the swine myocardium. RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, capillary density and arteriole density were used to detect gene expression and biological effect. Coronary angiography was done to evaluate collateral circulation of the occluded artery. RESULTS: High levels of VEGF and Ang-1 mRNA and protein expression were detected. There was a significant increase in the number of capillaries and arterioles as compared with a control group (P < 0.05). Capillary density and arteriole density of the combination therapy group were higher than those of the swing receiving either therapy alone. Coronary angiography showed better collateral circulation in the combination therapy group. CONCLUSIONS: Direct injection of PCD(2)/VEGF and PCD(2)/Ang-1 can transfect the myocardium and express VEGF and Ang-1 protein. Combined gene transfer of VEGF and Ang-1 can increase capillary and arteriole number and enhance collateral circulation of the occluded coronary artery more effectively.

Angiotensin I↗
PubMed2005

[Beneficial effects of nicorandil on myocardial no-reflow state in a mini-swine model of acute myocardial infarction and reperfusion].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of nicorandil on myocardial no-reflow state in a mini-swine model of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and reperfusion. METHODS: Twenty-four mini-swine were randomly divided into three study groups: 8 in control group, 8 in nicorandil-treatment group, and 8 in sham-operated group. Animals in the former two groups were subjected to 3 hours of coronary occlusion followed by 1 hour of reperfusion. Hemodynamics and coronary blood flow volume (CBV) were monitored, and the area of no-reflow (ANR) was evaluated with both myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) in vivo and pathological means. Necrosis area (NA) was measured with triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. RESULTS: (1)In control group, left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), the maximum change rate of left ventricular pressure rise and fall (+/-dp/dt max) and cardiac output (CO) significantly declined, while left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) significantly increased at the end of 3 hours of LAD occlusion compared to that prior to AMI (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and +/-dp/dt max further significantly declined, while LVSP significantly rose (all P<0.05) at 1 hour of reperfusion. In the nicorandil-treatment group, the changes of LVSP, +/-dp/dt max, CO and LVEDP were the same as those in the control group after 3 hours of AMI. In contrast, LVSP, +/-dp/dt max, CO and LVEDP significantly elevated at 1 hour of reperfusion, and the changes were more significant compared to those of the control group (all P<0.05). (2)In control group, the vascular area after coronary ligation (LA) as determined by MCE in vivo was consistent with that of pathological evaluation(P>0.05), and the range of ANR (ANR%) was also similar [(78.50+/-4.35)% and (82.30+/-1.90)% respectively], with final range of NA (NA%) reaching (98.50+/-1.35% of LA. In the nicorandil-treatment group, there was no significant difference in the range of LA (LA%) for both MCE and pathological evaluation (P>0.05), which were also not significantly different from those in control group, while ANR% and NA% significantly decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). (3)In the control group, CBV was significantly declined to 50.6% and 45.8% of the baseline immediately after release of 3 hours occlusion and at 1 hour of reperfusion (both P<0.01). In the nicorandil-treatment group, CBV was also significantly declined immediately after release of 3-hour occlusion, and at 1 hour of reperfusion (both P<0.05), though it was significantly increased to 69.4% and 67.9% of the baseline, and they were both significantly higher than those in the control group (both P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Nicorandil is effective in preventing myocardial no-reflow, improving left ventricular function and reducing infarct area after coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion in mini-swine.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Beneficial effects of fosinopril on myocardial no-reflow in a mini-swine model of acute myocardial infarction and reperfusion].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of fosinopril on myocardial no-reflow in a mini-swine model of acute myocardial infarction and reperfusion. METHODS: Twenty-four mini-swines were randomized into 3 study groups: 8 in control group, 8 in fosinopril-treated group (1 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)) and 8 in sham-operated group. Animals in the former two groups were subjected to 3 hours of coronary occlusion followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion. Data on haemodynamics and coronary blood flow volume (CBV) were collected, and the area of no-reflow was evaluated with both myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) in vivo and pathological means. Necrosis area was measured with triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. RESULTS: (1) In the control group, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), maximal rate of increase and decrease in left ventricular pressure (+/- dp/dt(max)) and cardiac output (CO) significantly declined (P < 0.05-0.01), while left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) significantly increased at the end of 3 hours occlusion of left anterior descending artery (both P < 0.01). Compared with those at the end of 3 hours of occlusion, +/- dp/dt(max) further significantly declined (P < 0.05) at 60 minutes of reperfusion. In the fosinopril group, the changes of SBP and DBP, LVSP, +/- dp/dt(max), CO, LVEDP and PCWP were similar as those in the control group after 3 hours of acute myocardial infarction. In contrast, LVSP, +/- dp/dt(max), CO, LVEDP and PCWP recovered significantly at 60 minutes of reperfusion. (2) In the control group, the coronary ligation area was similar on both MCE in vivo and pathological evaluation, and the area of no-reflow was similarly as high as 78.5% and 82.3%, respectively, with final necrosis area reaching 99% of ligation area. In the fosinopril group, there was no significant difference in ligation area on both MCE and pathological evaluations between the fosinopril and control groups, although the area of no-reflow on both methods was significantly decreased to 24.5% and 25.2%, respectively, (P < 0.01) with final necrosis area of pathological evaluation being also significantly decreased to 88.9% of LA (P < 0.05). (3) In the control group, CBV was significantly declined to 45.8% and 50.6% from at baseline, immediately after release of occlusion (3 hours) and at 60 minutes of reperfusion (P < 0.01). In the fosinopril group, CBV was also significantly declined immediately after release of occlusion (3 hours), and at 60 minutes of reperfusion (P < 0.05), but significantly increased to 69.1% and 72.1% from at baseline, that were significantly greater than those in the control group (both P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Fosinopril is effective in preventing myocardial no-reflow, improving left ventricular function, and reducing infarct area during acute myocardial infarction and reperfusion in mini-swine.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of trichinellosis in swine.

Experimental and field trials were conducted to evaluate an ELISA for its ability to detect Trichinella-infected domestic swine and to compare ELISA results with muscle-digestion test results. The ELISA used was a commercial double-antibody kit, containing an excretory-secretory antigen, and was evaluated principally for epidemiologic use. Experimentally induced infection in swine (4 groups of 3 pigs each; inoculated with 0, 50, 500 or 5,000 larvae) was detected as early as postinoculation week 4, with seroconversion of all inoculated swine by postinoculation week 8. The rate of seroconversion appeared to be affected by initial larval dose, time after inoculation, and immunocompetence of the individual host. Determination of antibody kinetics generally revealed rapidly increasing antibody titer, followed by its steady decrease in most pigs. Once seropositive, however, all pigs remained seropositive for the duration of the 10-week study. Presence of muscle larvae was confirmed in all infected pigs at termination of the study. We recognize that the experimental conditions may not be truly representative of those under which natural infection develops in pigs; however, the ELISA detected an infected pig with muscle larval density of 0.87 larvae/g of tissue. Results of a field trial (n = 310) indicated no muscle digestion test-positive pigs (35 g of diaphragm muscle digested/pig), but 3 samples tested positive by ELISA for specificity of 99.0%.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Structure and expression of class II alpha genes in miniature swine.

Two overlapping genomic clones corresponding to the swine DRA class II gene were isolated and characterized. Restriction mapping and partial sequence data of the exon-containing fragments allowed identification and orientation of the five exons encoding the alpha chain. Two full length cDNA clones corresponding to the transcribed DRA gene from two different haplotypes of the swine MHC were sequenced. Nucleotide sequence alignments revealed that the two swine DRA cDNA were very similar and closely related to the human DRA equivalent. An additional glycosylation site, compared with those of human DRA, was found in the second external domain of the protein. Northern analyses showed that porcine DRA and DQA genes were the only two class II alpha genes expressed in the spleen, despite the presence of DPA and DZA genes in the genome. In addition to transfected cells expressing homologous pairs of alpha and beta chains from SLA-DR, stable transfectants expressing nonhomologous pairs of alpha and beta chains from DR and DQ loci were obtained, suggesting that such associations may contribute to the functional heterogeneity of class II products.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Epizootic of pseudorabies among ten swine herds.

An epizootic of pseudorabies in 10 swine herds located near Greensburg in Decatur County, Indiana was investigated. Records of Decatur County swine herds previously quarantined because of pseudorabies were obtained. For the 1988 epizootic, clinical findings were considered, location of each of the 10 swine herds in relation to the other herds was determined, and potential fomites were considered. Meteorologic data prior to, during, and after the epizootic were obtained, correlated, and analyzed. A source-receptor model, based on wind direction and speed data, was used to determine whether weather conditions in the Greensburg area enhanced the potential for aerosol spread of pseudorabies virus between herds. On the basis of lack of other modes of spread of pseudorabies and on meteorologic and source-receptor data, aerosol transmission of pseudorabies virus between the 10 herds was probable.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in swine in Costa Rica: epidemiologic importance].

On a three hundred swine sera sample collected from a Municipal Slaughter house and a Research Laboratory at the Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería a 26% of positivity against T. gondii was found using the carbon immunoassay. A relationship between the age and swine race are made. The epidemiological significance of this findings are discussed focused mainly on the role of swine meat as a source of human infection in Costa Rica.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

[Prevalence of the hydatidosis among swine in Poland during the period 1994-1997].

The authors present an extensiveness of invasion of hydatidosis among swine in Poland. It is ascertained that a hydatidosis among swine appeared most often in the Eastern Poland. The analysis of these data shows that the percent infected animals, the highest extensiveness of invasion hydatidosis among swine occur in the districts Zamość, Lomza and Chełm.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1991

Evaluation of titanium dental implant osseointegration in posterior edentulous areas of micro swine.

This study investigated the micro swine (Sus scrofa) as an animal model for research in osseointegrated implant systems. As the first in a series of investigations based on this model, the study focused on the histological evaluation of the bone-implant interface of Brånemark implants. Ten titanium implants were placed in posterior edentulous areas of the swine for longitudinal evaluation of healing and osseointegration. Six-week and 18-week post-operative specimens were removed en bloc at the time of death. The samples were fixed in glutaraldehyde, embedded in acrylic, and sectioned with a diamond wafering saw. The specimens were viewed under SEM and photographed. The percentage of bone that was in direct contact with the coronal, middle, and apical segments of the implant, referred to as the contact length fraction (CLF), was determined by use of a digitizing analyzer. All implant fixtures became exposed through the soft tissue within one week of placement. Of the ten titanium fixtures placed, three failed--one by post-surgical day 14 due to food impaction into the surgical site, and the other two because of failure to osseo-integrate. Bone contact with the successfully integrated implant surfaces ranged from 19.2 to 58.5%, with a mean of approximately 34%. Osseointegration did not appear to increase over the experimental time period, since there was no difference in the percentage of bone contact between the 18-week and the six-week specimens. The lack of soft-tissue coverage over the implants caused bone loss, but did not significantly affect osseointegration in the coronal third. The micro swine appears to be a suitable animal model for use in implant research in posterior edentulous regions.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1991

Epidemiology of swine trichinellosis in Yugoslavia.

Intensive epidemiological and seroepidemiological studies of Trichinella spiralis infection in swine have been carried out in the borough of Kladovo, one of the four regions in Yugoslavia where trichinellosis is endemic. A high prevalence (4.7%) of trichinellosis was discovered in three neighboring parishes adjoining the bank of the river Danube. Both geographically and epidemiologically these three parishes constitute a very unique condition that is very vulnerable to T. spiralis infection. Studies of 7,409 swine showed that the ELISA test for the detection of specific antibodies to T. spiralis in swine was highly reliable.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

Immunity in swine inoculated with larvae or extracts of a pig isolate and a sylvatic isolate of Trichinella spiralis.

Inoculation of swine with a sylvatic isolate of Trichinella spiralis, designated T s nativa, resulted in low numbers of muscle larvae, compared with muscle larvae accumulation in swine inoculated with a pig type of T s spiralis. Despite low infectivity of T s nativa for swine, primary inoculation resulted in high levels of immunity against challenge infection with T s spiralis. This immunity was expressed in accelerated expulsion of challenge adults from the intestine and reduced numbers of muscle larvae. Pigs inoculated with T s nativa developed cellular and humoral responses similar to those in pigs inoculated with T s spiralis. However, in immunoblots, sera from pigs inoculated with T s nativa recognized additional proteins in muscle larvae excretory-secretory (ES) products, compared with sera from pigs inoculated with T s spiralis. Active immunization of pigs with ES products from T s nativa resulted in numerically higher, but not significantly different levels of immunity, compared with pigs immunized with ES from T s spiralis. The highest levels of immunity were obtained in pigs immunized with a T s spiralis newborn larval extract. The combination of ES products and newborn larval extract did not result in additive levels of immunity. These results indicate that the major immune effector response to Trichinella sp in pigs is against the newborn larvae, regardless of the genetic type of Trichinella sp.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Experience with regional vaccination against swine fever in enzootic areas for limited periods using C-strain virus.

In three areas of the Netherlands with a high incidence of swine fever all pigs over two weeks old were vaccinated with the so-called "Chinese" (C)-strain of vaccine virus. The mass vaccination at the start of each compaign was supplemented thereafter by vaccination of young stock at the age of 6 to 8 weeks and of all pigs introduced from outside. In one area vaccination was pursed for three years, and in two areas for one year. Vaccination was compulsory and supported by stamping out of affected herds and the application of the usual veterinary police measures. The number of outbreaks in the vaccinated areas declined from two weeks after the start of the campaign and clinical disease had diappeared after five months. During this period outbreaks related to vaccination were diagnosed in each area. Some outbreaks were due to vaccination procedures which probably caused the spread of virus from congenitally infected litters to susceptible piglets, which had lost maternal antibodies. Only one "vaccine break" was diagnosed. Outbreaks of swine fever, due to the presence of residual virus in the designated areas, have not been reported up to two years after vaccination was discontinued. The campaigns have shown that swine fever can be eradicated from enzootic areas by a strict vaccination regime pursued for one year.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Development and evaluation of a microimmunodiffusion test for detection of antibodies to pseudorabies virus in swine serum.

A microimmunodiffusion test (MIDT) was developed for the detection of pseudorabies virus (PRV) antibodies in swine serum. The optimal medium for the MIDT was determined to contain 0.69% agarose in 0.05 M tris buffer (pH 7.2) with 0.025% sodium azide and no NaCl. The PRV antigen prepared by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation of viral fluids (42.5 g/100 ml), dialyzed against distilled water, and concentrated to approximately 100-fold of the original volume with polyethylene glycol (mol wt 20,000) provided a good reproducible antigen. The sensitivity of the MIDT was compared with the microtitration procedure of the virus-neutralization (VN) test by assaying 2,203 swine serums for PRV antibodies. An equal percentage of serums was positive in both tests; 419 had VN titers of greater than or equal to 4, and 421 were MIDT positive. Serums (314) that had VN titers of greater than or equal to 16 were all positive by the MIDT. Of serum samples with a VN titer of 8 (53), 50 were MIDT positive, a 94% correlation, and of 52 serums that had VN titers of 4, 36 were MIDT positive, a 69% correlation. In addition, 8 serums that had titer of less than 4 by VN test were positive by MIDT. Seventy-one serum samples were too cytotoxic, markedly hemolyzed, or contaminated to evaluate properly in the VN test; of these serums, 13 were MIDT positive. The MIDT is an accurate, rapid, economical, and sensitive diagnostic test for the detection of PRV antibodies in swine serums.

Animals↗