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PubMed2001

Frame of Reference Effects Following the Announcement of Exam Results.

The internal/external frame of reference (I/E) model by Marsh (e.g., 1990a) assumes two central information sources for the constitution of domain-specific academic self-concepts: (1) social comparisons (external frame of reference), in which students compare their own achievements with those of their classmates; and (2) intraindividual comparisons (internal frame of reference), in which students compare their own achievements in one subject with their achievements in other subjects. In path analyses, it has been found that the latter type of comparison leads to negative paths from achievement indicators in subject A to self-concept measures in subject B. To investigate the actual impact of achievement feedback and of the frames of reference on changes in self-concept variables, we analyzed math and German self-concepts immediately following the announcement of exam results in each subject. Participants were 258 7th- to 9th-graders. Path analyses using structural equation modeling supported the validity of the I/E model with respect to the impact of simultaneously given current exam results. In particular, German achievement had a negative impact on subsequent math self-concept. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychological effects of intensification of diabetic control.

We studied the psychological effects of a program of intensification of glycemic control, using three different insulin regimens: (1) twice-daily regular and lente insulin; (2) multiple preprandial doses of regular insulin coupled with long-acting ultralente insulin; and (3) continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). Ten patients used each of the regimens for periods of 2 mo. Patients monitored blood glucose 4-7 times daily. Using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist, there were significant reductions in depression, interpersonal sensitivity, and anxiety during all three treatment programs. Self-concept scores were more positive following CSII therapy. Positive self-concept ratings were correlated with positive attitudes about diabetes, medical care, persons with diabetes, and current diabetes regimens. After all subjects had experienced CSII, self-concept was positively related to attitudes regarding the insulin pump. Patients reporting more positive attitudes toward their current diabetes regimens had lower glycosylated hemoglobin levels. Thus, there were no adverse psychological effects of blood glucose monitoring, intensification of therapy, or use of infusion pumps by the parameters measured.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[The extended self-care concept. Use of practitioners of alternative medicine and layman control of health services regarded as self-care].

Research and discussions on self-care have been concentrated mainly on what happens before the patient decides to see a doctor. Attention could just as well be given to the forms of self-care used while the patient is under medical treatment, and perhaps even more to what self-care is used after the treatment has ended. Data from the Health Survey of 1985 indicate that patients who have seen a practitioner who practises alternative medicine are more likely to use a suitable form of self-care afterwards. This is supported by an interview survey of 150 patients who had visited such practitioners. The patients' attempts to influence the health system have to be regarded as a form of self-care. Many patients' organizations also function as centers which provide information about the quality of the practitioners. The extended health concept gives more authority to health personnel, the extended self-care concept gives more authority to the patients.

Attitude↗
PubMed1997

[A self-conceptual descriptive study of childrearing women and their family--analyses of "the self as a mother" and "the self as an individual with a life of their own"].

A retrospective exploratory-descriptive design was used to describe the modern Japanese women's self-concept during the early stages of childrearing. The purpose of this research was to explore how a Japanese woman's self-concept changes after she becomes a mother. Seven women, aged 28 to 38, from a purpose sample, were interviewed at home using the-semi-structured interview guide. The core category, "someone needs me", provided the more significant indicator of women's self-concept, reflecting the importance of their existence to others. Findings indicated that the modern Japanese woman seeks to be needed by two parties: their children and society. One of these needs originates in the self as a mother. The other originates in the self as an individual with a life of their own. In the acceptance, through family life, of the fulfillment of the two selves,: "myself needed by my child" and "myself needed by society", the self-concept of modern Japanese women during the early stages of childrearing was defined.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

The effect of the Yom Kippur war on anxiety level in Israeli children.

Peacetime and wartime anxiety levels in fifth and sixth grade Israeli boys and girls (N = 85) were compared as a function of sex, socioeconomic status, degree of war related stress, and self-concept. The Sarason General Anxiety Scale and the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale had been administered to the children in May, 1973. The anxiety scale was readministered along with a war stress questionnaire during the Yom Kippur War in December, 1973. The general anxiety level of the children nearly doubled, with the children who reported the lowest peacetime anxiety levels reporting the highest wartime levels. Contrary to expectation, the rise in anxiety level was not related to personal war stress or to self-concept.

Anxiety↗
PubMed2001

Gender Differences in Writing Motivation and Achievement of Middle School Students: A Function of Gender Orientation?

The aim of this study was to determine whether gender differences in the writing motivation and achievement of middle school students (N = 497) are a function of gender-stereotypic beliefs rather than of gender. Girls reported stronger writing self-efficacy, writing self-concept, self-efficacy for self-regulation, value of writing, and task goals, and they received higher grades in language arts. Boys reported stronger performance-approach goals. All gender differences favoring girls in writing motivation and achievement were rendered nonsignificant when feminine orientation beliefs were controlled. Findings suggest that a feminine orientation is adaptive in the area of writing, whereas a masculine orientation is beneficial when escorted by a feminine orientation. Results are interpreted from the perspective of A. Bandura's (1986) social cognitive theory. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Imaging or imagining? A neuroethics challenge informed by genetics.

From a twenty-first century partnership between bioethics and neuroscience, the modern field of neuroethics is emerging, and technologies enabling functional neuroimaging with unprecedented sensitivity have brought new ethical, social and legal issues to the forefront. Some issues, akin to those surrounding modern genetics, raise critical questions regarding prediction of disease, privacy and identity. However, with new and still-evolving insights into our neurobiology and previously unquantifiable features of profoundly personal behaviors such as social attitude, value and moral agency, the difficulty of carefully and properly interpreting the relationship between brain findings and our own self-concept is unprecedented. Therefore, while the ethics of genetics provides a legitimate starting point--even a backbone--for tackling ethical issues in neuroimaging, they do not suffice. Drawing on recent neuroimaging findings and their plausible real-world applications, we argue that interpretation of neuroimaging data is a key epistemological and ethical challenge. This challenge is two-fold. First, at the scientific level, the sheer complexity of neuroscience research poses challenges for integration of knowledge and meaningful interpretation of data. Second, at the social and cultural level, we find that interpretations of imaging studies are bound by cultural and anthropological frameworks. In particular, the introduction of concepts of self and personhood in neuroimaging illustrates the interaction of interpretation levels and is a major reason why ethical reflection on genetics will only partially help settle neuroethical issues. Indeed, ethical interpretation of such findings will necessitate not only traditional bioethical input but also a wider perspective on the construction of scientific knowledge.

Behavior↗
PubMed2002

Barriers to participation in and adherence to cardiac rehabilitation programs: a critical literature review.

Despite the documented evidence of the benefits of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) in enhancing recovery and reducing mortality following a myocardial infarction, only about one third of patients participate in such programs. Adherence to these programs is an even bigger problem, with only about one third maintaining attendance in these programs after 6 months. This review summarizes research that has investigated barriers to participation and adherence to CR programs. Some consistent factors found to be associated with participation in CR programs include lack of referral by physicians, associated illness, specific cardiac diagnoses, reimbursement, self-efficacy, perceived benefits of CR, distance and transportation, self-concept, self-motivation, family composition, social support, self-esteem, and occupation. Factors associated with non-adherence include being older, female gender, having fewer years of formal education, perceiving the benefits of CR, having angina, and being less physically active during leisure time. However, many of the studies have methodologic flaws, with very few controlled, randomized studies, making the findings tentative. Problems in objectively measuring adherence to unstructured, non-hospital-based programs, which are an increasingly popular alternative to traditional programs, are discussed. Suggestions for reducing barriers to participation and adherence to CR programs, as well as for future research aimed at clearly identifying these barriers, are discussed.

Diet↗
PubMed1996

Cross-cultural social and organizational psychology.

This review considers recent theoretical and empirical developments in cross-cultural studies within social and organizational psychology. It begins with a description of the importance and the difficulties of universalizing psychological science. It then continues with an examination of theoretical work on both the internal-proximal and the external-distal constraints that mediate culture's influence on behavior. Influences on social cognition are documented by describing research on self-concept, self-esteem, emotions, attribution processes, person perception, interpersonal attraction, and justice. Group processes are addressed in the areas of leadership, decision-making, and negotiation, and research in organizational psychology is examined with respect to work motivation and work behavior. The review concludes that considerable improvement is evident in recent cross-cultural research. However, future research must include a broader range of cultures and attend more closely to the levels at which cultural effects should be analyzed, and cultural samples must be unpackaged in more psychologically useful ways.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The MMPI-2 profile of adults with learning disabilities in university and rehabilitation settings.

The primary purpose of this study was to compare the personality profiles of adults with learning disabilities attending a large state university (8 females, 8 males) to those participating in training programs in a rehabilitation setting (8 females, 18 males), in an attempt to identify affective variables that should be considered in transitional and postsecondary program planning. A secondary purpose of the study was to compare the performance of two groups of adults with learning disabilities (i.e., university and rehabilitation) to a normative group of college students. The mean age for all subjects was between 20 and 23 years. Findings from the study indicated that the personality profiles of individuals with learning disabilities in either a rehabilitation setting or seeking a university degree are significantly different from those of the normative population of normally achieving college students. The rehabilitation group in this study demonstrated feelings of social isolation, poor self-concept, self-doubt, and extreme restlessness. Somewhat different profiles were seen with the university group as they indicated feelings of fear, obsessive thoughts, lack of self-confidence, self-doubt, and extreme self-criticism. Both groups demonstrated profiles of individuals under extreme short- and long-term stress leading to anxiety. The study also reviewed the relevance and appropriateness of using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) that will have direct application for the assessment and intervention of adults with learning disabilities either in a rehabilitation setting or seeking a university degree.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Children's health care: brief report. Nature experiences for hospitalized children.

Numerous projects conducted in various settings have supported the thesis that nature activities aid in the development of self-concept, self-confidence, and level of achievement. The nature activities described in this article were designed to cultivate the hospitalized children a sense of wonder about their world and to involve them in sensory experiences that would aid them in adjusting to their hospital experiences. As a unit, these experiments provide a comprehensive approach to therapy for the hospitalized child and add a positive dimension to the child life program.

Alabama↗
PubMed2003

Changes in self-esteem during a 3-year pre-registration Diploma in Higher Education (Nursing) programme.

Nurses' self-esteem affects patient care. This study measured self-esteem of pre-registration nursing students over their 3-year training programme. Quantitative data were measured by the Professional Self-Concept Nursing Inventory and the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale. Students's self-esteem decreased during their training programme. Results indicate a need to address the damaging effects of the process of becoming a nurse.

Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate↗
PubMed1978

The relationship between physical disability, social perception and psychological stress.

It was hypothesized that the prevailing attitudes towards the disabled would affect their self-concept and thus the impact of the disability as a stress stimulus. This hypothesis was examined in two separate studies. The first study evaluated the impact of disability context on the evaluations of disabled individuals by the non-disabled. It was found that disabled veterans were evaluated significantly higher than individuals disabled in traffic, work accidents, or as a result of polio. In the second study, the self-concept of disabled veterans was compared to the self-concept of work accident disabled. The disabled veterans had significantly higher self-concept than those of the people disabled in work accidents. The results would appear to demonstrate the relationship between the variables presented in the hypothesis.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Growing older with cystic fibrosis: psychologic adjustment of patients more than 16 years old.

The 79 female and 147 male patients constituting the population with cystic fibrosis (CF) aged 16 years and older attending The Hospital for Sick Children were asked to complete the Cornell Medical Index (CMI) and Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS); 64 female (81%) and 112 male (76%) subjects participated. Analysis of CMI results showed 43% of female subjects to have moderate to severe emotional disturbance compared to 19% of male subjects. This female : male ratio for severity of emotional disturbance is found in ostensibly healthy groups, but the percentages of disturbance approach values for medical patient populations. The frequency of emotional disability is greater in those more than 20 than in those 16-19 years old. The TSCS results portray a generally normal self-concept except for scores of positive physical self and psychosis for patients aged 20 years and older; these scores approach psychiatric values, suggesting that some reality distortion facilitates emotional adjustment to adult life with CF. The TSCS and CMI results correlate significantly, indicating a connection between self-concept and emotional status. However, TSCS and CMI scores do not correlate with measures of disease severity except for correlations between lung function and physical self-concept in older male patients. These results suggest that psychologic functioning is independent of the degree of physical impairment in older patients with CF, with the long-surviving male patients more realistically appraising the limitations their disease imposes and utilizing denial and minimization to a lesser degree. Demographic data on the clinic population reveal that most patients aged 16 years and older cope with their intellectual, developmental, and socioeconomic tasks commensurate with normal age expectations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

On describing the psychological struggle of child sexual abuse victims through Kierkegaard's concept of self.

The aim of this paper is to use Soren Kierkegaard's concept of self to demonstrate some psychological phenomena of child sexual abuse victims. Their self is to a large extent determined by extreme outer circumstances i.e. the abuse and the abusers. In order to cope with the consequent psychological pain, such children employ powerful defense mechanisms which consequently, however, means that they remain longer in the abuse. Psychotherapies are attempts to help them to create their own self and gradually come out of their abuse. However, such creation of oneself is only carried out within their concretely traumatized self.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Is being smart everything? The influence of student achievement on teachers' perceptions.

The purpose of this project was to explore the accuracy and predictors of teachers' perceptions of their students' metacognition, self-concept, and attributional beliefs. Nineteen third grade teachers each nominated six children from their classrooms based on the children's maths abilities (high, medium, low). The children were tested on metacognitive knowledge, self-concept, and attributional beliefs. Teachers completed questionnaires estimating each child's metacognitive abilities, academic self-concept, and attributional beliefs about the reasons underlying academic success and failure. Analyses indicated that teachers' perceptions were biased by children's abilities, as higher ability children were portrayed more favourably on all variables. Regressions of teachers' perceptions on children's scores revealed that teachers were moderately accurate in their ratings of children's metacognitive abilities, but not of their attributional beliefs or self-concepts. Implications for metacognitive and motivational models of the learner are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1996

Reputation enhancement theory and adolescent substance use.

Data pertaining to self-reported substance use, reputation enhancement, self-concept and coping strategies were obtained from 1,204 Western Australian metropolitan state high school adolescents using the High School Student Activity Questionnaire. Previous research has identified low self-concept levels and inadequate coping strategies as being major contributors to adolescent substance use. The findings of the present research offer some support for this. A 4 x 2 x 3 MANOVA revealed, however, that reputation enhancement differentiated between current substance users, ex-users and non-users to a greater extent than either self-concept levels or coping strategies. Differences between male and female students, however, were identified more through self-concept and coping variables than by reputation enhancement variables. No interaction effect and no main effect for year group were present. The implications for drug education are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Self-enhancement, generality level of self-evaluation, and emotional adjustment.

Three hypotheses regarding self-concept and emotional adjustment were tested: (a) self-concept has a hierarchical structure in which self-evaluations become more positive as they become more general, (b) self-enhancement is positively associated with emotional adjustment, and (c) prediction of emotional adjustment is improved as more general levels of self-enhancement are involved. Three independent samples consisting of 708 students in 7th and 8th grades in Israel participated. The data supported Hypotheses 1 and 3, which were replicated in independent samples, for 2 different content domains of self-evaluation. Hypothesis 2 was partially supported.

Adaptation, Psychological↗