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PubMed2005

Lexical priming in picture naming of young children who do and do not stutter.

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the influence of lexical/semantic priming on the speech reaction time of young children who do and do not stutter during a picture-naming task. Participants were 23 children who stutter, age-matched (+/-4 months) to 23 children who do not stutter, ranging in age from 3;0 (years;months) to 5;11. Procedures involved a computer-assisted picture-naming task, during which each participant was presented with the same set of 28 pictures in each of 3 different conditions: (a) no-prime condition, in which no auditory stimulus was presented before picture display; (b) related-prime condition, in which a word, semantically related to the target picture, was presented auditorily 700 ms before picture display; and (c) unrelated-prime condition, in which a semantically unrelated word was presented auditorily 700 ms before picture display. Results indicated that when compared with a no-prime condition, presentation of semantically related words before the picture-naming response led to shorter or faster speech reaction times for children who do not stutter, but for children who stutter, it led to longer or slower speech reaction times. Moreover, children who do not stutter and who had higher receptive vocabulary scores exhibited faster speech reaction times and a greater semantic priming effect, whereas no such relationships were found for children who stutter. Findings were taken to suggest that children who stutter may exhibit subtle difficulties with lexical encoding and that this difficulty with speech-language planning may be one variable that contributes to childhood stuttering.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Effects of priming on the naming accuracy of preschoolers with word-finding deficits.

Eight preschoolers with word-finding (WF) deficits and 16 controls with normal word-finding abilities (8 preschoolers and 8 adults) named 40 pictured objects under primed and unprimed conditions. Each picture could be correctly labeled with a simple noun or a compound (e.g., cane or walking stick). The primed condition involved semantic primes for both the simple and compound targets as well as a partial lexical prime for the compound targets. All participant groups decreased naming errors when given the primes. Two results indicated that the participants made use of the lexical primes. The first was a shift in form of correct responses from simple nouns in the unprimed condition to compound nouns in the primed condition. The second was an increase in errors that incorporated the lexical prime in the primed condition. There were limits to the benefit that the WF group derived from the primes. First, the primes did not enable the WF group to compensate fully for their naming problems. The gap between the error rates of the WF group and the control groups was not reduced in the primed condition. Second, the quality of errors made by the WF group did not improve in response to primes. Compared to the controls, the WF group made proportionately more errors that indicated no access to the target neighborhood (particularly "I don't know" responses) in the unprimed condition. With primes, the controls further reduced their use of these errors, but the WF group did not. When members of the control groups did make errors, they were more likely than the WF children to produce a word substitution that bore a close semantic, visual, or phonological relation to the target in both unprimed and primed conditions. These limitations on the benefit of priming for participants in the WF group suggest deficiencies in size, elaboration, or organization of their lexicons.

Child Language↗
PubMed1997

A meta-analytic procedure shows an age-related decline in picture naming: comments on Goulet, Ska, and Kahn (1994).

In the conclusion of their review of the literature, Goulet, Ska, and Kahn (1994) found no clear evidence that picture-naming accuracy declines with advancing age. However, another conclusion can be drawn if one considers the subset of studies in which means and standard deviations of picture-naming accuracy are reported for different age groups: below 50, between 50 and 69, and from 70 years of age upwards. A meta-analysis of these data showed that naming accuracy was similar in the younger and the intermediate groups but that the performance of the older group was significantly different from that of the younger groups. Thus, the problem of inconsistencies in research findings can be resolved when meta-analytic methods are used.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Naming errors of children with specific language impairment.

This paper explores why children with SLI are less accurate than peers in naming pictures. Subjects included 66 children with SLI (aged 4:3 to 9:7) with 2 subgroups, one with expressive-only language deficits (SLIexp) and one with receptive and expressive language deficits (SLImix), and 66 children with no language impairment (NLI). Children with SLI made more errors than children with NLI, and proportionally more of their errors were names of objects associated with the pictured object (e.g., shoe/foot) and names that were phonologically related to the target than were those with NLI. The relative frequency of error types was related to pattern of language deficit; in comparison to their NLI peers, a greater proportion of SLIexp errors were phonological errors, and a greater proportion of the SLImix errors were semantic associated, semantic perceptual, and nonsemantic perseverative. The proportion of semantic-associated errors also discriminated a subgroup of the children with SLI from a matched subgroup of the children with SLImix. Interpretations and potential implications are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed2001

How useful is a name-based algorithm in health research among Turkish migrants in Germany?

Migrants often face particular social, economic and health disadvantages relative to the population of the host country. In order to adapt health services to the needs of migrants, health researchers need to identify differences in risk factor and disease profiles, as well as inequalities concerning treatment and prevention. Registries of health-related events could be employed for these purposes. In Germany, however, routine data bases often hold no, or inaccurate, information on the national origin of the cases registered. We developed an algorithm based on a large data set of Turkish family and first names (n=15 000), with religion as additional criterion, to identify cases of Turkish origin in registries in a largely automatic search. We tested the performance of the algorithm in a population registry and in a cancer registry. The algorithm discriminates well against Greek and Arab names, with 1% false positive matches in our study. It achieves a specificity of > 99.9% in delimiting Turkish from German cases in the cancer registry. The sensitivity can be increased to 85%, provided the small proportion of case records with uncertain origin can be assessed manually. The name algorithm can be useful for registry-based health research among Turkish migrants in Germany. Possible applications are e.g. in cancer registries to compare survival among German and Turkish cancer patients, or in health insurance registries to compare the relative importance of work-related degenerative diseases. In specific circumstances, the algorithm may also be useful in aetiological research.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2003

[Madhouse, asylum, retreat, specialist hospital - on the genesis and history of names for psychiatric institutions in Germany until the beginning of the 20th century].

This paper analyses the history of names for psychiatric institutions in the German language. When scientific, medical psychiatry came into being in the late 18 (th) century, names with negative connotations such as "Narrenhaus" or "Tollhaus" (approximating to the English word "madhouse") were substituted by the then neutral "Irrenhaus" and later in the 19 (th) century by "Irrenanstalt". Soon, however, this new term became associated with negative connotations, making it unsuitable as a reflection of the many improvements made both in the treatment and the public image of psychiatric service users. Changes in word form such as "Heilanstalt", "Pflegeanstalt" and "Heil- und Pflegeanstalt" better reflect the character of the institutions. Objections to the word "Anstalt" (institution) were not acknowledged until the 20 (th) century when the term "Fachkrankenhaus" ("specialist hospital") was introduced. Before then the German word "Klinik" was reserved for university hospitals, the first of which was founded in 1878. The history of names for psychiatric institutions reflects both changes in the treatment of the mentally ill and the attempts made above all by psychiatrists to face and overcome stigmatisation of their clients.

Germany↗
PubMed2001

Surface cues reduce the latency to name rotated images of objects.

Jolicoeur (1985, Memory & Cognition 13 289-303) found a linear increase in the latency to name line drawings of objects rotated (0 degrees to 120 degrees) from the upright (0 degrees) in the initial trial block. This effect was much shallower in later blocks. He proposed that the initial effect may indicate that mental rotation is the default process for recognising rotated objects, and that the decrease in this effect, seen with practice, may reflect the increased use of learned orientation-invariant features. Initially, we were interested in whether object-colour associations that may be learned during the initial block, could account for the reduced latency to name rotated objects, seen in later blocks. In experiment 1 we used full-cue colour images of objects that depicted colour and other surface cues. Surprisingly, given that Jolicoeur's findings were replicated several times with line drawings, we found that even the initial linear trend in naming latency was shallow. We replicated this result in follow-up experiments. In contrast, when we used less-realistic depictions of the same objects that had fewer visual cues (ie line drawings, coloured drawings, greyscale images), the results were comparable to those of Jolicoeur. Also, the initial linear trends were steeper for these depictions than for full-cue colour images. The results suggest that, when multiple surface cues are available in the image, mental rotation may not be the default recognition process.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Color naming reflects optimal partitions of color space.

The nature of color categories in the world's languages is contested. One major view holds that color categories are organized around universal focal colors, whereas an opposing view holds instead that categories are defined at their boundaries by linguistic convention. Both of these standardly opposed views are challenged by existing data. Here, we argue for a third view based on a proposal by Jameson and D'Andrade [Jameson KA, D'Andrade RG (1997) in Color Categories in Thought and Language, eds Hardin CL, Maffi L (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, U.K.), pp 295-319]: that color naming across languages reflects optimal or near-optimal divisions of an irregularly shaped perceptual color space. We formalize this idea, test it against color-naming data from a broad range of languages and show that it accounts for universal tendencies in color naming while also accommodating some observed cross-language variation.

Color↗
PubMed2002

How many named species are valid?

Estimates of biodiversity in both living and fossil groups depend on raw counts of currently recognized named species, but many of these names eventually will prove to be synonyms or otherwise invalid. This difficult bias can be resolved with a simple "flux ratio" equation that compares historical rates of invalidation and revalidation. Flux ratio analysis of a taxonomic data set of unrivalled completeness for 4,861 North American fossil mammal species shows that 24-31% of currently accepted names eventually will prove invalid, so diversity estimates are inflated by 32-44%. The estimate is conservative compared with one obtained by using an older, more basic method. Although the degree of inflation varies through both historical and evolutionary time, it has a minor impact on previously published background origination and extinction rates. Several lines of evidence suggest that the same bias probably affects more poorly studied, hyperdiverse living groups such as fungi and insects. If so, then current estimates of total global diversity could be revised downwards to as low as 3.5-10.5 million species.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Resolving the question of color naming universals.

The existence of cross-linguistic universals in color naming is currently contested. Early empirical studies, based principally on languages of industrialized societies, suggested that all languages may draw on a universally shared repertoire of color categories. Recent work, in contrast, based on languages from nonindustrialized societies, has suggested that color categories may not be universal. No comprehensive objective tests have yet been conducted to resolve this issue. We conduct such tests on color naming data from languages of both industrialized and nonindustrialized societies and show that strong universal tendencies in color naming exist across both sorts of language.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Invariance of brain-wave representations of simple visual images and their names.

In two experiments, electric brain waves of 14 subjects were recorded under several different conditions to study the invariance of brain-wave representations of simple patches of colors and simple visual shapes and their names, the words blue, circle, etc. As in our earlier work, the analysis consisted of averaging over trials to create prototypes and test samples, to both of which Fourier transforms were applied, followed by filtering and an inverse transformation to the time domain. A least-squares criterion of fit between prototypes and test samples was used for classification. The most significant results were these. By averaging over different subjects, as well as trials, we created prototypes from brain waves evoked by simple visual images and test samples from brain waves evoked by auditory or visual words naming the visual images. We correctly recognized from 60% to 75% of the test-sample brain waves. The general conclusion is that simple shapes such as circles and single-color displays generate brain waves surprisingly similar to those generated by their verbal names. These results, taken together with extensive psychological studies of auditory and visual memory, strongly support the solution proposed for visual shapes, by Bishop Berkeley and David Hume in the 18th century, to the long-standing problem of how the mind represents simple abstract ideas.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

A review of the Boston Naming Test and multiple-occasion normative data for older adults on 15-item versions.

The literature reveals numerous versions of the Boston Naming Test (BNT) but normative data for very old people are scarce. Using four shortened versions of the BNT we produced normative data and examined naming ability longitudinally in a population-based sample of community dwelling elderly people. Our initial sample comprised 803 people with an average age of 76 years (range 65-93) who were examined twice, 2 years apart. A sub-sample of 326 people were followed-up 6 years later and re-examined. Results indicated that age and education level, but not gender, affected naming ability.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

Agnosia for object orientation: naming and mental rotation evidence.

We have previously reported the performance of a patient (NL) who could recognize objects, but appeared to lack knowledge of their orientation. These results were interpreted as evidence that NL had isolated access to a viewpoint-independent (ventral stream) object recognition system. However, because NL's responses on naming tasks were not timed, it was not possible to establish whether he showed the same pattern of reaction time performance generally accepted as evidence of a 'mental rotation' strategy in neurologically normal subjects. Here we report NL's performance on two reaction time tasks, testing his ability to transform images when naming, and discriminating between rotated mirror image objects. As predicted, and in contrast to normal volunteers, NL showed no 'mental rotation' effect in his naming of misoriented objects. Paradoxically, he performed well on a traditional Shepard and Metzler mental rotation task. He also showed a normal orientation effect when dealing with misoriented faces. These findings offer further support for viewpoint-independent theories of object recognition, and bolster the claim that object orientation knowledge can be regarded as, in some respects, a special class of spatial information.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Does humor in radio advertising affect recognition of novel product brand names?

The authors proposed that item selection during shopping is based on brand name recognition rather than recall. College students rated advertisements and news stories of a simulated radio program for level of amusement (orienting activity) before participating in a surprise recognition test. Humor level of the advertisements was varied systematically, and content was controlled. According to signal detection analysis, humor did not affect the strength of recognition memory for brand names (nonsense units). However, brand names and product types were significantly more likely to be associated when appearing in humorous advertisements than in nonhumorous advertisements. The results are compared with prior findings concerning humor and recall.

Advertising↗
PubMed2001

Effects of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) on antropyloroduodenal motility and appetite in response to intraduodenal lipid infusion in humans.

BACKGROUND: Studies in animals indicate that endogenous nitric oxide (NO) is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the gastrointestinal tract and that it modulates food intake. We evaluate the role of NO mechanisms in mediating the effects of small intestinal nutrients on antropyloroduodenal motility and appetite in humans. METHODS: On 2 separate days, 8 healthy adult men received intravenous L-NAME 180 microg/kg/h or 0.9% saline (0-150 min); between 30 min and 120 min, an intraduodenal lipid infusion (2 kcal/min) was administered, and at 120 min subjects were offered a buffet meal (120-150 min). Antropyloroduodenal pressures were measured with a sleeve/sidehole manometric assembly. During the infusions, perceptions of hunger and fullness were assessed with visual analog questionnaires and amount and macronutrient content of food consumed at the buffet meal were quantified. Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored at regular intervals. RESULTS: Intraduodenal lipid infusion was associated with increases in fullness (P < 0.05) and in frequency of isolated pyloric pressure waves (P < 0.05) and basal pyloric pressure (P < 0.05); and decreases in hunger (P < 0.05) and in frequency of antral (P < 0.05) and duodenal (P < 0.05) pressure waves. L-NAME increased diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.08) and decreased heart rate (P < 0.05), but had no effect on antropyloroduodenal pressures or food intake. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous administration of the systemic NO synthase inhibitor, L-NAME, in a dose that affects cardiovascular function in healthy humans does not modify the antropyloroduodenal motor and appetite responses to intraduodenal lipid infusion.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Equivalent forms of the Boston Naming Test.

In order to develop a test of naming ability that is sensitive to changes in performance on repeated testing, but is unbiased by practice effects, the 85 items of the Boston Naming Test (BNT) were divided into two 42-item forms. Both forms were given to 15 healthy adult subjects, 24 patients with a clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, and 17 patients with other brain lesions. The reliability of the BNT was high as measured by coefficient alpha and interitem correlations. Performance on the two forms of the test was similar as indicated by mean scores and by correlations between scores. The BNT score includes uncued (spontaneous) and cued responses. When uncued responses were analyzed separately, the reliability and equivalence of the forms remained strong. Using uncued scores therefore does not alter the psychometric properties of the test, and considerably reduces administration time. The modification of the BNT described here should be useful in studies in which repeated measurements are obtained for the purpose of detecting changes in naming ability.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed2006

Mild traumatic brain injury: effects on naming in word retrieval and discourse.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To investigate differences between a group with mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) and a control group relative to standard scores and error type during word retrieval in both naming and discourse tasks. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Ten participants with MTBI were age-, gender- and education-matched with 10 participants without injury. Pre-experimental tasks for the participants with MTBI included the Scales of Cognitive Ability for Traumatic Brain Injury and the Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices and both groups received the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III. Experimental tasks included the Test of Adolescent/Adult Word Finding and the Test of Word Finding in Discourse. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Few participants (three on each experimental task) demonstrated psychometrically-based word retrieval deficits (standard score < 85); however, a significant difference in performance for the TAWF as compared to the TWFD was observed between groups. More word finding errors occurred with confrontational naming than with discourse tasks for both groups, with latency as the primary error type. CONCLUSIONS: Confrontational naming tasks may be more sensitive to subtle language difficulties occurring after MTBI. The study of adults with MTBI and their performance on semantically-based tasks offers important information for the advancement of therapeutic intervention and education.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Semantic priming in number naming.

The issue of semantic and non-semantic conversion routes for numerals is still debated in numerical cognition. We report two number-naming experiments in which the target numerals were preceded by another numeral (prime). The primes and targets could be presented either in arabic (digit) notation or in verbal (alphabetical) notation. The results reveal a semantically related distance effect: Latencies are fastest when the prime has the same value as the target and increase when the distance between prime and target increases. We argue that the present results are congruent with the idea that the numerals make access to an ordered semantic number line common to all notations, as the results are the same for within-notation priming (arabic-arabic or verbal-verbal) and between-notations priming (arabic-verbal or verbal-arabic). The present results also point to a rapid involvement of semantics in the naming of numerals, also when the numerals are words. As such, they are in line with recent claims of rapid semantic mediation in word naming.

Female↗