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PubMed2003

[Rubella in Poland in 2001].

In 2001 in Poland we observed a subsequent peak of rubella epidemic (the previous peak was observed in 1997). As compared to 2000, an 82.8% increase in the number of rubella cases was noted. A total of 84,419 cases were registered, including 3 cases of congenital rubella. Incidence on the country level was 218.5 per 100,000 population. In particular voivodeships it ranged from 50.1 to 655.2. For the first time since rubella became reportable, the incidence in rural areas (220.1) was higher than in urban areas (217.4) Incidence among women (193.6) was 21% lower than among men (244.8). This disproportion is gradually increasing. One of the probable reasons of this difference is the intensive immunisation of 13-year old girls, which has been in place for several years now. Among all registered rubella cases 91.7% were children under 15 years of age. The highest incidence was noted among 7-year old (2,235.8), 8-year old (1,964.7) and 6-year old (1,954.5) children. About 0.3% of rubella cases were hospitalised. No rubella deaths were noted if to exclude one death due to congenital rubella.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Salmonellosis in Poland in 2001].

Total number of salmonellosis cases has been gradually falling down since the year 1988. In 2001, 19,881 cases were reported to the sanitary epidemiological stations, incidence rate = 51.5 per 100,000 population (22,799 in the previous year). Over 52% of patients were hospitalized, but percentage of cases with extraintestinal manifestations was higher--over 88%. The seasonal peak was noted in July and August, which was two months later than in 2000. The decreasing trend in confirmation of clinical diagnosis can be observed since 1995 when Salmonella strains were isolated in 91% of patients, but in 2000 only 66% of cases were bacteriologically confirmed. Salmonella Enteritidis was the most frequent type: 88% of cases and 69% of infected healthy persons. Only four other serotypes (Typhimurium, Infantis, Hadar and Virchow) were identified in all of 16 voivodeship of Poland. The age, sex, urban/rural distribution of salmonellosis remain stable. The highest incidence was registered among children one year old (423/100,000). Extraintestinal manifestations of salmonellosis (septicaemia, meningitis, pneumonia, peritonitis, appendicitis and other), were observed in 93 patients with at least one non-fecal specimen culture-positive for non-typhoidal Salmonella. In older patients, other diseases like carcinoma, leukaemia, lupus erythematosus, contributed to Salmonella infection. Twelve of those patients died.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Dysentery in Poland in 2001].

The notified number of dysentery cases is still very low, similar to the number reported in 2000. Only 128 cases were notified in the year 2001 (incidence 0.33/100,000 population) while 121 cases were notified in 2000 (incidence 0.31/100,000). No death due to dysentery was notified. The last three death cases were notified in 1999. Only one outbreak of foodborne infection due to S. sonnei involving 28 patients was registered, less than in 2000 when 2 outbreaks, one due to S. flexneri and one due to S. sonnei, and less than in 1999, when four outbreaks involving 146 patients were registered. S. sonnei remains the dominant etiological agent. It was isolated in 91% of notified dysentery cases and S. flexneri was isolated only in 10% of cases. S. dysenteriae and S. boydii were not found among persons examined bacteriologically by laboratory service of Epidemiological and Sanitary Stations. The external control of selective media used in 37 laboratories for routine bacteriological diagnosis of humans intestinal infections in the Sanitary--Epidemiological Stations (SSE) in Poland was performed. It was shown that the quality of the Mac Conkey medium was adequate for all 4 bacterial strains checked: S. sonnei, S. flexneri, S. Typhi and S. Enteritidis. All specimens of the SS medium were acceptable only for diagnosis of S. Enteritidis infections. The quality of media used in nearly 1/3 of SSE bacteriological laboratories was inadequate for diagnosis of S. flexneri infections and in some laboratories even not sufficient for diagnosis of infections due to S. Typhi and S. sonnei. In the period of low frequency of Shigella infections the external control of the quality of bacteriological media and laboratory procedures is needed and should be done regularly.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Foodborne infections and intoxications in Poland in 2001].

A total of 24,393 bacterial foodborne infections and intoxications were registered in 2001. The incidence was 63.1/100,000 population. S. Enteritidis was found in 93.4% of cases in outbreaks (in Poland 4 sick people and more) caused by Salmonella sp. The main vehicle of foodborne and waterborne outbreaks was food prepared from eggs (31.8% cases in outbreaks, 45.2% cases caused by Salmonella of animal's source). Private homes prevailed (47.9% of outbreaks, 62.6% of outbreaks caused by Salmonella) among the places of the ready made food production. Seven epidemics with more than 100 cases each, were registered. Ten deaths were noted in outbreaks in 2001 (1--in the result of salmonellosis of the animals's source and 9--after chemical poisoning).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Poisoning caused by chemicals for plant protection in Poland in 2001].

A total number of 220 cases of poisoning caused by chemicals for plant protection were registered in Poland in 2001 (incidence 0.57 per 100,000 population). The large number of cases occurred in one outbreak (104 cases; 47.3%). In this outbreak inhalation exposure took place in a school after spraying of HUKINOL AL (repelant for animals) by pupils. Course of disease in these cases was mild. Among remaining cases there were:--poisoning after intake of chemicals for plant protection (14.5% after suicidal intake, 21.4% after accidental intake, 1.4% after intake with fruits and one case--undetermined circumstances of intake);--poisoning after exposure at agricultural labour (10.0%); and--exposition in other or undetermined situation (2.3%). In 2001 were registered two outbreaks: above mentioned 104 cases and two cases (children) after intake of plums before lapse of a currency period. In total in 2001 eleven people died as a result of poisoning by chemicals for plant protection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Hepatitis B in Poland in 2001].

2,394 cases of hepatitis B (including 114 infections with both HBV and HCV) were reported in 2001 in Poland; the incidence rate was 6.2 per 100,000 population. The total number of cases decreased by 431 and incidence rate by 1.1 comparing to 2000. From 1993 to 2001 decline in number of cases was 5.5 times. This decline was mainly the result of vaccination of children and high risk patients though the improvement of sterilisation procedures could be of significance, especially in persons below 60 years of age. About 96.3% of all cases were hospitalised. Regional differences in both, the incidence rate and percentage of hospitalizations were observed. The incidence of hepatitis B per 100,000 was higher in urban (7.0) than in rural (4.9) population. The lowest incidence (0.4) was observed in children aged 0-4 years; in older children (5-9 years of age) the incidence rates were 4.5 in boys and 2.2 in girls. The highest ranging incidence, from 5.5 to 8.2 was found in the age group 15-24 years, especially in boys and young men (from 7.4 to 11.6) living in urban areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Hepatitis C in Poland in 2001].

Hepatitis C is a notifiable disease in Poland since 1997. The increasing trend in incidence over the last four years may be explained by continuous improvement of diagnosis and notification. In the year 2001, for the first time since 1997, a number of cases and an incidence of hepatitis C was lower than in preceding years. The total number of 1953 acute and chronic hepatitis C cases has been reported in 2001. Incidence per 100,000 inhabitants was 5.05. The differences in hepatitis C incidence in regard to gender, region and age have been observed. The incidence in urban regions was higher than in rural; 6.49/100,000 and 2.74/100,000, respectively. The incidence among men was higher than in women; 5.87/100,000 and 4.28/100,000, respectively. Coinfection with hepatitis B has been observed in 5.84% of hepatitis C cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Human brucellosis in Poland in 2001].

The registered 26 cases of human brucellosis in Poland comprise chronically ill professionals who in the past were involved for many years in the control of animal brucellosis. Three cases of acute infection were imported from Mediterranean region.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Malaria in Poland in 2001].

In 2001, 27 malaria cases were registered in Poland. All of them were imported, mainly from Africa (18 cases). Plasmodium vivax infection was confirmed in eleven cases, P. falciparum--in ten, P. falciparum/P. vivax--in four, P. malariae--in one and Plasmodium sp.--in one. Among 27 malaria cases 17 were men and 16 in 20-49 years old group. Twelve persons travelled abroad as tourists, five--as missionaries, three--in the connection with their job. In 2001 malaria deaths were not notified.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Experience using presternal catheter for peritoneal dialysis in Poland: a multicenter pediatric survey.

OBJECTIVES: Permanent and adequate access to the peritoneal cavity is the key to successful chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD). A variety of catheter designs and implantation techniques have been developed to achieve optimal peritoneal access. One such new and modified PD catheter is the presternal catheter [swan neck presternal catheter (SNPC)], with the exit site located on the chest wall. DESIGN: A multicenter survey was undertaken to summarize 10 years of experience with the presternal catheter in children in Poland. SETTING: Four pediatric institutions using the SNPC in children: (1) Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw; (2) Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw; (3) District Children's Hospital, Szczecin; (4) University of Medical Sciences, Poznan. PATIENTS: During the past 10 years, 20 presternal catheters were implanted in 19 children, aged 0.2-17.7 years (mean 8 +/- 5.8 years), with end-stage renal failure.The main indications for the SNPC include urinary diversion (ureterocutaneostomy or vesicostomy), use of diapers, young age, obesity, abdominal wall weakness, and recurrent exit-site infections (ESI) with previous abdominal PD catheters. INTERVENTION: In all children the presternal catheter was implanted surgically under general anesthesia by one surgeon. Uniform operative technique and uniform perioperative management were used. RESULTS: The mean observation time for the 20 presternal catheters was 24.8 +/- 25 months (range 1-83 months). The ESI rate was 1/70.9 patient-months (0.17 episodes per year), tunnel infection rate was 1/248 patient-months (0.05 episodes per year), and the overall peritonitis rate was 1/26.6 patient-months (0.51 episodes per year). Non-infectious complications associated with the SNPC included disconnection of both sections (2 children) and trauma to the exit site located on the chest wall (4 children). Mean survival time of the presternal catheter, as calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method, was 57.5 +/- 8.5 months; 50% catheter survival reached 72 months. CONCLUSIONS: The good outcome in patients with a SNPC validates the rationale for the presternal catheter design and should encourage its more widespread use. The SNPC seems to be suitable for any patient on PD; however, this catheter is particularly useful in patients with specific indications (ie., higher tendency to ESI). The SNPC allows safe and long-term chronic PD in very young children using diapers and in patients with urinary diversion.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Chronic hospitalizations in Poland from 1980 to 1989].

The aim of the following research was to present and try to explain the features of chronic hospitalizations in psychiatric hospitals in Poland during the 1980's. According to the definition adopted when working with inpatients, patients hospitalized for over one year are regarded as chronic. The percentage of chronic patients in the general patient population was found to be 8% of all hospitalizations. The largest number of chronically hospitalized patients was found among those diagnosed as mentally retarded (29%) and schizophrenic (15%). The least number of chronic hospitalizations was found among patients with a diagnosis of alcoholism (1%) and among the non-psychotic patients (4%). In the years 1980 to 1989 there was a systematic fall in the previously increasing rate of chronic hospitalizations of people diagnoses as non-alcoholic psychotic and mentally retarded to about 70% of the number registered at the beginning of the decade. The fall in the rate of increase of chronic hospitalization is mainly due to the fall in the rate of growth of the chronically hospitalized group. This fall is not significantly connected with the movement of patients to community based services or with the increased mortality rate during the 1980's. The causes of this phenomenon remain unanswered. It may be the result of the better and more accessible forms of treatment, such as intermediate treatment, which are an alternative to long-term hospitalizations. Another reason may be the more effective forms of hospital treatment and the fact that psychiatric hospitals are using the "revolving door" strategy.

Deinstitutionalization↗
PubMed1992

[Program for promotion of breast feeding in Poland. I. Justification of the program with supporting information].

A breast-feeding promotion programme for Poland was developed as a part of governmental programme to protect and improve health of the mother, child and family for the years 1986-2000 carried out by Institute of Mother and Child. It was presented as a document consisting of three major components which will go to press successively. Part I covers justification of the proposed programme activities and thirty five consistent paragraphs summarizing principal information on breast-feeding and its promotion.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1992

[Analysis of the correlation between measles and subacute sclerosis panencephalitis (SSPE) before and after introduction of vaccination in Poland].

Number of SSPE cases were analysed depending on epidemiologic situation of measles in Poland. Statistic analysis exhibit significant correlation between measles incidence in first year of live and total number of SSPE cases born in the same years. Problems antimeasles vaccination for eradication measles and SSPE were discussed based on the correlation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Infant mortality and perinatal mortality in Poland in the eighties].

The dynamics of the changes in the level of infant mortality and perinatal mortality in Poland during 1980-89 by age and cause is presented. The statistical definitions concerning the perinatal period are used according to the World Health Organization's recommendations. There is stronger decline in postneonatal mortality rates then in neonatal rates during the eighties. The level of neonatal mortality rates (14.8 in 1989) and perinatal mortality rates (19.6 in 1989) is high comparing to the developed countries.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

[Occurrence of infections with C burnetii (Q fever) in persons from increased risk groups in Poland--serological survey and evaluation of studied methods].

During years 1988-1991 at Regional Sanitary and Epidemiological Stations in Białystok, Kielce, Lublin, Leszno, Piotrków Trybunalski, Lódź, Poznań, Plock, Opole, Sanok, Skierniewice and Zielona Góra--serological studies in persons amenable to compulsory check-up against brucellosis were performed for detection of infections with C. burnetii. In whole, 20651 persons were investigated on the Polish territory and it was found that in 22.8% antibodies against antigens of C. burnetii are present. Percentage of persons with detected antibodies varied in different regions from 0 to 41.7%. No antibodies were found in persons inhabiting regions of Kielce, Piotrków Trybunalski and Skierniewice. Most persons with antibodies indicating contact with C. burnetii were found in West Poland, namely in the Leszno and Poznań region. As in diagnosis of Q fever two methods (OWD and OMA) or OWD only were applied, it is difficult to compare results obtained in regions using two or only one method of determination.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1959

The epidemic of Asian influenza in Poland, 1957.

In 1957 the number of influenza cases began to rise above the inter-epidemic level in the 32nd week of the year in Katowice Province of Poland and in the 41st week in the majority of remaining provinces. The peak was reached between the 42nd and 45th weeks in the various provinces, in which the total epidemic lasted for periods varying from eight to 11 weeks. For the country as a whole, the main epidemic period was October-November.The clinical picture was generally rather mild, with very few serious cerebral symptoms and no complications of the peripheral nervous system. The epidemic appears to have caused no increase in the number of deaths from pneumonia in infants, but there was a slight increase among children of school age and a marked one among adults, for whom the figures for complications of all sorts were rather higher than in the previous influenza epidemics.Serological tests on paired human sera showed a marked increase in complement-fixing antibody in several. Haemagglutination-inhibition tests were carried out on both human and animal sera, negative results being obtained in almost all the latter. Nine influenza strains were isolated, identified as Asian influenza. Two of them showed a low avidity to the Singapore and other Asian immune sera.

Adult↗
PubMed1959

Vaccination against influenza in Poland, 1953/56.

The authors describe the methods, organization and results of four large-scale trials of polyvalent, intranasal influenza vaccine conducted in Poland between 1953 and 1957. Vaccination was carried out mainly in industrial establishments, workers' and students' hostels and schools. Very few post-vaccination reactions were seen.In these trials, the formalinized intranasal vaccine, which has the advantage of being easy to administer, gave results not greatly different from those obtained in other countries with injected vaccines or with intranasal live-virus vaccine. The inclusion in the vaccine of a large number of strains, thus giving a broad antigenic spectrum, made it possible to obviate the difficulties involved in isolating a "precursor" strain, and thus made for quicker and more abundant vaccine production before an epidemic.

Administration, Intranasal↗