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PubMed1993

[Resting tonus of isolated airway smooth muscles].

The regulation of airway caliber is important for supporting the physiological respiratory function and is considered to be mainly controlled by the central and peripheral nervous systems. In the present review, we discussed the resting tonus of the isolated airway smooth muscle of the guinea pig and compared it with that of the human; the former is similar to the latter because both are well-developed in the airway and well-responsive to a variety of mediators. The resting tonus of the isolated guinea pig trachea is largely decreased by indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, while that of the isolated human bronchus is increased following transient decrease by indomethacin. Furthermore, the human bronchus is markedly decreased by not only a selective peptide leukotriene antagonist, MCI-826, but also 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, AA 861 and cirsiliol. These results indicate that contractile prostanoid(s) and peptide leukotrienes are possible mediators for the maintaining the resting tonus of the respective preparations. Both preparations still have a small but substantial part of the resting tonus resistant to these drugs, the mediator(s) responsible for which is not clarified yet. In short, arachidonate metabolites are major candidates for the resting tonus of either isolated guinea pig or human airway smooth muscle and may contribute to at least a part of the regulation of the airway caliber as autacoids in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Exercise-induced Wall Motion Abnormalities and Resting Left Ventricular Dysfunction in the Morbidly Obese as Assessed by Radionuclide Ventriculography.

Rest and exercise first pass radionuclide ventriculograms were obtained in 62 morbidly obese subjects (56 women, six men, mean age 38 years, mean weight 269.2 +/- 46.0 lb, mean height 65.2 +/- 3.1 in., mean Body Mass Index 44.5 +/- 6.2 kg/m(2), mean excess body weight 134.1 +/- 41.1 lb) scheduled for vertical banded gastroplasty. Fifty-six percent demonstrated exercise-induced wall motion abnormalities mimicking coronary disease, compared to 12% of controls (p = 0.03). No subject with exercise-induced abnormalities had coronary disease at cardiac catheterization although only those with an anginal chest pain history underwent angiography. Twenty-six percent demonstrated resting left ventricular systolic dysfunction as manifested by a reduced resting left ventricular ejection fraction ( <0.50). Thirty-one percent of these patients demonstrated exercise-induced abnormalities, versus 65% of morbidly obese subjects with normal resting ejection fractions (p = 0.04). Obesity-induced left ventricular hypertrophy with associated reduced coronary vasodilator reserve could explain the abnormalities. Six month post-gastroplasty follow-up radionuclide ventriculograms show group normalization of the resting left ventricular ejection fraction in those with preoperative dysfunction, possibly due to left ventricular unloading with some regression of hypertrophy.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

Effects of nifedipine on left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in patients with ischemic heart disease. Radionuclide angiocardiographic studies at rest and during exercise.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute effects of sublingual nifedipine (10 mg) on left ventricular systolic function (ejection fraction, peak ejection rate, time to peak ejection rate) and diastolic function (peak filling rate, time to peak filling rate, filling fraction during rapid filling) at rest and during exercise using radionuclide angiography in 17 patients with ischemic heart disease. The results of the study were as follows. Diastolic indexes in the patient group were significantly different from the values in the control group at rest and during exercise. Peak filling rate and filling fraction improved significantly after nifedipine administration. These values did not show significant differences from the values in normal subjects which were obtained before nifedipine administration. The peak filling rate during exercise after nifedipine administration increased significantly, although the value was lower than that in the control group. At rest, systolic indexes in the patient group showed abnormal values, although the differences from the control values were not significant. Ejection fraction and peak ejection rate were significantly lower than those in the control group during exercise. After nifedipine administration, peak ejection rate at rest and during exercise, and ejection fraction at rest in the patient group improved significantly. Seven of 17 achieved the same exercise workloads as control conditions without symptoms or ECG changes. These data suggest that nifedipine improved left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction, as well as exercise tolerance in patients with ischemic heart disease.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Removal of sucking habits and myofunctional therapy: establishing swallowing and tongue rest position].

BACKGROUND: The prolonged habit of pacifier sucking and the prolonged use of feeding bottle may cause myofunctional disorder, such as incorrect swallowing pattern and inadequate tongue rest position. AIM: To study the effect of myofunctional therapy (MFT) associated with the removal of the habit of pacifier sucking and the use of feeding bottle (REM) on the rehabilitation of swallowing and tongue rest position. METHOD: Two groups with ten children, ages ranging from four to four years and eight months, who initially presented a pacifier sucking habit and used the feeding bottle were studied. Children on REM group underwent the process of sucking habits removal using the Modified-Counselling Method, whereas children on MFT group underwent the same procedure associated to myofunctional therapy. Pre-treatment assessments were made, as well as 60 and 180 days post-treatment assessments. Data were analyzed using the statistical tests of Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Results indicate that children in the MFT group presented adequate swallowing patterns after 60 and 80 days, and presented adequate tongue rest position after 180 days. Children on the REM group, however, presented adequate swallowing pattern only after 180 days and did not present a significant improvement on the tongue rest position during the assessments. CONCLUSION: Myofunctional therapy associated to the removal of sucking habits presented a better and faster improvement of the swallowing pattern and of the tongue rest position.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed2006

A simple method for sampling indoor-resting malaria mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Africa.

Sampling indoor resting African malaria vectors is traditionally done by hand catches with oral or mechanical aspirators and pyrethrum spray catches (PSCs). In this study, we designed and briefly evaluated an inexpensive but practical alternative by using a cloth resting box or wicker resting basket and a ceiling net. Evaluations were performed in greenhouse and field situations in rural Kenya by comparing capture rates of Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus (Giles) in these traps to hand collections and PSCs. A resting box and a ceiling net when used together collected more mosquitoes than a single collector using a hand-held aspirator but only one-third the number collected by PSCs. At sites where PSCs are impractical, a resting box and ceiling net can be effectively used as an alternative to hand catches in malaria surveillance.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Evidence for a hormonal action of beta-endorphin to increase glucose uptake in resting and contracting skeletal muscle.

The uptake of 2-[3H]deoxyglucose, a non-metabolisable derivative of glucose, was studied in resting and contracting muscle. An isolated phrenic nerve/hemidiaphragm preparation of the mouse was used, and contractions of the muscle were elicited by electrical stimulation of the nerve. beta-Endorphin stimulated the uptake of 2-deoxyglucose in resting diaphragm muscle. The rate of uptake in the presence of the optimum concentration of beta-endorphin was similar to that in the presence of the optimum concentration of insulin over the short incubation period. beta-Endorphin also stimulated the uptake of 2-deoxyglucose in contracting muscle, but the optimum concentration of the peptide for this effect was three orders of magnitude lower than in resting muscle. The optimum concentration for insulin, however, was similar in resting and contracting muscle. An analogue of the C-terminal tetrapeptide of beta-endorphin also stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake, but this peptide was equally efficacious in resting and contracting muscle. It is suggested that beta-endorphin, which is released into the circulation during exercise, may have a hormonal action to increase the uptake of glucose during muscular activity. This peptide or its metabolites may be partly responsible for the insulin-independent uptake of glucose during exercise.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Sensitivity of aquatic invertebrate resting eggs to SeaKleen (Menadione): a test of potential ballast tank treatment options.

The introduction of aquatic species in resting life stages by the release of ballast water is a less well-known but potentially important invasive species vector. Best-management practices designed to minimize transport of ballast water cannot eliminate this threat, because residual water and sediment are retained in ballast tanks after draining. To evaluate the potential efficacy of chemical treatment of residual material in ship ballast tanks, the present study examined the acute toxicity of the proposed biocide SeaKleen (menadione; Garnett, Watkinsville, GA, USA) on resting eggs of Brachionus plicatilis (a marine rotifer), a freshwater copepod, Daphnia mendotae (a freshwater cladoceran), and Artemia sp. (a marine brine shrimp). SeaKleen was toxic to resting eggs of all taxa. Daphnia mendotae resting eggs encased in protective ephippia were the least sensitive, as indicated by a 24-h lethal concentration of toxicant to 90% of organisms of 8.7 mg/L (95% confidence interval, +/- 0.1 mg/L). SeaKleen induced teratogenic effects in D. mendotae and Artemia sp. Exposure to sunlight quickly degraded SeaKleen, which lost all toxicity after 72 h outdoors. SeaKleen increased in toxicity slightly after 72 h in darkness. Burial of D. mendotae ephippia in natural lake sediment reduced SeaKleen toxicity by a factor of 20. Reduced toxicity in the presence of sediment raises serious doubts as to the potential for this, or any, chemical biocide to kill aquatic invertebrate resting stages buried in sediment retained in ship ballast tanks.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed2004

Elemental characterization of Daphnia resting eggs by X-ray analytical microscopy.

Resting eggs of Daphnia, a key crustacean zooplankton of freshwater food chains, can remain viable for more than a century. These eggs are able to withstand freezing and drying, and can survive the harsh environment of a predator's digestive system. Until recently little was known about the chemical composition, microanatomy, and physical properties of the resting eggs. The current study utilized a physical technique, the X-ray analytical microscope, to identify and localize component elements of the Daphnia resting egg. The analysis demonstrated that phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, and calcium were detected as elemental components of the resting egg, and detection intensities of the four elements differed according to the position of the eggs. Phosphorus and calcium were mostly detected in regions of the eggshell that surrounded the two embryos. In addition, sulfur was distributed throughout the eggshell whereas potassium was localized to the areas that corresponded to where the embryos were encased. Through the use of X-ray analytical microscopy, the current study identifies elemental characteristics in relationship to the structure of the Daphnia resting eggs.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The effect of Na, K and Cl ions on the resting membrane potential of sino-atrial node cell of the rabbit.

The resting membrane potential of S-A node cell was investigated by observing the response of the membrane potential to change in [K+]O or [Cl-]O under the presence or absence of Na ion. The slope of the change in membrane potential per decade change in [K+]O increased from 12.3 to 44 mV by removal of Na ion from the external medium, suggesting an extensive contribution of Na ion to the resting membrane potential. To determine the relative conductance between Na and K ions, Cl ion in Tyrode solution was substituted with SCN ion, which is 2.1 times more permeable than Cl ion, in order to eliminate the contribution of Cl concentration cell to the resting membrane potential. The contribution of the Cl ion to the resting membrane potential could be examined only in Na-free medium. Acetate ion has been reported to be 0.5 times less permeable than Cl ion. The replacement of Cl ion by acetate ion in various proportions caused a transient depolarization. The slope of this transient depolarization per decade change of [Cl-]O between 10 to 100 mM was determined to be -6.8mV. Under the assumption that the resting membrane potential could be determined by the parallel concnetration cells for Na, K and Cl, relative conductance ratio between K, Na and Cl was calculated to be 1:0.58:0.15.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

A genistein-sensitive Na+/Ca2+ exchange is responsible for the resting [Ca2+]i and most of the Ca2+ plasma membrane fluxes in stimulated rat cerebellar type 1 astrocytes.

The differential role of Na+/Ca2+ exchange in the regulation of intracellular ionized calcium ([Ca2+]i) in immunological and pharmacologically identified type 1 astrocytes and Purkinje cells was studied in rat cerebellar culture, using Ca2+ (Fluo-3, Fura-2) and Na+ (SBFI) fluorescence measurements. The mean resting [Ca2+]i was significantly higher (191 +/- 8 nM, n=25) in type 1 astrocytes than in Purkinje cells (92 +/- 2.5 nM, n=35). In contrast to Purkinje cells, in unstimulated cerebellar type 1 astrocytes, forward and reverse Na+/Ca2+ modes operate under resting physiological conditions, being responsible for most of the total Ca2+ transplasma membrane fluxes. Four observations support this hypothesis: (1) under resting conditions of temperature and ionic composition, Na+o removal causes a remarkable increase in [Ca2+]i, being inhibited by 2',4' dichlorobenzamil (DCB), and 2-[2-[4-(nitrobenzilloxiphenyl ethyl] isothiourea metanesulfonate (KB-R7943); (2) Ca2+o removal in the presence of Na+o causes an important drop in [Ca2+]i, which is absent in Li+o or NMG+o (N-methyl-D-glucamine) containing medium; (3) the reverse mode exchange inhibitor KB-R7943 mimics the removal of Ca2+o only in the presence of Na+o; and (4) under loaded [Na+]i conditions (ouabain or the activation of taurine-Na+-cotransport), reverse mode exchange increases in both astrocytes and Purkinje cells. In type 1 astrocytes stimulated with endothelin-3 (ET-3), the recovery of the Ca2+i signal occurs largely through the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. Genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, completely and reversibly blocks all exchange activity, but not its inactive analogue daidzein, thus suggesting that the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger of cerebellar type 1 astrocytes may be modulated by phosphorylation. Our main conclusion is that in rat cerebellar type 1 astrocytes under resting physiological conditions, most of the total transplasma membrane Ca2+ fluxes take place through the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, thus accounting for the resting [Ca(2+)]i.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Study on the dynamic behavior of mandibular distal-extension removable partial denture utilizing finite element method. 2. Influence of the location of rest and displaceability of residual ridge mucosa].

The purpose of this study is to investigate the denture design and displaceability of residual ridge mucosa and its relation to the load distribution on the remaining oral structures. In this study, the effects of the location of rest and displaceability of the mucosa were demonstrated utilizing the two-dimensional non-linear analysis reported on Part 1. The results were as follows. 1. Mesial rest could be simulated on the finite element model using pin element. 2. Removable partial denture with mesial rest distributed more stress on the mesial abutment teeth than that with distal rest. 3. Lesser displaceability of residual ridge mucosa resulted in a decrease of stress concentration around the most distal abutment and the uniform stress distribution on residual ridge was increased. 4. In the simulated condition where an increased pressure was applied on the mucosa, the behavior of the saddle on the mucosa with large displaceability could be similar to that of the mucosa with small displaceability. The results of this study suggested that mesial rest on the most distal abutment and pressure impression was desirable in removable partial denture with distal-extension.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1999

Testicular adrenal rest tissue in congenital adrenal hyperplasia: comparison of MR imaging and sonographic findings.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to describe the MR features of testicular adrenal rest tissue in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and to compare the usefulness of MR imaging with that of sonography for the detection of testicular adrenal rest tissue. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Nineteen patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia underwent MR imaging and gray-scale and color Doppler sonography of the testicles during the same visit to our institution. Findings were compared. RESULTS: MR features of testicular adrenal rest tissue included the following: isointensity (71% of the masses) and slight hyperintensity (29% of the masses) relative to normal testicular tissue on T1-weighted images; hypointensity relative to normal testicular tissue on T2-weighted images (100% of the masses); and diffuse enhancement on contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images (85% of the masses). MR imaging and sonography revealed the testicular lesions equally well. Eleven (58%) of 19 patients had normal findings on MR imaging and sonography. Eight (42%) of 19 patients had 14 intratesticular masses detected by both imaging techniques. CONCLUSION: MR imaging and sonography are equally useful in the detection of testicular adrenal rest tissue. Because sonography is more accessible to most institutions and is less expensive, it is the imaging technique of choice for the detection of testicular adrenal rest tissue.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Effects of tasks interpolated during rest on reminiscence for pursuit-rotor performance and inverted-alphabet printing: a test of a consolidation theory of reminiscence.

As a test of a consolidation theory of reminiscence, 150 female college students practiced inverted-alphabet printing and the pursuit rotor for 5 min., rested for 20 min., and then practiced for 2 more min. During the rest period, some subjects rested while others performed reverse-cue rotary pursuit or mirror tracing. No reduction in reminiscence produced by tasks occurring during the rest period was found. While the failure to support a consolidation theory of reminiscence could not be explained, the possibility of sex differences in response to tasks occurring during the rest period was discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Protein tyrosine kinase activation and protein kinase C translocation are functional components of CD40 signal transduction in resting human B cells.

CD40 is a 47kD glycoprotein expressed on all B cells that plays an important role in B cell development and activation. Previous investigations have focused on signal transduction events in activated B cells and B cell lines, and little information is available regarding CD40 signal transduction in resting, normal B cells. Because CD40 plays a critical role in the regulation and activation of resting B cells, we studied the signaling mechanisms involved in functional responses to CD40 ligation in these cells. Treatment of dense tonsil B cells with either protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) or protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, but not with an inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide dependent kinases, resulted in abrogation of CD40-mediated cell adhesion, suggesting a role for both PTK and PKC in CD40-mediated B cell adhesion. Direct evidence for CD40-mediated PTK activation was demonstrated by increased tyrosine phosphorylation as detected by anti-phosphotyrosine Western blots of cell lysates prepared from dense resting tonsil B cells stimulated with biotinylated anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody plus avidin. CD40 engagement also resulted in PKC activation, as detected by translocation of cytosolic PKC activity to the membrane-bound compartment. CD40-mediated PKC translocation was dependent on PTK activation, whereas PTK activity induced by CD40 ligation was independent of PKC activity, suggesting that PTK activation precedes PKC activation in resting B cells stimulated with anti-CD40 mAb. The results of our experiments identify PTK and PKC activation as components of CD40 signal transduction in normal, resting B cells and establish a functional role for these events.

Antigens, CD↗
PubMed1996

Does moderate aerobic activity have a stimulatory effect on 24 h resting energy expenditure: a direct calorimeter study.

This study was designed to establish whether moderate aerobic exercise (2 h at 30-35% VO2 max) in lean non-athletic male adults had a prolonged stimulatory effect on energy expenditure while at rest. Four weight maintaining male adults had their 24 h energy expenditure measured by direct calorimetry on four separate occasions. During the 24 h in the calorimeter each subject received a diet which in total supplied 35 kcal (146 kJ) per kg body weight. All studies in an individual were completed within four to six weeks during which time body weight remained stable. On two of these 24 h periods, individuals rested throughout while on the other two, they also performed the prescribed exercise. This consisted of cycling for two 1 h sessions; the first while they were fasting while the second period was approximately 45 min after consuming a 800 kcal (3.4 MJ) meal. Total 24 h energy expenditure was greater on exercise (8.3 +/- 1.8 MJ/day) than non-exercising days (6.3 +/- 1.4 MJ/day, P < 0.001) In contrast when the acute effects of the cycling where removed 24 h resting energy expenditure on the exercise day (6.8 +/- 1.7 MJ/day) was not significantly different from that of rest days (95% confidence intervals of the difference ranged from -0.36 to 1.27 MJ/day). This study did not demonstrate a prolonged stimulatory influence on non-exercising resting energy expenditure following physical activity likely to be achieved by non-athletes. These data provide no evidence that such exercise is associated with a greater energy deficit than that due to the activity itself.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Eating and resting salivation in early lactation dairy cows.

Salivation rates were measured by cardial collection in four ruminally fistulated, early lactation cows. Complete diets of 70% concentrate: 30% hay crop silage (dry matter) or an isonitrogenous, isocaloric mixture of 60% concentrate: 40% corn silage were fed ad libitum once daily in a replicated 2 X 2 Latin square design. Thirty-day periods, beginning 2 d postpartum, consisted of 22 d adaptation and 8 d for determination of eating behavior, eating and resting salivation rates, and rumen liquid turnover rate. Diet did not affect eating behavior, salivation rates, saliva volumes produced while eating or resting, or saliva composition, but degree of feed ensalivation (fresh basis) and volume of saliva per bolus were higher for the hay crop silage diet due to its higher dry matter content. Resting salivation rate and volume produced while resting were greater at wk 8 than wk 4 of lactation even when corrected to constant dry matter intake, indicating that adaptation to diet postpartum involved increased basal resting salivation rate. Rumen pH was lower for the hay crop silage diet, but rumen fluid kinetic measurements did not differ with diet or week of lactation.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2004

Activation of resting human primary T cells with chimeric receptors: costimulation from CD28, inducible costimulator, CD134, and CD137 in series with signals from the TCR zeta chain.

Chimeric receptors that include CD28 signaling in series with TCRzeta in the same receptor have been demonstrated to activate prestimulated human primary T cells more efficiently than a receptor providing TCRzeta signaling alone. We examined whether this type of receptor can also activate resting human primary T cells, and whether molecules other than CD28 could be included in a single chimeric receptor in series with TCRzeta to mediate the activation of resting human primary T cells. Human CD33-specific chimeric receptors were generated with CD28, inducible costimulator, CD134, or CD137 signaling regions in series with TCRzeta signaling region and transfected by electroporation into resting human primary T cells. Their ability to mediate Ag-specific activation was analyzed in comparison with a receptor providing TCRzeta signaling alone. Inclusion of any of the costimulatory signaling regions in series with TCRzeta enhanced the level of specific Ag-induced IL-2, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and GM-CSF cytokine production and enabled resting primary T cells to survive and proliferate in response to Ag in the absence of any exogenous factors. Inclusion of CD28, inducible costimulator, or CD134 enhanced TCRzeta-mediated, Ag-specific target cell lysis. Chimeric receptors providing B7 and TNFR family costimulatory signals in series with TCRzeta in the same receptor can confer self-sufficient clonal expansion and enhanced effector function to resting human T cells. This type of chimeric receptor may now be used to discover the most potent combination of costimulatory signals that will improve current immunotherapeutic strategies.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Materials-based, imagery-based, and rote exercise occupational forms: effect on repetitions, heart rate, duration of performance, and self-perceived rest period in well elderly women.

OBJECTIVES: This study extends previous research that contrasted occupational forms with elderly persons living in institutions to include elderly women living independently. In addition to differences in number of repetitions elicited, the current study measured heart rate response and perceived rest period duration. METHOD: Forty-five women over the age of 65 years were randomly assigned to one of three occupational forms: materials based (kicking a balloon), imagery based (kicking an imaginary balloon), and rote exercise (performing a kicking movement without a balloon or imagery prompt). Subjects were instructed to perform the assigned lower-extremity movement until they fatigued and after a self-determined period of rest indicated when they felt able to do another set of movements. Dependent variables included number of repetitions of movement, heart rate (at baseline, at completion of movements, at end of rest period), duration of movement, and self-perceived rest period. Group means for each variable were compared using analyses of variance. RESULTS: Groups showed no significant difference in baseline and demographic data. Subjects in the materials-based occupational form performed significantly more repetitions and required a significantly longer self-perceived rest period than subjects in the imagery-based and rote exercise forms. There were no significant differences among the groups for heart rate response. Duration of movement and number of repetitions variables were strongly correlated (r = .95), indicating lack of independence. CONCLUSIONS: The materials-based occupational form elicited a quantitatively different performance than the other forms. Given the relatively fuller experience (i.e., interaction with an object, clear objective) of the materials-based form, an occupational form that has added meaning for the person appears to result in enhanced performance when compared with forms that lack strong meaning and suggest more limited purposes.

Aged↗