Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “PROPANEDIOLS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,405 records · Page 78Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Effect of alpha-chlorohydrin on the male reproductive organs of the Indian langur.

A subtoxic dose of alpha-chlorohydrin (3-chloro-1, 2-propanediol, U-5897) was injected subcutaneously 10 mg/kg for 30 days into adult male langur monkeys (Presbytis). The animals did not lose weight; there was a reduction of weight of the testis and accessories. Histologically, spermatogenesis was suppressed but the interstitial cells appeared normal. In the caput epididymides, the diameter of the tubule was reduced by half as compared to the control and the height of cells was also reduced; in the cauda epididymidis, the cilia were either absent or reduced in size. Sialic acid concentration was reduced in the testis and epididymis of the treated animals; fructose in seminal vesicle and citric acid in prostate were also reduced though morphologically the interstitial cells looked normal, they were functionally anti-anabolic. This appears to be a new profile of alpha-chlorohydrin action in a primate.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Formation of 1,3-cyclic glycerophosphate by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylglycerol.

The action of phospholipase C (PLC) from Bacillus cereus on phosphatidylglycerol (PG), derived from egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (PC), was examined in an ether-water mixture. The PLC cleavage of PG and PC followed a Michaelis-Menten kinetics with apparent Vmax values per 1 microgram enzyme of 0.26 and 0.91 mumol.min-1 and Km values of 10 and 12 mM, respectively. When the same enzymic reaction was carried out in minimally buffered aqueous solution of 1% Triton X-100, the decrease in pH with respect to phospholipid cleavage was as expected with PC but much less pronounced with PG. This could be accounted for by the formation of a cyclic glycerophosphate, rather than alpha-glycerophosphate, in the PLC hydrolysis of PG. Examination of the chemical nature of the water-soluble product of PG by phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR) revealed a single band at 2.31 ppm, while the bands of alpha-glycerophosphate and beta-glycerophosphate appeared at 5.12 and 4.57 ppm, respectively. Basic hydrolysis of the phospholipase cleavage product of PG (0.1 M NaOH for 1 min at 80 degrees C) followed by neutralization shifted its 31P NMR band to 5.18 ppm, which practically coincided with that of alpha-glycerophosphate. Analogous experiments were carried out with PG labeled with 3H at the carbon 2 of the glycerol headgroup ([3H]PG). Autoradiography of thin layer chromatography (TLC) of the [3H]PG enzymic hydrolyzate displayed a single 3H-labeled compound, which could be converted to alpha-glycerophosphate by basic hydrolysis. These results strongly suggest that the phosphate headgroup of PG is cleaved off by PLC as 1,3-cyclic glycerophosphate. A series of PLC experiments with phosphatidyl dihydroxyacetone and phosphatidyl 1,3-propanediol as model substrates supported this assignment. Two-dimensional homonuclear 1H NMR correlated spectra as well as infrared spectra carried out on the isolated sodium salt of this product could further confirm such a structure. The unique structure and chemical nature of 1,3-cyclic glycerophosphate may bear a distinct physiological function.

Bacillus cereus↗
PubMed1993

Evidence for anticonvulsant and neuroprotectant action of felbamate mediated by strychnine-insensitive glycine receptors.

Felbamate (2-phenyl-1,3-propanediol dicarbamate) is a novel agent effective against maximal electroshock, pentylenetetrazol and other chemically induced seizures in mice and rats. Felbamate has been proposed as a novel anticonvulsant for the treatment of generalized tonic-clonic and complex partial seizures. In addition, felbamate has been shown to have neuroprotectant effects (in vitro and in vivo) in neonate models of cerebral ischemia. However, few existing studies have contributed to the elucidation of the mechanism of anticonvulsant and neuroprotectant action of felbamate. Because glycinergic mechanisms have been demonstrated to be involved with seizure disorders and neuroprotection, we investigated the binding interaction of felbamate with strychnine-insensitive glycine receptors and compared these findings with brain and plasma levels of felbamate after drug treatment. Inhibition of [3H]5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid (a high-affinity glycine receptor antagonist) binding by felbamate (IC50 = 374 microM) corresponded well with peak felbamate concentrations found in brain (683 and 759 microM) and plasma (679 and 807 microM) 8 hr after 300 (i.p.) or 500 mg/kg (p.o.) doses, respectively. Chemically diverse anticonvulsants tested and MK 801 [(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo-[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate] did not modulate [3H]5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid binding. Additional studies have shown that felbamate does not interact with other sites associated with the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex. Thus, the data presented in this report strongly indicate a mechanism of action for felbamate through strychnine-insensitive glycine receptor interaction.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of 2-ethylhexyl 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino) benzoate in commercial sunscreens and cosmetic products.

An analytical method has been developed for determination of 2-ethylhexyl 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino) benzoate (NMPABAO), a nitrosamine contaminant in sunscreen products containing 2-ethylhexyl 4-(N,N-dimethylamino) benzoate (Padimate O). The method involves extraction of NMPABAO by column chromatography followed by liquid chromatographic separation and analysis wit a nitric oxide detector. To confirm the presence of NMPABAO in sunscreen products, the N-nitrosamine was synthesized and its structure was determined by infrared spectrophotometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (MS). For method validation, recovery studies were performed on a commercial suntan lotion, cream, and gel. Recoveries of NMPABAO added to representative test samples averaged 83%. The method has an estimated detection limit of 30 ppb. The method was used to analyze 25 commercial cosmetic and sunscreen products containing Padimate O. Eleven products contained NMPABAO at levels ranging from 160 to 21000 ppb. NMPABAO presence in 4 products was confirmed by MS at levels > or = 4000 ppb. The highest levels of NMPABAO were associated with products that contained the nitrite-releasing preservative 2-bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol.

Carcinogens↗
PubMed1996

Toxicity to transferred rat embryos after aspirin treatment during preimplantation stage in vivo.

AIM: To explore the relationship between drug-induced blastopathies and post-implantation embryotoxicity or developmental defects. METHODS: Pregnant rats on d 3 were given intragastrically aspirin (0.25, 0.5, and 1 g.kg-1). On d 4, the blastocysts were transferred into the uterine horns of pseudopregnant rats (made by mating with male rats which had been given intragastrically 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol 5 mg.kg-1 for 5 d). Uterine contents were examined at term. RESULTS: The frequency of blastocysts with morphological alterations (FBMA) was increased on d 4 of gestation. The implantation rate was lower than that of the controls. A dose-related increase in resorption (55.2%, 69.5%, and 85.2%) and malformation rate (3.8%, 44.4%, and 25%), and decrease in viability rate of fetuses (44.8%, 30.5%, and 14.8%) were observed in test groups with correlations to FBMA. CONCLUSION: Embryotoxicity and fetal malformations were induced by treatment of aspirin before implantation in a dose-dependent manner.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1995

The recognition of DNA containing an AP site by E.coli endonuclease VI (exonuclease III).

The major apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) DNA-repair endonuclease of Escherichia coli is the endonuclease VI (exonuclease III) protein. To elucidate the substrate specificity of the AP endonuclease, we used the double- and single-stranded oligo deoxyribonucleotides containing an AP residue such as 2-deoxyribosylformamide (1), 2-deoxyribose (2), 1,2-dideoxyribofuranose (3), and propanediol (4) as the substrate. The endonuclease VI cleaved the phosphodiester bond 5' at these AP sites of the duplexes. The endonucleolytic activity was not influenced by the kind of nucleotide residue on the opposite side of the AP site. Further, it was observed that the AP endonuclease cleaved single-stranded oligomers containing an AP site.

Base Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Distribution of certain nonelectrolytes between intra- and extracellular parts of erythrocytes].

Human red blood cells were balanced at 37 degrees C in 15% solution of the following nonelectrolytes (NE): methanol, ethanol, 1,2-propanediol, diethylene glycol, glycerol, polythelene glycols (PEGs) with molecular masses 300, 400, 600, 1000, 15000. The distribution coefficients (Q) equal to the ratio of the N concentration in cell to that in the intercellular medium, were determined by 1H-NMR technique. A monotonous decrease of the Q values with the increase of the molecular mass of the NE from 1.15 + 0.12 for methanol to 0.12 +/- 0.01 for PEG-1500 has been demonstrated. Results obtained demonstrate that the mixture (PEG) components with different molecular weights and 1,2-PD-PEG-1500 take negligible influence on the distribution coefficients of these substances between erythrocytes and extracellular environment.

Alcohols↗
PubMed1996

[Cryopreservation of embryos in an in vitro fertilization program(IVN-ET)--preliminary results].

The authors present preliminary results of cryopreservation of embryos in IVF-ET programme in the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Białystok. The method of slow cooling embryos with 1, 2 propanediol and saccharose were used. In the group of 136 patients with excess embryos after the transfer of two fresh embryos 29 pregnancies (21.3%) were obtained. After the transfer of frozen/thawed embryos up till now 5 pregnancies have been obtained (one child born, 3 pregnancies ongoing, 1 abortion).

Cryopreservation↗
PubMed1996

[Cryopreservation of embryos--used for treatment of infertility by means of assisted reproductive techniques (ART)].

Freezing of the human embryos has been routinely used in the world for over 10 years in the treatment of infertility by the ART. Excessive fertilized oocytes and embryos can be frozen and preserved in the temperature of liquid nitrogen. The risk of multiple pregnancies is reduced and enhancement of pregnancy rates can be obtained owing to cryopreservation. The author presents theoretical principles of embryo freezing by slow cooling with 1, 2 propanediol and saccharose as a cryoprotectant.

Cryopreservation↗
PubMed1996

Antisense oligonucleotides.

Among the approaches which have been followed to convert a natural antisense phosphodiester oligonucleotide into a potential therapeutic agent, conjugation chemistry seems to be one of the most attractive. Indeed, natural phosphodiester oligonucleotide have the ideal properties (sequence specific hybridization, RNaseH activation, low or no toxicity, water solubility, easy and relative inexpensive synthesis in bulk quantities) to function as antisense oligomers. Their disadvantages are situated in their nuclease lability so that they are rapidly degraded in a biological medium, and to their low cellular uptake due to their polyanionic character. We investigated the minimum molecular modifications necessary to transform natural, partial self-complementary, phosphodiester oligonucleotides into a nuclease stable construct which is taken up in sufficient amounts in tumor cells to exert a selective antiproliferative effect. This study revealed that small aliphatic diols connected at the 3'-end gives oligonucleotides which are stable against nuclease degradation and which demonstrate potent and selective biological activity. Because of the low toxicity of both phosphodiester oligonucleotides and most aliphatic diols no cytotoxicity and no side effects are expected for these constructs. Moreover, these oligonucleotides may be synthesized easily in large amounts for an affordable price. As a first potential application we demonstrate that a 1,3-propanediol modified 12-mer directed at the point-mutation in codon 12 of the Ha-ras mRNA demonstrates a selective antiproliferative effect at a concentration which is 500 times lower than the one observed with unmodified antisense oligonucleotides. The EC50 value of +/-nM warrants further development of these constructs as antitumoral drugs for these cancers showing a high frequency of Ha-ras oncogene expression with point mutation at codon 12.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1996

Use of historical controls in time-adjusted trend tests for carcinogenicity.

We develop a method for incorporating historical control information into time-adjusted tests for dose effects in carcinogenicity studies. After discretizing the time scale, we use a multinomial distribution to model the number of animals dying with tumor in each interval. Data from past studies are used to estimate the parameters characterizing the prior. A score test derived from the resulting Dirichlet-multinomial generalizes the test of Tarone (1982, Biometrics 38, 215-220) and reduces, in the limit, to the log-rank test in the case of a diffuse prior. The methodology is illustrated with data from a study of the fire retardant 2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Human serum albumin adsorption on hydrogel contact lenses in vitro.

PURPOSE: To improve the understanding of the formation of protein deposits on hydrogel lenses. METHODS: A study of protein adsorption on three commercial hydrogel contact lenses of different materials, Etafilcon A (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate [HEMA] polymer with sodium methacrylate and 2-ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol trimethacrylate), tefilcon (poly[HEMA] cross-linked and copolymerized with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate), and vifilcon A (methacrylic acid polymer with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, HEMA and N-vinyl pyrrolidone) was undertaken by using a single protein solution, human serum albumin (HSA), and a radiolabel-tracer technique. RESULTS: Static adsorption leading to multilayer adsorption was observed. Complete reversibility for adsorbed HSA on lenses did not exist. Some was tightly bound, whereas most was loosely bound and could be removed easily by rinsing in phosphate-buffered saline. Irreversible adsorption of HSA on the lenses was found to be time dependent and did not reach a maximum value even after 48 hours of adsorption. The amount of HSA adsorbed on the lenses-irreversibly as well as totally adsorbed protein-was in the order of vifilcon A > tefilcon > etafilcon A. Adsorption of HSA on the lenses increases with decreasing pH (range, 7.4 to 4) but always follows the above trend with respect to the different types of lenses. CONCLUSIONS: Irreversible binding of HSA on lenses is governed by the kinetics of protein denaturation. Electrostatic interactions may not play a major role in HSA adsorption on hydrogel lenses. Some other factors, such as hydrophobic dehydration, and special monomer units, such as N-vinyl pyrrolidone in the lens materials, may favor adsorption of HSA.

Adsorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of low temperatures on molecular parameters of DNA].

Cryoconservation effects on macromolecular parameters of DNA from reproductive cells of fishes are studied as well as cryodamages of DNA in solutions under various freezing conditions, by the viscometry method. A dependence of the low temperature action on DNA concentration in solution and on the action duration is determined. It is stated as well that the nitrogen temperature action on the biopolymer solution results in the formation of both double- and single-stranded breaks. The cryoprotector (ethylenglycol 12%) added into the solution frozen prevents from the formation of double-stranded breaks and decreases the number of single-stranded ones. The long-term (0.5 year) keeping of the biopolymer solution at -196 degrees C both under the cryoprotector (20% 1.2-propanediol) protection and without the cryoprotector induces the significant number of single-stranded breaks. Mechanisms of cryodamages of DNA macromolecules in cells and under the nitrogen temperature action are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antifertility potential of ornidazole analogues in rats.

In order to determine which part of the ornidazole molecule [1-(3-chloro-2-hydroxy)propyl-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole] is responsible for its antifertility action, structural analogues were fed to male rats of proven fertility at doses equivalent to the antifertility dose of ornidazole (1.82 mmol/kg/day). The fertility of the males was tested, before oral gavage (control mating) and after 10 and 14 days of feeding, by counting the number of fetuses and corpora lutea present in females 12 days after mating. The day after the last mating, the kinematic parameters of sperm from the cauda epididymidis were assessed objectively with a Hamilton-Thorne motility analyzer. Analogues bearing the 2-nitro and 5-methyl groups on the imidazole ring were inactive if the (chlorohydroxy)propyl group were substituted by proton or methyl, hydroxyethyl, chloroethyl, or (sulfonylethyl)ethyl groups, indicating that the three-carbon side chain of ornidazole was necessary for the antifertility action. Only ornidazole and its acetate were effective antifertility agents, but a compound bearing the (chlorohydroxy)propyl side chain attached to a nitrogen atom of a heterocyclic phthalimide produced a partial but temporary reduction in fertility. Similarities of the action of ornidazole with the male antifertility agent, alpha-chlorohydrin [3-chloro-1,2-propanediol], are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

In vitro and in vivo development of embryos produced by in vitro maturation and in vitro fertilization of cat oocytes.

Cumulus-oocyte complexes of domestic cats were classified by morphology of ooplasm (A = good, B = fair, C = poor) and cultured for 24 h in TCM 199 with gonadotrophins (eCG, FSH, hCG or FSH/hCG). More of type A oocytes (52%) underwent in vitro maturation (IVM) than of type B (41%) or type C (17%). The gonadotrophin source did not affect frequency of IVM of type A (50-53%) or type B (38-44%) oocytes, but IVM of type C oocytes in hCG or FSH/hCG (27%/19%) was about double that in eCG or FSH alone (13%/10%). After IVF, frequency of cleavage for type A (54%), B (41%) and C (26%) oocytes was similar to the IVM frequency of the equivalent type. After 7 days, development to the morula (M) stage in vitro was similar among types (47-58%); however, higher percentages of type A and B oocytes developed to blastocysts (Bl), 31% and 29%, respectively, than of type C (15%). After transfer of day 5 (n = 70) or 6 (n = 32) M and Bl to day 4 or 5 recipients in trial 1 (n = 4) and 2 (n = 3), respectively, the three recipients in trial 2 gave birth to four live kittens. Development in vitro to M of IVM/IVF embryos frozen in propanediol plus sucrose during early cleavage was similar (64-69%) to that of cohort controls (64%), but Bl formation was reduced (13-17% versus 32%). Damage to the zona pellucida after plunging into liquid nitrogen at -30 degrees C was higher (11%) than that of the embryos cooled at 10 degrees C min-1 from -30 degrees C to -150 degrees C before storage (2%).

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Effects of slow and ultrarapid freezing on morphology and resumption of meiosis in immature cat oocytes.

This study examined the ability of immature cat oocytes to survive after cryopreservation by evaluating their subsequent development following maturation in vitro. The effect of slow and ultrarapid freezing using one of two cryoprotectants dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) or 1,2-propanediol (PROH) at different concentrations (1.5 or 3.0 mol-1) and the slow freezing with the cryoprotectant ethylene glycol (EG 1.5 mol l-1 and 3.0 mol l-1) were tested. Morphology, resumption of meiosis and metaphase II rates of oocytes were recorded after thawing. Freshly collected oocytes were used as controls. Results indicate that immature cat oocytes can survive, resume meiosis and achieve metaphase II in vitro after freezing. The highest rates of resumption of meiosis and metaphase II were achieved with slow freezing and 1.5 mol DMSO or EG l-1 (DMSO: 47.4%, 18/38 and 23.7%, 9/38 and EG: 52%, 13/25 and 20%, 5/25, respectively). The ultrarapid procedure did not result in resumption of meiosis in vitro, despite intact morphology of the oocytes after thawing. These results suggest that morphology of oocytes after freezing and thawing has no predictive value for their ability to resume meiosis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Current knowledge on cryopreservation of spermatozoa, ovum cells and zygotes].

CELL INJURIES DURING FREEZING AND THAWING: The aim of various cryopreservation procedures is to minimize cell injuries during the freeze-thaw cycle (cryoinjuries). Generally, the cell damage during freezing and thawing procedures may be the results of: (a) extensive cellular dehydration (solution effect) and/or (b) intracellular ice crystallization/recrystallization (mechanical cell damage). Two independent mechanisms are involved. They can act simultaneously, leading to cytolysis. The first one is expressed primarily during low rate freezing, and the second one during rapid freezing. Thus, determination and use of the optimal cooling velocity, specific for each type of isolated cells, should be considered. Finally, a higher degree of cell destruction has been documented when the transition period from liquid to solid phase (release of the fusion heat) is prolonged. CRYOPROTECTIVE AGENTS: For successful cell cryopreservation, cryoprotectants are needed. They decrease the osmotic gradient and the vapor pressure difference between the intra- and extracellular area. Adequate choice of the most suitable type and concentration of cryoprotective agent is important for the required cell recovery after thawing. There are several well known protocols for obtaining cryopreservation of isolated cells using different cryoprotectants. Glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and propanediol sucrose are commonly used as cryoprotectants, though in different concentrations. Glycerol, a trihydric alcohol, is a clear, colorless fluid. Pharmacologically, it is relatively inert. DMSO is a colorless liquid with a sulphur-like smell and has several medical uses. It is highly polar and dissolves many water- and lipid-soluble substances. DMSO given intravenously may cause nausea, vomiting, local vasospasm and an objectionable garlic-like odor and taste. HUMAN SPERM, OVA AND EMBRYOS CRYOPRESERVATION: Despite the fact that cryopreservation procedures of spermatozoa, ova and embryos are already in routine clinical use, some questions related to the optimal cooling velocity during controlled-rate freezing and the choice of the most effective, either penetrating (glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide) and/or non-penetrating (hydroxyethyl starch) cryoprotective agent at the appropriate concentration are not resolved.

Cryopreservation↗
PubMed1998

Felbamate increases [3H]glycine binding in rat brain and sections of human postmortem brain.

The anticonvulsant compound felbamate (2-phenyl-1,3-propanediol dicarbamate; FBM) appears to inhibit the function of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor complex through an interaction with the strychnine-insensitive glycine recognition site. Since we have demonstrated previously that FBM inhibits the binding of [3H]5, 7-dichlorokynurenic acid (DCKA), a competitive antagonist at the glycine site, we assessed the ability of FBM to modulate the binding of an agonist, [3H]glycine, to rat forebrain membranes and human brain sections. In contrast to its ability to inhibit [3H]5,7-DCKA binding, FBM increased [3H]glycine binding (20 nM; EC50 = 485 microM; Emax = 211% of control; nH = 1.8). FBM, but not carbamazepine, phenytoin, valproic acid or phenobarbital, also increased [3H]glycine binding (50 nM; EC50 = 142 microM; Emax = 157% of control; nH = 1.6) in human cortex sections. Autoradiographic analysis of human brain slices demonstrated that FBM produced the largest increases in [3H]glycine binding in the cortex, hippocampus and the parahippocampal gyrus. Because various ions can influence the binding of glycine-site ligands, we assessed their effects on FBM-modulation of [3H]glycine binding. FBM-enhanced [3H]glycine binding was attenuated by Zn++ and not inhibited by Mg++ in human brain. These results suggest that FBM increases [3H]glycine binding in a manner sensitive to ions which modulate the NMDA receptor. These data support the hypothesis that FBM produces anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects by inhibiting NMDA receptor function, likely through an allosteric modulation of the glycine site.

Animals↗