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PubMed1998

The ethics of compulsory removal under section 47 of the 1948 National Assistance Act.

Orders for removal under Section 47 of the 1948 National Assistance Act are little discussed. However, they involve severe infringements of the civil liberties of those affected. It is argued that all previously presented justifications for the use of these orders fail. Repeal of the act is called for. The Law Commission has drafted alternative legislation, but this has not been enacted. Until this occurs local authorities, the Faculty of Public Health Medicine and individual public health physicians should refuse to be involved in its use.

Beneficence↗
PubMed1994

Reanalysis of Bell, Weinberg, and Hammersmith's data on birth order, sibling sex ratio, and parental age in homosexual men.

The authors compared parental age, birth order, and sex ratio of siblings for 575 homosexual men and 284 heterosexual men, matched on age and education. They were originally part of Bell, Weinberg, and Hammersmith's large-scale study of male and female homosexuality. The results confirmed the previous findings that homosexual men have older fathers and later births than do heterosexual men but not the finding that homosexual men have larger proportions of brothers. The collective findings suggest that birth order is perhaps the single most reliable demographic difference between homosexual and heterosexual men.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Male admissions to the English Special Hospitals--1961-1965: a demographic survey.

The social, criminal and psychiatric backgrounds of 878 male patients admitted for the first time to the three English Special Hospitals during the years 1961-1965 are examined and the implications of differences between them for research discussed. It is noted that only 35 per cent of the admission group have been discharged within a four year period. The need for long term follow-up studies is stressed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Issues in statutory rape law enforcement: the views of district attorneys in Kansas.

CONTEXT: The 1996 federal welfare reform law calls for the reduction of adolescent pregnancy rates through aggressive enforcement of statutory rape laws at the local and state level. Yet there are few quantitative data on district attorneys' attitudes toward enforcement and related issues. METHODS: Anonymous surveys were mailed to all 105 Kansas district attorneys in 1997; 92 surveys were returned. In-depth telephone interviews were conducted with seven of the attorneys. RESULTS: Most of the respondents (74%) favored aggressive enforcement, but just 37% believed the public would support aggressive enforcement. Only 24% believed enforcement would reduce adolescent pregnancy. Fifty-seven percent supported the current legal age of consent in Kansas (16 years). Fifty-three percent thought the law should not specify age differences between the partners. Most (77%) believed the law should protect sexually active minors, and that paternity acknowledgments should be admissible evidence in prosecutions (78%). Only 17% believed that enforcement would discourage adolescents from seeking health care. CONCLUSIONS: The potential impact of statutory rape prosecution on reproductive and psychological health should be considered in each case. Educating law enforcement officials about adolescent health care issues and encouraging them to consult with professionals in health and psychological fields may help to minimize the potentially negative effects of enforcement on adolescents' reproductive health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Ethics -- perceived or reasoned from principles?: a rejoinder to Korn, Huelsman, and Reed.

In response to Korn, Huelsman, and Reed's (1992) question, "Who defines those interests, and how serious must the setback be?" (p. 126), we argue that a wrongful (unjust) harm (a setback of interest) is not equivalent to a hurt (a temporary distressing mental state) and that the interests of importance are welfare interests (general means to our ulterior aims), not just a desire to avoid unpleasant mental states (hurts). To set back a welfare interest is to reverse its course or to impede, thwart, defeat, or doom it. It is the primary responsibility of the investigator to define both welfare interests and the risk of harm. An informed consent -- one with substantial understanding, in substantial absence of control by others, and given intentionally -- allows participants to autonomously authorize participation in research, including their toleration of acts of mental discomfort or distress during an experiment. Not only were our participants not wrongfully harmed, they benefited and were willing to volunteer for future research. No strong evidence has been advanced or linked to guided imagery in a way that would justify its restraint; to so claim evokes a standard of legal paternalism that fails to respect participants' competence and autonomy to choose to participate in research on rape using guided imagery.

Aggression↗
PubMed2005

GABAA receptor beta3 subunit gene-deficient heterozygous mice show parent-of-origin and gender-related differences in beta3 subunit levels, EEG, and behavior.

The homozygous knockout mouse for the beta3 subunit of the GABAA receptor has been proposed as a model for the neurodevelopmental disorder, Angelman syndrome, based on phenotypic similarities of craniofacial abnormalities, cognitive defects, hyperactivity, motor incoordination, disturbed rest-activity cycles, and epilepsy. Since most children with Angelman syndrome are autosomal heterozygotes of maternal origin, apparently through genomic imprinting, we used gabrb3-deficient heterozygote mice of defined parental origin to investigate whether this phenotype is also maternally imprinted in mouse. Whole brain extracts showed greatly reduced beta3 subunit levels in male mice of maternal origin but not in male mice of paternal origin. Females of both parental origin showed greatly reduced beta3 subunit levels. Heterozygotes did not exhibit hyperactive circling behavior, convulsions, or electrographically recorded seizures. EEGs showed qualitative differences among heterozygotes, with male mice of maternal origin demonstrating more abnormalities including increased theta activity. Ethosuximide inhibited theta bursts, suggesting an alteration in the thalamocortical relay. Carbamazepine induced EEG slowing in males and EEG acceleration in females, with a larger effect in paternal-origin heterozygotes. Evidence thus suggests both parent-of-origin and gender-related components in developmental regulation of beta3 expression, in particular, that the maternally-derived male heterozygote may carry a developmental modification resulting in less beta3 protein, which may reflect partial genomic imprinting of the gabrb3 gene in mice.

Angelman Syndrome↗
PubMed2004

Paternal contribution to fetal alcohol syndrome.

Maternal alcohol use during pregnancy is associated with a wide range of adverse outcomes for the child. Many women who drink during pregnancy also have male partners who abuse alcohol. Existing data on paternal effects of alcohol abuse during the preconceptual period and at the time of conception are reviewed. Epidemiological data offer some support for a paternal influence on birth weight, congenital heart defects, and some evidence of mild cognitive impairments. Animal data have demonstrated decreased litter size, increased prevalence of low birth weight fetuses and mixed data on risk of malformations. Increased susceptibility to Pseudomonas bacterial infection has been reported. Cognitive and behavioral findings are the most robust effects. These include learning and memory deficits, hyperactivity, and poor stress tolerance. Multiple causal mechanisms for a paternal effect have been suggested, but none seems satisfactory to explain all findings. Further research is needed on paternal effects in animals and human populations. The results of this research may influence prevention activities.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1997

Social consequences of psychiatric disorders, II: Teenage parenthood.

OBJECTIVE: The subject of this study was the relation between retrospectively reported early-onset psychiatric disorders and subsequent teenage parenthood in the general population. METHOD: The data were from 5,877 respondents aged 15-54 years in the National Comorbidity Survey, a nationally representative household survey. Information on respondents' DSM-III-R anxiety disorders, mood disorders, substance abuse disorders, and conduct disorder, age at the birth of the first child, and teenage sexual activity was collected in face-to-face interviews. RESULTS: Early-onset psychiatric disorders were associated with subsequent teenage parenthood among both females and males, with significant odds ratios of 2.0-12.0 and population attributable risk proportions of 6.2%-33.7%. Disaggregation analyses showed that disorders were associated with increased probability of sexual activity but not with decreased probability of using contraception. CONCLUSIONS: These results add to a growing body of evidence that psychiatric disorders are associated with a variety of adverse life consequences. The current policy debate concerning universal insurance coverage needs to take this into consideration. Planners of interventions aimed at preventing teenage pregnancy should consider including a mental health treatment component in their intervention packages. Mental health professionals treating adolescents need to be sensitized to their higher risk of pregnancy, while family doctors and specialists treating teenage mothers or their children need to be sensitized to the mothers' higher risk of psychiatric disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The effect of parental expressed emotion on glycaemic control in children with Type 1 diabetes. Parental expressed emotion and glycaemic control in children.

OBJECTIVE: To measure expressed emotion (EE) in parents of young children with diabetes and to examine the relation between EE and glycaemic control in children with Type 1 diabetes in a longitudinal study over 24 months. We hypothesised that good glycaemic control, as measured by low glycated haemoglobin levels, would be predicted by high parental emotional over-involvement, low frequency of critical comments and absence of hostility. We predicted that these effects would be stronger in maternal than paternal scores. METHODS: Forty-seven children attending a Paediatric Diabetes Clinic and their parents were studied over 24 months. Glycated haemoglobin was measured on three occasions, at the start of the study period, 12 and 24 months later. At 12 months, parental EE was measured using an adapted version of the Camberwell Family Interview, and child emotional and behavioural problems were measured using the parent version of the Child Behavior Checklist. Multiple regression models were used to test the hypotheses. RESULTS: Forty-three maternal and 33 paternal interviews of adequate quality for analysis were obtained. Paternal hostility was found to be associated with elevated glycated haemoglobin measured 12 months before interview and 12 months after interview, accounting for 22% and 29% of the variation in glycated haemoglobin respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We did not find that parental emotional over-involvement or criticism predicted glycaemic control. Presence of hostility was important, but in contrast to our hypothesis, this was paternal rather than maternal hostility. We suggest that (i) relatively absent, rejecting fathers play little role in diabetes management and children perceive this negatively, or (ii) mothers who are unsupported by fathers cannot in turn support their children in diabetes care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Ontogeny of the transition from killer to caregiver in dwarf hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) with biparental care.

Biparental Phodopus campbelli and uniparental P. sungorus juvenile litters (2 males, 2 females) both consumed amniotic fluid and placenta during the birth of younger siblings. Three days later, P. campbelli juveniles were most responsive to a displaced younger sibling. Thus, P. campbelli are responsive to pups as juvenile alloparents and as new parents; however, at intervening ages, infanticidal attack (bite) was seen. At 5, 7, 9, 11, or 13 weeks of age, male and female P. campbelli were given a 5-min test with an unrelated, 3-day-old, anesthetized pup. Females attacked more often than males, yet pup-retrieval rates did not differ. Female aggression increased with age and was replaced by retrieval behavior 3 days after parturition. Male attack ceased after a birth, but parental behavior did not increase, remaining below the rate for new fathers tested with their own awake pup. Over repeated testing, behavior in one test did not predict behavior in another. Transitions from caregiving alloparent to infanticidal adult and back to parental care were clear in females, but less discrete with this stimulus paradigm in these highly paternal males.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The effects of vinclozolin, an anti-androgenic fungicide, on male guppy secondary sex characters and reproductive success.

Despite the enormous volume of research concerning the various effects of chemicals with endocrine-disrupting properties in fish, there is still very little evidence that endocrine disruption can adversely affect individual fertility and, hence, pose problems for the population. In the present study, guppies (Poecilia reticulata) were fed with the anti-androgenic fungicide vinclozolin at concentrations ranging from 1.8 to 180 mg/kg from 8-14 wk of age. Male sperm count and the intensity of his sexual display behavior were significantly reduced in treatment groups, which was in line with the results of previous studies. Here, we show further that these impairments translate into reduced fertility, measured as the size of the female's first clutch. Also, this reduced fertility was correlated to the male sperm count, but not to the intensity of the male sexual display. Finally, by crossing exposed with unexposed animals, we show that the adverse effect of vinclozolin on reproduction is mediated through the male alone.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Imprinted status of pleomorphic adenoma gene-like I and paternal expression gene 10 genes in pigs.

Genomic imprinting is theorized to exist in all placental mammals and some marsupials. Imprinted genes play important roles in the regulation of fetal growth, development, and postnatal behavior, but the study of imprinted genes has been limited in livestock. In this study, the polymorphism-based approach was used to detect the expression patterns of the porcine pleomorphic adenoma gene-like I (PLAGL1) and paternal expression gene 10 (PEG10) genes. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the exons were detected between the Meishan and Large White breeds in the PLAGL1 and PEG10 genes. The polymorphisms were used to determine the monoallelic or biallelic expression with reverse transcription-PCR-RFLP in 44 tissues from 4 heterozygous pigs (based on SNP). Imprinting analysis indicated that the PLAGL1 and PEG10 genes were both paternally expressed in all tissues tested (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, stomach, small intestine, skeletal muscle, fat, uterus, and ovary). Our study showed that the method of identifying polymorphic transcripts with reverse transcription-PCR-RFLP may be beneficial for detecting the imprinting status of some candidate imprinted genes.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Male competition and paternity in wild chimpanzees of the Taï forest.

In social animals, competition among males for mates affects individual reproductive success. The priority-of-access model attempts to account for the influence of demographic conditions within groups upon male reproductive success, but empirical data for testing this model are scarce. Our long-term study of chimpanzees in the Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire, encompasses a period of steady decrease in community size and fluctuating numbers of competing males and sexually receptive females. These demographic changes, in combination with genetic assessment of paternity for 48 offspring from three communities, allowed us to quantify the effects of varying levels of competition upon male reproductive success. On average, the highest-ranking male sired 50% of all analyzed offspring during a 14-year period from 1987-2000. Competition among males strongly decreased the relative reproductive success of the alpha male, such that the alpha male's rate of success decreased from 67% with few competitors to only 38% with four or more competitors. The increasing number of synchronously receptive females in large groups also reduced the proportion of paternities by the alpha male. Thus, patterns of paternity in Taï chimpanzees fit well the predictions of the priority-of-access model. We also found that despite the inability of dominants to monopolize reproduction, they achieved a higher reproductive rate in large multimale groups, because these have more females and a higher infant survival rate. Varied levels of male competition within communities seem to explain differences in the reproductive success of alpha males observed in different chimpanzee populations, and in other primate species.

Age Factors↗