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At least 1,405 records · Page 78Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Within-mouth correlations for indicators of the host response in gingival crevicular fluid.

Gingival crevicular fluid was collected from multiple sites in patients with chronic adult periodontitis, and analysed for the lysosomal enzymes beta-glucuronidase and arylsulphatase, the cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase, total IgA, IgG and IgM and the protease inhibitor alpha 2-macroglobulin. The within-mouth (intraclass) correlation coefficients were calculated to describe the relationship between samples collected from individual patients. Data collected at baseline and 3 months after root planing and scaling were analysed, as was the change between examinations. Volume of crevicular fluid demonstrated the smallest intraclass correlation coefficient (0.16 at baseline, 0.12 at 3 months; 0.11 change), while probing depth and enzyme activity had moderate intraclass correlations (i.e. 0.36, 0.36, 0.26 for beta-glucuronidase). Immunoglobulin and alpha 2-macroglobulin activity in the fluid had the strongest correlations (i.e. 0.64, 0.57, 0.65 for IgG). The correlations for anatomically related teeth within a quadrant (molar, non-molar) were equivalent to or greater than the correlation for all samples within a mouth. Examined by tooth type, the intraclass correlations for volume of crevicular fluid, probing depth, beta-glucuronidase, arylsulphatase and lactate dehydrogenase were higher for non-molar teeth. In contrast, intraclass correlations for IgA, IgG, IgM and alpha 2-macroglobulin in samples from molar teeth were either equivalent to or greater than the correlations for non-molar samples. Calculation of intraclass correlation coefficients for such data can (1) indicate the degree of variability present in multiple samples of crevicular fluid collected from individual patients, (2) provide information about the source of host mediators in the fluid, and (3) help identify appropriate sampling strategies for the fluid.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Analysis of interpretations of full-mouth and panoramic surveys.

The purposes of this study were to determine differences in interpretation of radiographic findings of full-mouth and panoramic surveys by junior and senior dental students and differences in their interpretive skills. The parameters of interest were caries, incipiencies, lamina dura interruptions, periodontal membrane changes, and periapical bone changes. The questions to be answered regarding the differences between the full-mouth and panoramic surveys were: (1) In which type of radiograph were the most lesions found? (2) In which type of radiograph are the most "non-existing" lesions found? (3) In which type of radiograph are the most lesions undetected? (4) Does the junior or senior dental student demonstrate the most accuracy in his interpretation?

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1995

Identification of native foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural protein 2C as a serological indicator to differentiate infected from vaccinated livestock.

Cattle and pigs which have been vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease can be distinguished from convalescent animals by radio-immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the virus-induced proteins reacting with the respective sera. Baby hamster kidney cells infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) (serotype A24) were labelled with 35S-methionine and the virus-induced proteins were precipitated with sera from vaccinated and subsequently challenged animals, convalescent animals retained for over 300 days, animals vaccinated or infected with viruses belonging to all serotypes of FMDV, and animals infected with encephalomyocarditis (EMC) or porcine or bovine enteroviruses. In addition to the structural proteins of the virus, the non-structural proteins 2C, 3ABC, 3C, 3CD and 3D were precipitated by convalescent sera, but only 3D was precipitated by serum from vaccinated animals. Proteins L, 2C and 3C were precipitated only after challenge with a heterotypic virus (serotype O1 Tunisia), indicating that virus replication of the challenge virus had taken place. No precipitation was detected with sera from EMC or enterovirus-infected animals. The results indicate that protein 2C, and to a lesser extent the polypeptide 3ABC, could be used to differentiate potential carrier convalescent animals from vaccinated livestock.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Pattern of breathing and mouth occlusion pressure during acclimatization to high altitude.

Pattern of breathing and mouth occlusion pressure have been investigated during a 6-day sojourn at an altitude of 3457 m in six resting subjects breathing ambient air or an hyperoxic mixture. It has been shown that ventilation increases and alveolar PCO2 decreases, both variables reaching a steady-state after about 4 days at altitude. Changes in ventilation are caused by modifications, at first, in the timing component of the respiratory cycle and later on, in the mean inspiratory airflow. This suggests that the output of the respiratory center is qualitatively modified during the acclimatization period. Mouth occlusion pressure, an index of neuromuscular inspiratory drive, increased on the first day at altitude, remaining constant thereafter. The mean inspiratory flow did not change on the first day, but progressively increased in the subsequent 3 days. The observation that flow increased in the face of a constant neuromuscular inspiratory drive suggests that during acclimatization to altitudes, the progressive increase in ventilation is due to changes in mechanics of the ventilatory pump rather than changes in central neural drive.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1979

Severe ulcerative herpes of mouth and eye following measles.

Malnourished children in the north of Nigeria who had had a severe attack of measles were prone to deep ulcers of the mouth and eyes. Herpes simplex virus was isolated from 17 of 25 of the mouth ulcers which were erosive, slow to heal and caused much suffering and loss of weight. Herpes virus was also identified, either by immunofluorescent staining or viral culture, in the corneal scrapings of the eye ulcers from 16 of 34 children. These ulcers healed slowly in two to six weeks leaving damaging scars which impaired vision and caused blindness in some cases. It is suggested that measles leads to profound depression of cell mediated immunity in malnourished children with the consequence that secondary herpes simplex infections become abnormally severe and erosive.

Body Weight↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bacteriological studies of the venom and mouth cavities of wild Malayan pit vipers (Calloselasma rhodostoma) in southern Thailand.

Venom and oropharyngeal swabs from freshly captured Malayan pit vipers (Calloselasma rhodostoma) in southern Thailand and captive specimens in England were cultured aerobically and anaerobically to identify the bacterial flora which might contaminate wounds inflicted by bites of this species. The snakes' mouths contained a wider range of organisms than their venoms, especially gut-related Gram-negative rods such as Enterobacter and Pseudomonas species and some staphylococci and clostridia. There were fewer positive cultures from captive snakes. C. rhodostoma venom inhibited the growth of group A streptococci and, to a lesser extent, that of Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringens but not that of 2 Gram-negative organisms. Secondary bacterial infection is an important complication of snake bite, especially of necrotic wounds. A combination of gentamicin with benzyl penicillin would have prevented infection with, or treated, most of the bacteria isolated from snake venoms and mouths in Thailand.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Dosing regimen differentiates sensitization of locomotion and mouthing to D2 agonist quinpirole.

The study examines whether the order of administering 2 doses of quinpirole (0.5 and 8 mg/kg) affects the development of behavioral sensitization, as measured by the amount of forward progression and mouthing. Results show that injection of the high dose greatly enhances the subsequent locomotor response to the low dose of quinpirole, but not vice versa. Mouthing activity is not influenced by order of administration but is significantly greater at the higher dose of quinpirole. The present findings are consistent with a hypothesis that locomotor sensitization involves down-regulation of a D1 tone normally inhibitory to D2 locomotor activation.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Embryo transfer as a means of controlling the transmission of viral infections. XIII. Failure to transmit foot-and-mouth disease virus through the transfer of embryos from viremic donors.

A total of 436 embryos/unfertilized ova was collected from 30 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) viremic cattle; 106 of these embryos/ova were from eight donors that had FMD virus in their reproductive tracts. The 436 embryos/ova were washed and then either assayed in cell culture or intradermally in steer tongues or transferred to recipients. Foot-and-mouth infectivity was not found to be associated with any of the embryos/ova assayed in cell culture or intradermally. The 149 embryos transferred produced two abortions, five sets of twins born prematurely, and 15 normal calves. All of the recipients and all of the calves remained FMD-seronegative.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Freeze-drying foot-and-mouth disease virus antigens. I. Infectivity studies.

The ability of foot-and-mouth disease virus strains type O1 BFS 1860 and type A22 IRQ 24/64 to retain infectivity after freeze-drying with or without additives being made to virus suspensions was studied. The infectivity titres of freeze-dried antigens was assessed at intervals over a six month storage period at various temperatures and also after reconstitution to the liquid phase and storage with or without glycerination. Certain additive solutions were necessary to prevent degradation of virus during the freeze-drying procedure which reduced any loss of infectivity caused by storage of products at 4 degrees C and 20 degrees C. Additive solutions composed of 10% sucrose and 5% lactalbumin hydrolysate; 10% skimmed milk; 4% peptone and 1% gelatin; and 5% dextran, 1% sodium glutamate and 5% sucrose all prolonged the keeping qualities of virus at the elevated temperature of 37 degrees C. The results indicate that short-term storage and shipment of freeze-dried foot-and-mouth disease virus antigens is possible without the need for refrigeration, thereby reducing transportation and storage costs. Reconstituted antigens survived better after glycerination and storage at -20 degrees C than did non-glycerinated samples stored at 4 degrees C.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Antigenic variation of foot-and-mouth disease virus of serotype C during propagation in the field is mainly restricted to only one structural protein (VP1).

The primary structure of VP3, VP2 and VP4 capsid protein genes has been determined for six epizootiologically-related foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) isolates of serotype C1, two of which presented immunogenic differences as determined by a cross-protection assay. The results obtained have been compared with those previously reported for the corresponding VP1 genes Martinez et al. (1988) Gene 62, 75-84. High rates of fixation of mutations have been estimated for the four capsid protein genes that ranged from 3.9 X 10(-4) to 4.5 X 10(-3) substitutions per nucleotide per year, with the highest values corresponding to VP1. Despite this genetic heterogeneity most of the amino acid exchanges are within the VP1 protein. Of the fourteen amino acid substitutions one was located in VP2 and two in VP3. Five out of the eleven amino acid exchanges that affected VP1 were located within residues 138-149, part of a main immunogenic site in FMDV. These results show that in the course of a foot-and-mouth disease outbreak, immunologically relevant amino acid substitutions occur mainly in viral capsid protein VP1.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Structure and immunogenicity of experimental foot-and-mouth disease and poliomyelitis vaccines.

The physico-chemical properties and immunogenicity of experimental vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and poliomyelitis, prepared by treatment of the viruses with N-acetylethyleneimine (AEI), formaldehyde or neutral red, have been studied. None of these reagents affects the rate of sedimentation of the particles or their reaction with antibody against the major immunogenic sites. FMD vaccines prepared by inactivation with AEI or neutral red, behaved like the untreated virus, in that they were disrupted on lowering the pH below 7. The RNA of the AEI-inactivated virus was degraded into slowly sedimenting molecules. Unlike AEI-inactivated virus, from which all the RNA could be extracted with phenol-SDS, the recovery from the neutral red inactivated virus was variable and was sometimes as low as 40%; this RNA gave a heterogenous profile in sucrose gradients. The capsid proteins in the AEI preparation migrated in SDS-PAGE to the same positions as those of untreated virus, but in the neutral red preparation there was evidence of cross-linking. In contrast, the formaldehyde-inactivated vaccine was stable below pH 7 and the RNA could not be released by extraction with phenol-SDS at pH 5, because the capsid proteins had become cross-linked and/or linked to the RNA. As with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), poliovirus which had been inactivated with formaldehyde did not release its RNA on extraction with phenol-SDS and the capsid proteins were also cross-linked. Surprisingly, although AEI cleaved the viral RNA slowly in situ, the virus was no longer infectious after 6 h. Neutral red did not reduce the infectivity of the virus. All of the preparations gave similar levels of neutralizing antibody after a single inoculation. The high levels obtained with the formaldehyde-inactivated vaccines have implications for the processing of fixed particles by the antigen-presenting cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

A continuous bovine kidney cell line for routine assays of foot-and-mouth disease virus.

A continuous bovine kidney cell line, LF-BK, arose from primary bovine calf kidney cells that survived infection with a temperature-sensitive mutant of foot-and-mouth disease virus. No virus was recovered after the first passage. Cells of Passage 48 were inoculated into two steers which remained healthy and did not develop neutralizing antibodies to the virus. The karyotype of cells of the 53rd and 87th passages was similar and revealed that the cells were markedly transformed. The modal number of diploid chromosomes was 52 at both passage levels. LF-BK cells and primary bovine kidney cells were equally susceptible in plaque assays to each of the 7 types of foot-and-mouth disease virus. The cell line and primary bovine kidney cells were less susceptible than primary bovine thyroid cells to several subtypes of the virus in suspensions of tongue epithelium. The LF-BK continuous cell line is recommended for routine plaque assays or plaque neutralization tests as a substitute for primary bovine kidney cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus: implications for its physical and biological properties.

The structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus has been solved at a resolution of 2.9 A by X-ray diffraction techniques. The overall structural organisation of the particle is similar to that seen in other picornaviruses but there are several unique features. Many of these help to explain its characteristic physical and biological properties. In particular the canyon or pit found at the surface of other picornaviruses is lacking, which has important implications for cell attachment and the process of infection. Also there are 60 large disordered protrusions at the surface corresponding to the major antigenic site. This disorder is of particular interest in relation to the striking ability of linear synthetic peptides to induce protective immunity against foot-and-mouth disease.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of implementing program consequences with a group of individuals who engaged in sensory maintained hand mouthing.

This study evaluated whether a multicomponent treatment package could be successfully implemented with individuals who engage in self-injurious hand mouthing maintained by sensory consequences in the context of both individual and small group settings. Three ambulatory individuals with profound mental retardation participated on an individual basis followed by treatment within a group setting. Generalization of the intervention results to the natural living environment was then analyzed. Using an ABAB experimental design, the effectiveness of brief response interruption followed by the introduction of a preferred leisure item to reduce hand mouthing during 15-min intervention sessions was analyzed. Results of these experiments showed that the intervention could be successfully implemented during individual and small group sessions and during group sessions conducted in the natural environment. The benefits and limitations of this intervention strategy and future research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

A functional view of the entrances of L-type Ca2+ channels: estimates of the size and surface potential at the pore mouths.

At extreme membrane potentials, the unitary inward and outward currents through L-type Ca2+ channels become diffusion controlled and saturate. The magnitudes of these currents indicate that the pore entrances are asymmetric, with the external mouth being much larger than the internal one. On the other hand, negative surface potentials at the two ends of the pore are rather similar. Both would be significant only when the ambient ionic strength is 110 mM or less. We conclude that the surface charges will not help much in concentrating the channel's favorite divalent cations in the physiological condition. However, the pore does possess an external mouth large enough to make the important inward Ca2+ flow not limited by diffusion, even with only 1 mM external Ca2+.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Dietary intake in head and neck irradiated patients with permanent dry mouth symptoms.

Radiotherapy of the head and neck region, which includes the major and minor salivary glands in the radiation field, usually leads to temporary or permanent xerostomia. This may affect eating and increase the risk of inadequate intake of energy and nutrients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of radiotherapy-induced xerostomia on energy and nutrient intake in individuals treated for malignancies in the head and neck region. The dietary intake of 24 patients with a low chewing stimulated whole saliva flow rate (< 0.5 ml/min) and in age and sex matched controls with normal flow rate (> 1.0 ml/min) was recorded for 7 days. The average daily energy intake was nearly 300 kcal lower in the irradiated patients with dry mouth symptoms than in the control group. The mean intake in the former group was 1925 kcal per day whereas the control group had an intake of 2219 kcal per day. Irradiated patients with dry mouth symptoms had significantly lower mean intakes of vitamin A, beta-carotene, vitamin E, vitamin B6, folacine, iron and zinc than those in the control group. There was also a lower intake of vitamin C, but this was not statistically significant. The intake of vitamins A and C exceeded or reached the levels recommended in the Swedish Nutritional recommendations, but the average intakes of fibre, iron, beta-carotene, vitamin E, zinc, selenium, and iron did not reach recommended levels, in neither the experimental nor the control group. There was a slight positive correlation between energy intake and saliva secretion rate in the control group, but the energy intake was totally independent of variations in secretion rate in the irradiated patients with low secretion rate.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Susceptibility to Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil of yeasts isolated from the mouths of patients with advanced cancer.

Yeasts that are resistant to azole antifungal drugs are increasingly isolated from the mouths of cancer patients suffering from oral fungal infections. Tea tree oil is an agent possessing antimicrobial properties that may prove useful in the prevention and management of infections caused by these organisms. In this study, 301 yeasts isolated from the mouths of 199 patients suffering from advanced cancer were examined by an in vitro agar dilution assay for susceptibility to tea tree oil. All of the isolates tested were susceptible, including 41 that were known to be resistant to both fluconazole and itraconazole. Clinical studies of tea tree oil as an agent for the prevention and treatment of oral fungal infections in immunocompromised patients merit consideration.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed2001

Relationships between medication intake, complaints of dry mouth, salivary flow rate and composition, and the rate of tooth demineralization in situ.

The aim of this study was to describe the relationships between the rate of tooth demineralisation and medication intake, subjective feeling of dry mouth, saliva flow, saliva composition and the salivary level of lactobacilli. The study group consisted of 28 subjects that were divided into three groups according to their unstimulated whole saliva flow rate. Group 1 had an unstimulated saliva low rate < or =0.16 ml/min (n=10), group 2 had one from 0.17--0.30 ml/min (n=9), and group 3 had one >0.30 ml/min (n=9). The rate of tooth demineralization was determined as mineral loss assessed by quantitative microradiography of human root surfaces, exposed to the oral environment for 62 days in situ. The unstimulated and stimulated saliva flow rates, pH, bicarbonate, calcium, phosphate, and protein concentrations, as well as the degree of saturation of saliva with hydroxyapatite and the saliva buffer capacity were determined. The results showed that almost all subjects developed demineralization, albeit at highly varying rates. Eighty-five percent of the subjects in group 1, 33% of the subjects in group 2, and 0% of the subjects in group 3 developed mineral loss above the mean mineral loss for all the root surfaces in this experiment. Futhermore, group 1 differed significantly from groups 2 and 3 in having a higher medication intake, a more pronounced feeling of dry mouth, lower stimulated saliva flow rate, lower stimulated bicarbonate concentration, lower unstimulated and stimulated compositional outputs (bicarbonate, calcium, phosphate, and protein), and a higher Lactobacillus level. The best explanatory variable for high mineral loss in this study was a low unstimulated saliva flow rate. In conclusion, our results suggest that an unstimulated salivary flow rate < or =0.16 ml/min as described by Navazesh et al. (1992), is a better indicator of increased caries risk due to impaired salivation, than the currently accepted definition of hyposalivation (unstimulated saliva flow rate < or =0.10 ml/min), which relates to the function of the salivary glands (Sreebny, 1992).

Adult↗