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PubMed1984

[Gardnerella vaginalis infection--another sexually transmitted disease].

The Gardnerella vaginalis infection of the urogenital tract, an STD, is of clinical importance in females and of epidemiological importance in males. Females suffer from vulvovaginitis amine colpitis, with a bad-smelling grey vaginal discharge with a pH of 5.0-5.5, which contains "clue cells". The urethra of males is often asymptomatically infected. The identification of G. vaginalis is time-consuming and requires a lot of material. Isolation and identification of G. vaginalis can not yet be made in the routine examination of outpatients suffering from urogenital tract infections. If the diagnosis is based on signs such as bad-smelling grey discharge containing "clue cells", and the increase in pH about 20% false-positive and 20% false-negative results will be obtained. If G. vaginalis is isolated, simultaneous infections with further agents such as Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae etc., Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida species and HSV 2 should be excluded. Metronidazole (1 g/day for 5 days) is the drug of first choice in G. vaginalis infection.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1984

[The relationship between blood alcohol level and head injury].

Alcoholic intoxication and a traumatic intracranial lesion have many features in common. It is important for a doctor not to make an incorrect diagnosis between these two conditions, but it is difficult in some cases. The effect of alcohol on the conscious level may complicate the assessment of patients and make it more difficult to recognize the development of complications such as intracranial hematoma. The most immediate and correct diagnosis can be obtained by estimating the amount of alcohol in a patient's blood although it is often difficult in the usual emergency departments in Japan. To try to throw some light on this question, we decided to attempt both clinical and laboratory diagnosis of alcohol ingestion. In 68 adult patients who had head injuries with conscious disturbance admitted to our ward at night, alcohol levels in their blood were estimated by gas chromatography, during the past 24 months. At the same time clinical examinations for the diagnosis of drunkenness were made: on admission, it was recorded whether all patients had white or red conjunctiva, whether speech was clear or slurred, whether there was a distinctive smell on their breath, and whether coordination was good or poor. Of 68 patients (63 male, 5 female), 7 had no alcohol in their blood and 61 had positive alcohol results. The mean blood alcohol level was 233 +/- 130 mg/dl. Clinical diagnosis of alcohol ingestion; The amount of alcohol in the blood correlated highly with the strength of the smell on their breath and of conjunctival injection (p less than 0.001), on the other hand, did not correlate with the speech disturbance, skillfullness of coordination and level of consciousness.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Hypoplasia of the nose and eyes, hyposmia, hypogeusia, and hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism in two males.

Two males, 9-11 and 29-31 years of age, with severe hypoplasia of the nose, hypoplasia of the eyes, sensory abnormalities of taste and smell, and hypogonadism were studied. The nasal septum, cribriform plates and foramina of the vomeronasal (vn) nerves were demonstrated in both; the capsule of the vn organ was shown in one. Their nasal skeleton, demonstrated by tomoradiography, had grown in early embryological form. The nose was not patent in either patient. In both, the cranial vaults, orbits, epipharynges, and oral cavities were indented toward the hypoplastic nasal composite and the peripheral dimensions of their faces were normal for their respective ages. Each patient had impaired visual function with cataracts and colobomata. Each was unable to recognize the smell of any vapor (Type I hyposmia), and had severe impairment of recognition of any tastant (recognition hypogeusia); detection of vapors and of tastants were in appropriate anatomical areas. Each was unable orally to recognize standard plastic forms (astereognosis) though each could recognize the forms manually. Each patient had bilateral inguinal hernias, one or two undescended testes, and hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. These patients do not fall within the spectrum of arrhinencephaly because of the presence of medial structure of attachment of the falx cerebri and because of their normal intelligence. Distinction of patients with this pattern of abnormalities from arrhinencephaly is important by reason of their potentiality of normal mental development. We hypothesize that their abnormalities resulted from an embryological disruption that occurred in the first trimester of pregnancy. The embryogenesis of the nasal composite is presumed to have been adequate for reciprocal induction of the anlagen of the forebrain. Development of their faces to normal peripheral dimensions indicates that the nasal composite is not essential for gross facial enlargement.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Effect of various partial separations of the litters from their mother on plasma prolactin levels of lactating rats.

Removal of the pups results in an abrupt and marked depression in plasma prolactin (PRL) level of the lactating mother. The present studies were undertaken to investigate what kind of sensory input (smell, sound, visual, touch etc.) from the pups is essential for the mother to avoid the pituitary PRL response to pup-removal. Therefore, various partial separations were made and their effect on plasma PRL levels tested: a. The pups were placed into a small glass having holes on its cover; b. they were put into a long measuring tube not covered; c. the pups were placed into the feeding trough made of a wireframe; d. a dividing wall made of glass or metal was slowly let down when the mother spontaneously went away from her pups; e. the nipples were covered by a cotton plaster. Pituitary PRL responses were almost identical after all these separations and similar to that one obtained after removal of the pups from the cage. In addition, separation of the mother resulted in a rise in plasma corticosterone concentrations. The findings suggest that the pup-removal induced inhibition of PRL secretion is a very complex event for the mother and cannot be prevented by partial separations when the mother can see, smell her pups, or hear them or even can touch them with her nose. We assume that separation of the pups is a stress for the mother and cannot simply be due to the lack of just one kind of sensory input from the pups. This assumption is in line with our recent observations indicating that in lactating rat stress causes a decrease in plasma PRL level.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Psoriasis: diagnosis and therapy].

The pathogenesis of psoriasis is not fully understood, but two mechanisms seem important, i.e. epidermal proliferation and an inflammatory process. Among these, the cytokines production and the expression of adhesion molecules, are the most important. To make an exact diagnosis of psoriasis it is essential to have the case history and the clinical findings. In difficult cases it might be necessary to make a biopsy. If the patient has not been treated, the histopathology is very characteristic. There are two main possibilities for treatment: either local therapy or internal therapy. Local treatment usually starts with the treatment of keratotic plaques, mostly by baths (salt or sulphur), followed by ointments or oils containing salicylic acid 5% or 10%. After a couple of days a specific local treatment is started. In the clinic or in a day care center one might use the classical therapeutic modalities such as dyes (Castellani) or tar or dithranol preparations. The inconveniences of these modalities are that they either color the body or the textiles or that they smell. These preparations, especially in combination with UV light, are very effective and useful. On an outpatient basis corticosteroid preparations are mostly used, but in certain skin areas they might provoke skin atrophy. With the development of the vitamin-D derivative calcipotriol, further progress has been achieved. This preparation is not colored, does not smell and is not followed by atrophy. The efficacy of calcipotriol is similar to potent corticosteroids. Calcipotriol can very well be combined with UV therapy. UV therapy modalities consist in solar light therapy (sea shore or mountains), UVB phototherapy, SUP therapy, or PUVA therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Combined Modality Therapy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The possible role of the harderian gland in the chemical communication of the hamster (Mesocricetus auratus Waterhouse, 1839)].

The hypothesis was tested on involvement of the Harderian gland in chemical communication of the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), a species in which smelling plays a leading role in initiation of many forms of social behavior. Experiments have been carried out, in which homo- and heterospecific olfactory stimuli were presented to recipients (adult males, n = 45). When the Harderian gland homogenates from males and females of the same species were presented in microtubes, the recipient males examine the female Harderian gland homogenates reliably longer. In an "open field" chamber the males spent more time near the box with the sawdust bedding from intact females than with the sawdust bedding from males or Harderectomized females. The control box was of least interest to them. When the immobile model was presented the frequency of behavioral elements of the male recipients characteristic of the reaction to a female decreased while that of elements typical for the reaction to a male increased in a sequence: female--male with applied vaginal secretory substance--male with the applied female Harderian gland homogenate--male. When the Harderian gland homogenates from the Syrian hamster and Campbell hamster female were presented, the homospecific stimulus was examined longer. Thus, the Harderian glands of the Syrian hamster produce olfactory stimuli with an attractive effect and containing information about species and sex. Besides, the Harderian gland homogenate masks the smell of an immobile male and stimulates, to some extent, elements of sexual behavior.

Animal Communication↗
PubMed1975

[Food value of the spiruline algae to man].

The acceptability of various culinary products based on the algae spirulina was tested by questionaire: formulas rich in proteins, soups, omelets, desserts. Spirulina are little appreciated in France due to offensive color, smell and taste. Tomato and chocolate are the most acceptable flavors. Lyophilisation is preferable to atomisation, and discoloration using alcohol is preferable to the acetone method. The hydrolysate obtained, having neither the smell nor the taste of algae, is excellent. Nitrogen, sodium and potassium balances were recorded in 5 undernourished subjects fed via a gastric tube. The spirulina provided respectively 15 p. 100 (1 subject), 30 p. 100 (2 subjects), and 50 p. 100 (2 subjects) of the protein ration. There were no intestinal problems. The spirulina did not modify the investigated balances. However, faecal nitrogen increased to 2.08 g (compared to control period values, 1.33 g and 1.51 g). The various coefficients: digestibility, nitrogen retention and protein utilization did not vary. In man as in animals, nitrogen retention is satisfactory, but digestibility is diminished. Uric acid did not vary in the urine, but serum values increased slightly. Ingestion of spirulina in small doses even over a long period should be tolerable in the normal subject.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[A study of hygienic standard for titanium in the source of drinking water].

The smell and taste thresholds of titanium in water were tested. The results indicated that the concentration of smell and taste thresholds for Titanium were 4.329mg/L and 3.332mg/L respectively. The threshold below value of autopurification was 0.1mg/L. The toxicity assessment showed that the acute toxicity of titanium by oral route was of low order according to the toxicity classification. There was no obvious cumulative effect, nor was there mutagenesis demonstrable. Chronic toxicity test of titanium in rats showed that the maximum non-effective concentration was 1.08mg/L. It is suggested that the maximum allowable concentration of titanium in drinking water may be 0.1 mg/L.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Food intake, depressed appetite and chemosensory threshold in patients with cancer during chemotherapy].

Energy and protein intake and eating-related complaints were studied in 52 patients with cancer of the breast, ovary or lung prior to and after 1 and 3 cycles of chemotherapy. Pretreatment intakes were somewhat lower than recommended, but did not change after therapy. Many patients had eating-related complaints, but these complaints did not increase after therapy. Eating-related complaints (except poor appetite) had no impact on intake. Electrical taste detection thresholds and chemical smell detection thresholds were measured before and after three cycles of chemotherapy. Changes in food intake had no relation to changes in chemosensory thresholds. Perceived taste and smell changes were not reflected in chemosensory thresholds.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Diagnostic methods in the assessment of anosmia in neurologic diseases].

Several important neurological diseases can impair the sense of smell. In the past the substances generally used for testing were not well defined, and the testing procedures did not follow the rules of psychophysical test procedures. Therefore, in this paper standardized new methods of testing the olfactory system are presented. Based on published data, the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test is the most suitable test for screening purposes. More detailed information can be obtained when using the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center's Odor Identification Test that includes the possibility of determining the olfactory threshold. Additionally, a new method that combines the testing of olfactory threshold, odor discrimination and odor identification with the recording of specific olfactory-evoked potentials is described. The latter test is especially useful when objective neurophysiological data are requested.

Cerebral Cortex↗
PubMed1996

[What are affects?].

In an attempt to answer the question, "what is affect?", this paper considers Freud's metapsychological formulation in the light of recent developments in psychoanalysis and neuroscience. It argues that the problem of affect-perhaps more than any other-forces us to acknowledge the intrinsic connexion between mind and body, and to accommodate it in our theoretical formulations. A review of the problem from this point of view leads to the following formulation: affect is a primary sensory modality, analogous to the senses of vision, hearing, somatic sensation, taste, and smell. These modalities are the elementary constituents of the envelope of consciousness, from which it is impossible to free ourselves. Whereas the sensory modalities of vision, hearing, somatic sensation, taste, and smell represent aspects of the external object world ("unknowable" in itself), affect is the primary sensory modality through which we perceive as aspect of the internal world of the subject ("unconscious" in itself).

Affect↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The recognition by European lynxes (Lynx lynx, Felidae, Carnivora) through urinary odor signals of the species, sex and age of conspecific, familiar and unfamiliar individuals].

The informative importance of urinary odors, which has virtually not been studied in the wild Felidae, was evaluated in European lynxes kept in captivity. The behavior of lynxes during examination of urine samples was described. The frequency and duration of all reactions were recorded: smelling, flehmen, and rubbing on urine. Significant differences in the reactions to the urine samples were most frequent as concerns the duration of smelling. Sexually mature recipient lynxes distinguished the species (lynx or domestic cat) and sex and age (sexually mature of young) of conspecific individuals and recognized individual urine samples. Presentation of the frozen samples did not increase the duration of any reaction. The role of urine in chemocommunication of lynxes is discussed.

Aging↗
PubMed1997

[Leukotrienes and asthma. Clinical and experimental experiences with leukotriene receptor antagonists and leukotriene synthesis inhibitors].

Leucotrienes are synthesized from arachidonic acid. They are potent proinflammatory mediators that contribute to bronchial hyperreactivity. Antileukotrienes constitute a new group of antiasthmatic drugs. Zafirlucast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, is now registered in Ireland and Finland for the treatment of mild to moderate asthma. We have studied the literature on antileukotrienes and have focused on their ability to prevent or inhibit symptoms in asthma. When patients with mild to moderate asthma are pretreated with an antileukotriene, the bronchoconstriction following provocation with cold, dry air, exercise or allergen is significantly reduced. ASA-sensitive asthmatics with adenoids and a lost sense of smell achieved a significant increase in FEV1s and regained their sense of smell after administration of an antileukotriene. Ongoing studies will tell us whether antileukotrienes have a significant steroid-sparing effect as compared with placebo, after which recommendations can be made concerning the future use of these interesting medicaments.

Anti-Asthmatic Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Predictors of rehospitalization in schizophrenia].

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to determine the predictive value on rehospitalization of sociodemographic variables, positive/negative symptoms and thought disorders. The results are part of research project founded by the Basque Health Department. METHODS: A 18 month follow-up study of a cohort of 60 patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia was carried out. The assessment was performed with DSM III-R diagnostic criteria, PANSS and CGI rating scales, and SCID-P semistructured interview. All patients received antipsychotic treatment. The sociodemographic and disease data, the dimensional score of the PANSS subscales, the score of CGI scale, the items 2, 12, 13 and 14 of the PANSS as indicators of formal thought disorders; and the items 1, 5, 6, 17 and 23 of the PANSS as content thought disorders were established as predictors. The predictive value was determined by the Cox regression test (Lee 1992). RESULTS: We did not find predictive value either in the PANSS scores or in the 9 thought disorders evaluated (Wald and RR tests were not significative). Nevertheless, considering the values of standard error obtained in the Cox regression we were not in a position to assure that they did not have an incidence in the hospitalizations. The CGI was the only scale that showed prognostic value (Wald test = 1.9945; RR = 1.7499). Our results indicated that the lower number of previous hospitalizations (Wald test = 1.1437; RR = 1.1437) and the high level of studies (Wald test = 2.4258; RR = 1.8052) diminished the risk of rehospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: 1 o The predictive value on rehospitalization for the positive/negative symptoms and thought disorders was not confirmed. 2 o CGI is the only scale with predictive value. That fact makes us consider the importance of what German psychiatrists called "smelling the schizophrenia" or "The smell of schizophrenia". 3 o Our results indicate that the lower number of previous hospitalizations, and the high level of studies diminish the risk of rehospitalization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Asystole due to complex partial epilepsy].

A 56-year-old man was seen in the Emergency Room because of sudden and transient loss of consciousness. An asystole was diagnosed with 10 S duration after which a pacemaker was implanted. The patient had experienced such collapses before, preceded by odd smell sensations. After the implantation of the pacemaker, the patient did not collapse again but still experienced attacks of the same smell sensations combined with a strange feeling in his stomach. An EEG, recorded during such an attack, showed epileptic activity predominantly over the right hemisphere while at the same moment a pacemaker rhythm was observed. After the epileptic activity had stopped, normal sinus rhythm reappeared. On anticonvulsant therapy the attacks disappeared completely.

Electroencephalography↗
PubMed1987

Olfactory deficits as a neurologic sign in dementia of the Alzheimer type.

Many patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) have an abnormal sense of smell. I studied 18 mildly demented subjects with DAT between the ages of 60 and 80 years and found them less able to identify five fragrances compared with 26 healthy elderly controls. The mean (+/- SEM) olfactory identification score for demented subjects was 0.3 +/- 0.2 compared with 2.8 +/- 0.2 for controls. When the subjects were given a multiple-choice list of ten items including the test fragrances and five other odors, performance of both demented and normal subjects improved, with a score of 1.8 +/- 0.4 for subjects with DAT and 4.2 +/- 0.2 for controls. The findings suggest that olfactory deficits are a sensitive, although non-specific, indicator of mild DAT.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Olfactory bedside test. A simple approach to identify temporo-orbitofrontal dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Olfactory memory and discrimination are processed by the anteromesial temporal cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex. Both functions may therefore be impaired in limbic epilepsy. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with mesial temporal lobe seizures (MTLS), 10 patients with neocortical seizures (NS), and 10 matched healthy control subjects underwent evaluation for olfactory quality discrimination (OD) and delayed recognition memory (OM). All patients were referred for presurgical evaluation. The olfactory tests were performed in a same-different paradigm with 10 seconds (OD) and 60 minutes (OM) between presentations of the odors, using the standardized University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. The presentations were monorhinal in the OD and birhinal in the OM tests. The results were related to regional glucose metabolism measured with fludeoxyglucose F 18 positron emission tomography. RESULTS: Patients with MTLS had an impaired OD ipsilateral to the epileptogenic region (P < .001) and a higher total number of errors (including both tests) (P = .002). They also had lower OM scores, but not significantly lower than those of patients with NS (P = .05). The combined OM and OD tests correctly identified patients with MTLS with a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 90%, offering a correct lateralization in 74% of patients. Patients with MTLS whose OD was more impaired than OM differed from those with more impaired OM by having a significant hypometabolism not only over the neocortex of the epileptogenic temporal lobe (P = .02) but also in the ipsilateral anterior (P = .008) and orbitofrontal cortex (P = .007) (2-way analysis of variance). CONCLUSIONS: Tests of olfactory function are useful in distinguishing between NS and MTLS. The impairments of OM and OD can be dissociated in pathological states and therefore mediated by different structures.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Long-term results of olfaction rehabilitation using the nasal airflow-inducing ("polite yawning") maneuver after total laryngectomy.

OBJECTIVES: To study the long-term results of the nasal airflow-inducing maneuver (NAIM) as an olfaction rehabilitation tool after laryngectomy and to investigate the effectiveness of a new, simpler odor detection test (ODT) called the smell disk test (SDT), or Zürcher Geruchstest. DESIGN: Intervention study. SETTINGS: National cancer center. PATIENTS: Forty-one laryngectomees who received olfaction rehabilitation training with the NAIM 4 months to 2 years earlier. This so-called polite yawning maneuver creates an "underpressure" in the oral cavity, which, in turn, generates a nasal airflow that enables odor molecules to again reach the olfactory epithelium. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Olfaction acuity testing with a standard ODT, along with a questionnaire, providing a subjective olfaction score (present odor perception scale [POPS]), and the SDT, as well as assessment of the patients' correct execution of the NAIM by speech-language pathologists on video recordings made during odor testing and long-term assessment of olfaction acuity. RESULTS: The correlation between the previously used ODT-POPS combination and the SDT was kappa = 0.56 (P<.001). Based on these results, we preferred to use the much simpler SDT instead of the laborious combination of the ODT-POPS. Based on the SDT results, 19 (46%) of the 41 laryngectomees were "smellers" and could be considered normosmic. There was a significant relationship (P =.03) between the patient's correct execution of the NAIM and whether or not the laryngectomee was a smeller according to the SDT. CONCLUSIONS: The effectiveness of the NAIM, or so-called polite yawning technique, for the rehabilitation of olfaction in individuals who have undergone total laryngectomy was reconfirmed. Long-term olfaction rehabilitation was achieved in about 50% of the patients, but more intensified training may be needed to increase the percentage of successfully rehabilitated individuals. The SDT is an effective and simple test for the assessment of olfaction acuity after laryngectomy.

Adult↗