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At least 1,405 records · Page 78Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Cancer of the eye, a review of trends and differentials.

An analysis was made of the incidence and mortality of cancer of the eye in different countries. In general, cancer of the eye was more common in males than in females. The differences in both incidence and mortality rates between countries were great, the white populations in Scandinavia exhibiting the highest rates. The rates were rather constant over time, and only a few increasing or decreasing trends were observable. Tumours in children 0-14 years of age and those in adults were also epidemiologically distinct entities, which suggests differences in etiology. Both incidence and mortality rates in adults were positively correlated to the latitude of the country or area, and a positive correlation was also found between the incidence or mortality rate for cancer of the eye in adults and those for cutaneous melanoma.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1981

High-dose tobramycin combined with clindamycin or lincomycin in the treatment of septic peritonitis and intraabdominal sepsis.

Tobramycin in combination with clindamycin or lincomycin were used as systemic antibiotics in the treatment of 20 consecutive patients with septic peritonitis or intraabdominal sepsis, 10 of which were in septic shock. Doses were: tobramycin 1.5 mg/kg body weight every 8 hours, with prolonged dosage interval in patients with reduced renal function, clindamycin 0.9 g every 8 hours and lincomycin 1.2 g every 8 hours. Therapy was monitored by means of tobramycin serum concentration determinations and renal function tests. Eventual cure of the infection was obtained in 19 patients. In 2 of these, the effects of the antibiotics were doubtful. Side effects were observed on 8 occasions: One patient had a slight and temporary subjective hearing loss, coinciding with raised trough levels of tobramycin. Diarrhoea occurred in 3 cases and skin reactions in 3 cases. Superinfection with Candida albicans fungemia occurred in one patient. From the overall results it is concluded that the antibiotic regimen is of value in serious life-threatening infections. Although the tobramycin dose was higher than customarily used in Scandinavia at the time, 0 hour and 1 hour serum concentrations remained stable during therapy in patients whose renal function was normal at onset of therapy. Serum creatinine (S-Cr) levels in these patients were also essentially unchanged. Temporary reductions in osmolality (Osm) ratio Osm-urine/Osm-serum occurred in 11 patients despite normal S-Cr, but it was hard to attribute these impairments of renal function to tobramycin specifically. It was also doubtful whether tobramycin further aggravated renal function in those patients where it was impaired at onset of therapy. Thus, no conclusive evidence of clinically important tobramycin-induced nephrotoxicity were found. We suggest that the dosage schedule of tobramycin used in this study is applied when treating serious intraabdominal infections.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

[Postoperative extraction of residual biliary calculi].

Nonoperative retained biliary tract stone extraction is a roentgenologic technique already proposed by Burhenne in 1973, widely employed in the USA and Scandinavia but infrequently used in Western Europe. Our purpose is to popularize, despite our small number of cases (8), a rather safe and elegant technique of extraction which is successful in 90-100% of cases when performed by properly trained radiologists.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

The Scandinavian concept of reactive psychosis, schizophreniform psychosis and schizophrenia.

A diganosis commonly used in the Scandinavian countries, reactive psychosis, is described. Systematic personal follow-up studies from Scandinavia have clearly demonstrated that the clinical and social course is more favourable in this diagnostic group than in schizophrenia, while the course in schizophreniform psychoses in between. The Scandinavian concept of schizophreniform psychosis and of schizophrenia is presented and discussed.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMed1980

Burns and burn care in Scandinavian countries.

The incidence, mortality and causes of burn injury as well as organization, principles of treatment and prevention programmes in Scandinavia are reviewed. It is estimated that of a population of 22 million, approximately 85,000 patients each year seek medical advise and 5,300 are hosptialized due to burns. The home is the most dangerous place. Most injuries are preventable. The number of deaths from fire or because of burns is between 11 and 16 per year per million in Denmark, Norway and Sweden and about 20 in Finland. In Denmark the incidence of burns has decreased but the mortality has increased. Exposure treatment with or without exposure to warm air is the most common method of management but interest in early excision and grafting is increasing.

Burns↗
PubMed1995

Fatalities involving bicycles: a non-random population.

Bicycle riders constitute a small subgroup of all roadway deaths. Bicycle/motor vehicle collision fatalities are less frequent than pedestrian/motor vehicle fatalities. Studies have shown that non-fatal injuries of bicyclists are not randomly distributed, but follow age and sex trends that differ in the U.S. and Scandinavia. Although the bicycle-related fatalities reviewed herein do not constitute a complete profile of all such cases within our geographic area, review of these cases does provide insight into the non-random population of fatally injured cyclists in urban and rural America. A retrospective demographic and forensic medical review of 36 bicycle-related fatalities was done to clarify features of this non-random population. Consistent features including age and sex, patterned injuries and risk-taking behavior are discussed. Three of 24 (12%) adult cyclists died of homicidal gunshot wounds.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1995

[Sigmoid volvulus--clinical, radiological and therapeutic aspects of rare disease].

Volvulus of the sigmoid colon is a common cause of colonic obstruction in many parts of the world, mainly in developing countries and in Scandinavia, but is rare in the Western Hemisphere, where it occurs in elderly patients who often have serious coexisting diseases, especially cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric disorders. Although many patients present with the typical triad of abdominal pain, distension and constipation, the disease is correctly diagnosed only in about 62%. Diagnostic delay is due in part to the relative rarity of the illness, in part to the variety of the clinical and radiologic presentation, and it might contribute to the high mortality. Treatment consists in endoscopic decompression, whenever there are no compromised intestines, followed by an elective, sigmoid resection in otherwise healthy patients, because the risk of recurrence is high after nonoperative decompression alone. Hartmann's procedure is the safest procedure in patients with ischemic necrosis of the sigmoid colon. The site of primary resection and anastomosis with viable bowel remains controversial. Knowledge of sigmoid volvulus is of general interest with respect to the growing number of elderly patients, especially those residing in nursing homes and psychiatric institutions.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Gastric cell phenotypes and intestinal metaplasia in Polynesian and non-Polynesian residents of New Zealand.

Previous studies have indicated that the frequency of different cell phenotypes as well as of the mucosal extension of intestinal metaplasia (IM) in the gastric mucosa varies in different geographic regions (Scandinavia, Japan, Mexico, Hawaii, and mainland U.S.A.). These variations appear to be influenced by environmental factors but not by the race of the individuals. In the present work, 241 gastrectomy specimens from the two main racial groups in New Zealand, indigenous Pacific Island Polynesians (mainly Maoris) and non-Polynesian settlers (mainly of European ancestry), were examined. The occurrence of histologic changes known to be influenced by the environment such as intramucosal gastric cysts, intestinal metaplasia (IM), ciliated metaplastic cells, and cells with large vacuoles were recorded. The mucosal extension of IM was classified into low IM (having one to five areas with IM in at least one of the sections) and high IM (having one area with IM in all microscopic fields in at least one of the sections or occupying entire fields in one or more sections). Polynesians with adenocarcinomas and peptic ulcers were younger than non-Polynesians. The gastric mucosa in younger Polynesians harboring an intestinal type carcinoma or a peptic ulcer differed from that of non-Polynesians; Polynesians more often had intramucosal cysts, high IM scores, or ciliated metaplastic cells at a younger age than non-Polynesians. These results suggest that the gastric mucosa of Polynesians may be exposed to environmental factors (ulcerogenic or carcinogenic) at an earlier age than the gastric mucosa of non-Polynesians in New Zealand.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[An answer to an inquiry on diffuse panbronchiolitis. Now it has found its way here!].

Diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB) is a disease characterised by chronic inflammation in the region of respiratory bronchioles. The condition has mainly been observed in Japanese patients, though isolated cases have been reported from other countries. In a review published in Läkartidningen (37/94), the question was raised of why this disease had not been seen in Scandinavia, and whether this might be the result of missed diagnosis. The diagnostic criteria were listed, and the question was posed of whether (Scandinavian) physicians existed who had encountered patients with chronic sinusitis, persistent cough and inexplicable nodular changes in lung x-rays. As a direct result of this enquiry, the present article reports what may well be the first Scandinavian patient to fulfil all the diagnostic criteria of DPB. The patient responded with improved lung function and normalised blood gases to a combined treatment regimen comprising immunosuppression (cyclophosphamide and prednisolone) and nebulised antibiotics (gentamicin).

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[160th anniversary of the Chilean school of midwifery: in the path of Sifra and Pua].

Midwifery is one of the oldest professions. However, the first attempts to train midwives appeared only in the seventeenth century and the first maternities, that become training centers, arose in the eighteenth century. Legal Norms for training and practice of midwifery began to be dictated during nineteenth century in Holland, Scandinavia, Germany and France. It is thus noteworthy that a young country as Chile is celebrating the 160th anniversary of the School of Midwifery, one of the oldest in the world. After the Independence, Chile gave great impetus to education, numerous european professors were hired and the school of midwifery was founded in 1834 by Dr Lorenzo Sazie, a french surgeon and obstetrician. Due to its nature, midwife education must emphasize the ethical aspects of the profession. Since ancient times, midwives are committed with human life. Hebrew midwives Sifrá and Puá, disobeyed the Egyptian King's order to kill all male newborns, and were rewarded by god, as mentioned in the Old Testament. On the other hand, during the Obstetrics course opening in 1835, Dr Sazie underscored the ethical demands of the profession, exhorting students to be "mankind ministers".

Anniversaries and Special Events↗
PubMed1976

[Yersinioses].

The principal clinical syndromes caused by Yersinia (Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica) are described. It is likely that they are zoonoses transmitted to man by ingestion. Fever, abdominal pain and diarrhea are the commonest symptoms, and patients are often operated upon for suspected appendicitis. The symptoms associated with these infections include arthralgia and erythema nodosum, particularly in adults. Most cases are benign, but some may be severe. Fortunately, however, many antibiotics are active against Yersinia. At present these diseases are uncommon in Switzerland but appear to be endemic in Scandinavia. Their relative incidence may increase if physicians become more aware of this possible etiology.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1995

[Epidemiology of toxoplasmosis: worldwide status].

A literature review of toxoplasmosis seroprevalence data available over the last 40 years has been conducted both among European women of reproductive age and general populations at the global level. Summary maps are presented. In Europe, the highest seroprevalences have been reported from France, both among women of reproductive age and the general population. There is a higher seroprevalence in Central Europe than in Scandinavia or the United Kingdom. At the world level, prevalences similar to those of Central Europe have been reported in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. Lower prevalences are found in North America, South-East Asia, and Oceania. The limitations of such comparisons are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Blood transfusion before kidney transplantation, is it indicated?].

The beneficial effect of blood transfusions on the prognosis of renal transplantation has been recognized since 1972, and has led transplant centres to adopt a systematic transfusion policy in end-stage renal disease patients requiring a graft. By the end of the eighties, the dramatic improvement in the results of transplantation, the disappearance of transfusions prescribed in haemodialyzed patients after recombinant human erythropoietin became available and finally the evidence of the transfusion risk have raised questions both on transfusion policy, and even on the reality of the transfusion effect itself. The consequence has been great discrepancy in the current policies of different renal transplantation centres: some countries (USA, Great Britain, Scandinavia, Southern Europe) have nearly abandoned transfusion protocols, while others (Benelux, France) remain confident in their transfusion policy. The effect of transfusions on 1-year graft survival has not been detected since 1988 in multicentre international registry reports. However, recent studies have suggested that transfusions could still have a positive effect, especially on specific endpoints, such as the acute rejection incidence observed after transplantation. Moreover, clinical and biological data show that the transfusion effect and its mechanism could depend on the HLA compatibility between the blood donor and the recipient. This justifies current and further clinical and biological investigations on the topic, in order to evaluate the possible current persistent interest of the transfusion policy before transplantation, and to elucidate the biological mechanisms of this unique attempt at immunomanipulation.

Blood Transfusion↗
PubMed1995

[Electroconvulsive therapy in neurologic diseases].

Numerous developments have improved the safety and efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in recent years, so that ECT is now one of the safest forms of treatment under anesthesia. The indications for psychiatric patients are clearly defined. ECT is also under discussion with respect to certain neurological disorders. This discussion has, however, been largely ignored by the German medical profession. Critical evaluation of previous experience, especially in the United States and in Scandinavia, reveals some clinical situations (e.g., akinetic crisis in Parkinson's disease) in which a primary neurological indication for ECT might be present. ECT is frequently indicated in other brain diseases if pronounced psychopathological disturbances (especially of a depressive type) occur and fail to respond to conventional treatment with psychotropic drugs. ECT may then be indicated on a case-by-case basis. ECT should not be withheld from such patients; on the other hand, there is the risk of uncontrolled expansion of these indications for ECT.

Depressive Disorder↗
PubMed1994

[The carbohydrate theory].

We can get the full range of our health only if our genome and our environment are compatible. After we had adapted through millions of years to the diet of scavengers and hunters we could not--up to now--adapt to the farming (to the carbohydrates) in a small fraction of this time. The author sees in this the cause of our "Western" diseases. Evidence can be gathered from the rates for cancer and myocardial infarctions in areas where farming came late (Scotland, Scandinavia, Ireland), and from the good results of a return to the (low carbohydrate) Paleolithic diet in many of our civilization diseases. The genetic substratum for this incomplete adaptation to carbohydrates can be seen in the so called gene polymorphism, incomplete genes for ACE etc, which are more frequent in areas where farming came later.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed1976

A shortcut method for estimation of Escherichia coli in Sewage and receiving water.

A simplified method not yet widespread in Scandinavia for the assessment of E. coli in sewage and recipients with McConkey broth for 24 hours at 44 degrees C is recommended. 87 pairs of samples were examined at 37 degrees C and later at 44 degrees C, and directly at 44 degrees C. Also the reduction of the incubation time from 48 to 24 hours was studied. Direct incubation gave a loss of half a tube per sample, while shortening of the incubation period from 48 to 24 hours gave a smaller loss. The proposed alteration of the procedure for the examination of sewage and recipients means a slight loss of precision but this is more than compensated for by the possibility of examining more samples. The survey of the recipients can therefore be better and the control more effective.

Escherichia coli↗
PubMed1993

Objectives of QC systems and QA function in clinical research.

Over the recent years, the concept of Good Clinical Practice (GCP) has rapidly evolved over the world, with guidelines and regulations now existing not only in the U.S.A. but also in Europe, Scandinavia, Japan, and Australia. The systematic measures laid down in GCP are to ensure that clinical studies are conducted in conformity with strict ethical rules, are performed according to high-quality standards, and result in authentic, verifiable scientific data. Different aspects in managing quality in the clinical field are to be presented: (1) The definition of a two-stage quality system: it identifies the differences between quality control activities which reside with the operational units and auditing activities performed by an independent Quality Assurance group, which assesses the efficiency and integrity of the control systems established to ensure the quality. (2) The multidisciplinary picture of a clinical study: every operational staff contributes to quality through a chain using the "quality in/quality out" concept. (3) The review of the main responsibilities of the main professionals (Sponsor, Monitor, and Investigator) in a GCP environment, to show that quality is achievable by involving appropriate qualified staff. (4) The need of proactive control systems to reduce the risk of error and increase the credibility and confidence in building quality. (5) The role and objectives of a Quality Assurance Group.

Clinical Protocols↗
PubMed1994

[Bacteremia at a medium-sized Norwegian hospital].

This report, which is based on laboratory reports and patient records, covers the epidemiology, etiology and antibiotic susceptibility of all bacteremic episodes at a community hospital during 1988-90. The overall incidence was eight episodes per 1000 patient admissions, though this figure varied considerably between departments and between age groups. Most organisms were community acquired, and we had few Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., anaerobic bacteria, fungi and polymicrobial episodes. There were fewer antibiotic resistant strains than reported from outside Scandinavia. The combination of benzylpenicillin and aminoglycoside (plus metronidazole in surgical wards) has a broad enough spectrum of activity for 95% of our patients with sepsis of unknown origin. Thus, our rather "old-fashioned" prescribing policy, with the new and broadspectrum cephalosporins and betalactam drugs constituting only a minor part, is still good practice. The study also shows that cumulative reports issued by the local microbiological laboratory bring awareness to these issues and affect the prescribing pattern in a positive way.

Adult↗