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PubMed1985

Successful rural black adolescents: a psychosocial profile.

The purpose of this study was to investigate important psychosocial variables associated with the educational development of black adolescents in a southern rural environment. The study explored factors related to academic and social success among rural black adolescents. The focus of the investigation was on identifying psychological and social variables which may successfully influence the transaction between black youth and the rural educational system. Such success variables are important for research because of the traditional emphasis in the social sciences on concepts of deficit in the person-environment interactions of black youth. This article presents a profile of successful black adolescents in a rural school system in the Southeast. The profile was developed from personal interviews with 68 black students identified by teachers as successful, often despite social or economic hardship. The implications for future research and rural educational policy and program from the profile are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed2000

From therapeutic jurisprudence...to jurisprudent therapy.

For nearly a decade, "therapeutic jurisprudence" (TJ) has provided a theoretical framework within which legal rules, legal procedure, and legal roles are analyzed in terms of their therapeutic, neutral, or antitherapeutic effects. This article proposed "jurisprudent therapy" (JT), an extension of the TJ model, as a context for analyzing mental health science, mental health practice, and mental health roles in terms of their "jurisprudent," neutral, or "antijurisprudent" effects. The JT perspective neither supplants nor supersedes TJ; rather, it mirrors and augments an established process for interdisciplinary contrast, comparison, and integration. Just as an empathic and evolving legal system provides psychological benefits, so does a legally informed and juridically compatible progression of social science promote principles of justice and human freedom. Consideration of these two complementary models in tandem yields an array of brainstorming devices, to synergistic effect, with heuristic implications for teaching, research, and service delivery.

Criminal Psychology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychology at the intersection of work and family: recommendations for employers, working families, and policymakers.

Demographic data show that major changes have been occurring in the everyday lives of families over the last generation, with the majority of mothers of young children in the workforce and an increasing number of men and women assuming caregiving responsibilities for older relatives. Thus, the 2 primary identities of most adults, defined by their multiple family and work roles, need to be coordinated in ways that promote positive family outcomes, returns on investments for employers, and societal values. Despite changes in the workforce, the world of work is still largely organized for a family model that is increasingly rare--one with a stay-at-home caregiver. Recommendations based on psychological and other social science research are offered to align the needs of working families and employers.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The nature of gender.

I explain a biosocial model of women's gendered behavior (behavior on which the sexes differ). This model integrates a macro sociological theory with a biological theory derived from primate behavior. The sociological model is designed to explain changes in the relationship between sex and behavior over time or between groups. The biological model is designed to explain individual within-sex variance and between-sex variance in gendered behavior in a cohort. Results from an original study are presented to demonstrate that within-sex variance in women's gendered behavior is explained well by the primate model. I conclude that human nature is gendered. The implications of this conclusion are explored for demographic and other social science research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Illness semantics and international health: the weak lungs/TB complex in the Philippines.

Attention is drawn to illness semantics and the need to move beyond health social science research on discrete diseases to sets of illnesses perceived to be interrelated within popular health culture. Considered is the weak lungs/TB complex as it is conceptualized in relation to other types of lung disease as well as predisposing factors which influence the moral identity of the afflicted and the social relations of illness. The illness category weak lungs is broad and covers a variety of symptom states inclusive of TB. While some people equate weak lungs with TB, many others think of weak lungs as a condition which may develop into TB over time. TB is recognized to be contagious, but many people do not perceive weak lungs to be contagious. Treatment practice is discussed in relation to perceptions of illness severity, economics, expectations from medicines and coexisting health concerns. Faith in biomedicine is strong. Broad usage of the term weak lungs affects self-treatment practices and over-the-counter purchase of TB medications. Several TB medicines are labeled in such a way as to give the impression that they are vitamins for the lungs. This association leads people to think that the medication is useful for all illnesses which weaken the lungs, even if taken for a short duration. Attention is drawn to the manner in which inappropriate use of TB medication increases the chances of drug resistance. Data presented on TB drug resistance in the Philippines suggests why a consideration of illness semantics is important.

Antitubercular Agents↗
PubMed2002

The structure of science information.

The organization of information within science can be investigated in a principled way through analysis of science language. The restricted use of language in science enables description of the informational structure of science and of particular subfields, with strong similarities to structures in mathematics and programming languages. This result rests on decades of research into the relation between form and content in language, based on an information-theoretic approach to the structure of information. Examples are provided from immunology and the social sciences. Practical applications include storage of science information in databases, indexing the literature, and identification and resolution of controversy.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2003

The criminalization of domestic violence: what social workers need to know.

Domestic violence is a crosscutting issue that affects clients seeking social work services. The criminalization of domestic violence refers to efforts to address domestic violence through the passage and enforcement of criminal and civil laws. This article reviews the social science, legal, and criminal justice literature regarding interventions used to stop domestic violence. The theoretical foundations and effectiveness of police interventions, the use of protective orders, prosecution and victim advocacy, court responses, batterers' intervention as a condition of probation, and coordinated community responses to domestic violence are examined. Implications for social work practice are given, along with basic information for assisting clients who are victims of violence in their own homes.

Battered Women↗
PubMed2005

Interviewing clinicians and advocates who work with sexual assault survivors: a personal perspective on moving from quantitative to qualitative research methods.

This article describes the author's personal experiences of conducting a qualitative semistructured interview study, after having done predominantly quantitative survey research in the social sciences. The author describes the process of learning how to approach conducting semistructured interviews with female advocates and clinicians who provide services to sexual assault survivors in the community. The author describes making the transition from a logical positivist deductive approach to thinking about and conducting research to a more social constructionist stance in which one learns from participants about their experiences and perspectives in narrative form to discover knowledge and develop theory inductively.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Introduction: the need for a multidimensional and multidisciplinary approach.

This special issue combines contributions from several disciplines within the social sciences on how to understand long-term use or dependency on various kinds of psychotropics. It emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary approach in order to understand the complexity of such long-term use. The papers in this issue will base their arguments on psychological, sociological, anthropological, clinical, and social pharmacy perspectives. Different disciplines focus specially on certain topics. For example, psychology can help us to understand what kind of mental processes that are involved in the development of long-term tranquillizer use. Sociology, anthropology and social pharmacy have a particular contribution to make in helping us, in different ways, to understand the social meanings of psychotropic drug use.

Anti-Anxiety Agents↗
PubMed1979

Nurses' perception of their psychological role in treating rehabilitation patients: a study employing the critical incident technique.

This study presents the theoretical literature on the psychological role of nurses. The nurses' perception of their psychological role is empirically obtained, employing the critical incident technique. General aims and objectives of pschological care of physically ill patients are formulated and are found to generally support the theoretical literature. Nurses were clearly found to perceive their psychological role as covering a very broad spectrum, the ultimate of which was the ability to anticipate and meet the emotional needs of the patient. The importance of implementing the application of social science concepts and methods to nursing is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Overview of the Social Transition in the North project 1995- 1998.

OBJECTIVE: This paper describes the overall aims and design of the Social Transitions in the North study. The objective of the STN study was to assess how epidemiological, demographic and domestic changes have affected Northern communities. STUDY DESIGN: Sixteen communities in the Russian Far East and Alaska were compared. Survey data were collected in three phases with a response rate of 70%. METHODS: The experiences of indigenous peoples with demographic, epidemiological and domestic changes were measured using forced-choice questionnaires, focus groups, oral histories, protocol interviews, interviews with institutional informants, genealogies and analysis of secondary data. RESULTS: The principal researchers died during a boating accident before the analysis phase. Alaska researchers were asked to review the data for utility. CONCLUSIONS: The STN data was developed using rigorous cross-cultural research team. It was be used by social science researchers and others to better understand the impact of rapid changes in the Arctic.

Alaska↗
PubMed2001

Finding paradigms for the future of alcoholism research: an interdisciplinary perspective.

This is a review article and critique of current research strategies in the alcohol field. Although the alcohol field is proud of its multidisciplinary tradition and scientific findings within specific disciplines, there are very few models of cross-disciplinary research and communication. Currently, the favored model of risk is genetic; the favored model of pathophysiology is molecular neuroscience; and the favored model of clinical investigation is narrowly categorical. If there is a hierarchy within science that is based on explanatory power, then models of alcoholism emerging from neuroscience, molecular biology, and genetics should be able to accommodate (if not account for) the findings on clinical aspects of alcohol dependence, as well as data on differential risk, course, and recovery that come from the behavioral and social sciences. The first section of this article reviews the most popular models of alcohol dependence over the past 40 years. I argue that the currently fashionable categorical approach to diagnosis in DSM-IV (and ICD-10) has failed to serve as a framework for interdisciplinary research and has failed to meet the needs of human geneticists, population-based researchers, psychosocial researchers, basic scientists working in animal models, and patient-oriented researchers. I argue for a return to the dimensional approach to diagnosis in the alcohol dependence syndrome construct. In the second section of the article, I lay out an agenda for revitalized patient-oriented research in the alcohol field, as a bridge between basic biological research and innovations in clinical practice, as well as the key to a valid diagnostic system that can inform research strategies in genetics and population-based research. In the third section of the article, I highlight the interface between genetic and psychosocial models of risk and propose a possible structure for future collaboration. I conclude with a plea to funding agencies and investigators to translate discipline-based scientific findings into a science relevant to alcoholism by addressing the challenges and opportunities of an interdisciplinary research agenda on the pathophysiology of alcohol dependence and the multidimensional sources of risk.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2002

[Interdisciplinary diagnosis in early attention].

INTRODUCTION: The diagnosis is an essential element for the therapeutic approach in Early Attention. This is considered from a multifactorial point of view in all aspects of child development. It starts with a programme to follow-up the neurological progress of children at risk and requires the collaboration of professionals trained in medicine, psychology, teaching and the social sciences. OBJECTIVE: For the interdisciplinary group to make a satisfactory diagnosis, and also find a suitable way of informing the family of this, in spite of their emotional turmoil. METHODS: A holistic approach and naturalist methods suitable to the context. CONCLUSIONS: We considered children with developmental disorders from the biological, psychological, social and educational points of view when making a functional diagnosis on which to base a plan for treatment in the 'Early Attention Service'.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Book citations: influence of epidemiologic thought in the academic community.

Whilst their 'death' has often been certified, books remain highly important to most professions and academic disciplines. Analyses of citations received by epidemiologic texts may complement other views on epidemiology. The objective was to assess the number of citations received by some books of epidemiology and public health, as a first step towards studying the influence of epidemiological thought and thinking in academia. For this purpose, Institute for Scientific Information/ Thomson Scientific - Web of Science/ Web of Knowledgedatabase was consulted, in May 2006. The book by Rothman & Greenland appeared to have received the highest number of citations overall (over 8,000) and per year. The books by Kleinbaum et al, and by Breslow & Day received around 5,000 citations. In terms of citations per year the book by Sackett et al ranks 3rd, and the one by Rose, 4th of those included in this preliminary study. Other books which were influential in the classrooms collected comparatively less citations. Results offer a rich picture of the academic influences and trends of epidemiologic methods and reasoning on public health, clinical medicine and the other health, life and social sciences. They may contribute to assess epidemiologists' efforts to demarcate epidemiology and to assert epistemic authority, and to analyze some historical influences of economic, social and political forces on epidemiological research.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed2004

Robert K. Merton (4 July 1910 - 23 February 2003).

Robert K. Merton, one of the greatest sociologists of our time, and the doyen of the sociology of science, died in Manhattan on 23 February 2003, at the age of ninety-two. He was an exemplary discipline-builder who formulated key concepts with which to perceive and solve sociological problems, a masterful teacher, and a kind colleague. His passing left a large void in the intellectual world of social science.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2003

Making the link--an impact evaluation of one Dublin hospital's accident & emergency department's liaison nurse service.

The Accident & Emergency (A&E) liaison nurse service (LNS) was introduced at the Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Dublin as a quality improvement initiative in June 1996. It aimed to improve and enhance communication channels between the hospital and general practitioners (GPs) in the hospital's catchment area. A quantitative study was conducted to evaluate the A&E LNS, in partial fulfilment of a Master's degree in Nursing Science at the University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin. The primary users (90 GPs and 52 A&E staff, n=142) of the service were asked to complete a questionnaire comprising open and closed questions. Descriptive analysis using parametric and non-parametric tests was carried out, using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 9), on the collected data. Content analysis was used to analyse the open-ended questions. The findings of the study suggest that the A&E LNS positively affects communication between the hospital and GPs, and favourably affects the continuity and quality of patient care. The study respondents strongly supported the provision of an A&E LNS and expressed positive attitudes towards the quality of the service provided. This piece of research provides a basic understanding of the role, function and scope of practice of the A&E liaison nurse specialist. Implications for practice and areas for improvement are also outlined and identified.

Communication↗
PubMed2004

"He sees the development of children's concepts upon a background of sociology": Jean Piaget's honorary degree at Harvard University in 1936.

In the recent memory, Jean Piaget has been known as a cognitive developmental psychologist. But in 1936 when Harvard gave him his first honorary degree, he was recognized mainly as a sociologist. Why did Harvard honor him in 1936? Who knew his work well enough to nominate him? This article will address these questions by exploring archival documents from different sources. Evidence draws our attention to a broad social and intellectual endeavor in philanthropy, other social sciences, and especially industrial research that brought Piaget across the water. This article also attempts to interpret the circumstances of the nomination process inside and outside of Harvard University by using a theory of institutional design. It suggests that embodied in Harvard's honor of Piaget in 1936 was an idealistic act in social designing for a future society.

Awards and Prizes↗
PubMed2005

Nutrition security, livelihoods and HIV/AIDS: implications for research among farm worker households in South Africa.

OBJECTIVE: Previous research on the health transition and nutrition security in black South African households revealed the need for further research among farm workers who belong to the poorest population categories. This article gives an overview of the link between nutrition security, livelihoods and HIV/AIDS in South Africa, drawing conclusions for research among farm worker households. DESIGN AND SETTING: A literature review, observations on farms and interviews with farmers and key informants were carried out in 2003 and 2004. Peer examination was done with South African and German researchers from the natural and social sciences. RESULTS: Farm workers face poverty and nutrition insecurity and continue to be a tragically underserved population group, also in terms of research. There is furthermore a lack of in-depth research on underlying causes for nutrition security in South Africa and on the link with livelihoods, poverty and HIV/AIDS. Micro-social qualitative research from the household and gender perspective is required, as valid data on households, their internal dynamics and therefore the reflection of social realities are missing. A multidisciplinary research approach based on a new conceptual framework was developed to address the situation of farm worker households. CONCLUSION: The outlined research contributes to existing programmes on farms in the North West Province, with the findings being valid also for other parts of southern Africa facing poverty, nutrition insecurity and HIV/AIDS.

Agriculture↗