Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “MORALS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,405 records · Page 78Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

[The moral conscience in the depressive patient].

The two fundamental forms of the depressive guilt are the feeling of guilt and the delusion of guilt. Both phenomena emanate from a conscience distorted because of the depressive mood by means of an holothymic and catathymic mechanism. Also the other three dimensions of depression (anergy, discommunication and rhythmopathy) take part in producing this moral distortion. The appearance of the depressive guilt happens only when these two factors are present: a previous personality with a great spiritual development and a complete or tetradimensional depression. Shame and distrust replace the guilt in the asiatic and african countries.

Conscience↗
PubMed1991

Is it morally justifiable not to sedate this patient before ventilator withdrawal?

In their case description and analysis, Barbara Springer Edwards and Winston M. Ueno provide a nice opportunity to examine the intersection of theory and practice in medical ethics, as well as to discuss the fine tuning of treatment decisions in the clinical setting. They raise the question: Is it morally justifiable to sedate an alert patient before his life-supporting ventilator is disconnected? Clearly they have a thorough understanding of their patient's legal and ethical entitlement to have his request for discontinuation of life-supporting treatment honored. They also recognize the principle of double effect in allowing large doses of medication to control pain even at the risk of accelerating death. My doubts lie in their specific application of the notion of beneficence, a principle that involves mainly two objectives: preservation of life and alleviation of suffering....

Altruism↗
PubMed1992

What is the moral basis of the authority of family members to act as surrogates for incompetent patients?

... The authority of family members should be understood as presumptive; that is, there is a moral presumption that a close family member should serve as surrogate for an incompetent patient. That presumption can be overcome or rebutted in a particular case, either when there is sufficient evidence that the usual reasons supporting this presumption do not hold or when the surrogate's decision exceeds appropriate limits of surrogates' decision-making discretion. In order to clarify these hard cases and appropriate public policy, we need a much deeper and more complex analysis than either the conventional view, or the alternative account that Pearlman and colleagues provide. I have sought here only to point toward some of the other grounds that a full account of family members' authority as surrogates would have to develop and explore in much more detail....

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Hospitals and moral imperatives: hospital ethics.

... Because institutional ethics has been neglected, there is a tendency in our institutional life to apply moral principles with which we are familiar from our personal life. However, principles from individual ethics often distort institutional ethics. Ethical problems in the hospital are not exactly the same as ethical problems that arise when individual doctors treat individual patients. And when the problems are similar, the ethical principles by which we should resolve them are likely to be quite different. To begin to make a case for taking hospital ethics seriously, I briefly examine two familiar principles of individual doctor-patient ethics that look different, or should look different, in the setting of a hospital. I then discuss ethics committees -- one of the most important ways in which hospital ethics is put into practice.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Moral status of the embryo].

Diagnosis for the purposes of embryo selection prior to implantation, research using embryos and the German embryo Protection Act (1991) constitute the starting-point for a discussion of the legal and moral status of embryos. Since the entire genetic programme for a future human being is established at the point of completed union of female egg-cell and male sperm-cell, the embryo conceived in vitro also benefits from the protection of human dignity. It may therefore not be treated exclusively as an object of another's purposes, in other words, it may not be exploited for research or rejected after pre-implantation diagnosis. This conclusion is in accordance with constitutional case-law and international human rights treaties. Research using embryos is permissible in the case of one narrowly circumscribed exception, which will be more closely defined.

Embryo, Mammalian↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Moral attitudes & mental disorders.

When psychiatrists treat patients with mental disorders--when clinicians of any stripe have a "difficult patient"--they confront and must come to terms with the thought that the patient is morally responsible for his conduct. Taken to its extreme form, this attitude leads to a repudiation of the whole concept of mental illness. In a modest form, and held perpetually in tension with an objective, clinical stance toward mental disorders, it is an ineluctable part of the practice of psychiatry.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed2002

Unexpected findings in identifiable stored blood samples after analysis without consent: moral arguments for and against disclosure.

Obtaining informed consent for using blood samples in research is mandatory. However, sometimes no consent is obtained for analysis of identifiable blood samples in a second study. As a result, a moral dilemma raises in case a possibly pathogenic mutation is found. Should the involved person be informed that such a mutation has been detected? We present a case in which this problem occurred and discuss arguments for and against information disclosure.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Cloning and stem cells. Social, ethical and moral impact].

Stem cells are non-specialised cells, but capable to develop into differenciated (or specialised) cells, that maintain a specific function until they die. Stem cells are obtained from blastocysts. Despite of their therapeutic potential, their origin has generated much controversy and confrontation because of ethical (and moral.) reasons. However, stem cells can also be supplied by adult cells, that are present in the tissue in a quiescient stage, waiting for the appropriate signals to develop into differenciated cells. This type cells is an alternative source for stem cells, and their utilization for medical treatment of degenerative diseases presents no ethical problems.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Biomedical, ethical, and moral issues being forced by advanced medical technologies.

Technology is rampant, exponentially growing beyond the bounds normally comprehensible by the human mind. Many of these technologies are so fundamentally disruptive that they challenge the very practice of science. Discoveries once unimaginable except in science fiction are appearing at such a rapid rate that there is no time to evaluate their moral and ethical implications in a deliberate and measured fashion. Genetic engineering, human cloning, tissue engineering, intelligent robotics, nanotechnology, suspended animation, regeneration, and species prolongation are but a few that will revolutionize what it means to be human and what the ultimate fate of the species may be. Unless these issues are addressed at this time, we shall face the consequences of an uncontrolled and unprepared future.

Biomedical Technology↗
PubMed2002

Moral lessons from the jury box.

A decade ago a North Carolina jury awarded millions of dollars in damages because of a healthcare institution's failure to provide appropriate pain relief to a dying patient. In 2001, a California jury found a physician guilty of elder abuse for his failure to properly manage the pain of a cancer patient. In both instances, state licensing boards had failed to take any disciplinary action against those involved. These cases dramatically illustrate a significant and persistent gulf between the lay public and the health professions with regard to the moral significance they attach to the duty to relieve suffering. Measures to insure that all patients receive effective assessment and management of their pain must take into account this disparity, and endeavor to achieve congruence by reconnecting the health professions to their ancient and core value--the relief of suffering.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2004

[Life style based on a system of classical moral values in preventing drug addiction as a risk factor for HIV infection].

The aim of this work was to examine spread of harmful habits in student youth, as risk factors for HIV infection, in correlation with way of life. In this work survey method with survey questionnaires was used. We have examined two groups of students from Pedagogic academy and Islamic pedagogic academy. Students of Pedagogic academy are smokers in percent of 41.1%, 52.2% male and 36.25% female, and on Islamic pedagogic academy 8.75% students smoke, 16.6% male, and there are no female smokers. Smokers mostly come from medium educated families (66.6%). Alcohol drinks are consumed by 41% of students Pedagogic academy, 56.6% male and 37.2% female, while that habit is not present among students of Islamic pedagogic academy. Students with this habit mostly come from medium educated families (60.4%). Narcotics are consumed by 5.1% students of Pedagogic academy, 4.3% male and 5.3% female, while that habit is not present among students of Islamic pedagogic academy. Students with this habit mostly come from medium educated families (50.0%) and high educated families (33.4%). Students which smoke come from smoking families (in 86%), parents of half of students which consume alcohol also have that habit (47.9%), while use of narcotics is not present among parents of students which consume those. Smoking is considerably more spread among students of Pedagogic academy (40.1%), than among students of Islamic pedagogic academy (8.7%). Consuming of alcohol drinks and narcotics is not present among students of Islamic pedagogic academy. For prevention of HIV infection infallible component is a call for reaffirmation of classical moral values among people.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The model and moral justification for organ procurement in Japan.

Organ replacement therapy is a part of medical practice in today's world and many countries have adopted the required guidelines and regulations. Establishing the basis on which organs can be removed, is still one of the most controversial issues of health policy making in the debate. The critical disparity between supply and demand in organ replacement therapy, even with the existence of social acceptance and organ transplantation law, turns attention towards the importance of an appropriate model of organ procurement. This model should be able to expand the donor pool and increase the organ retrieval rate by converting potential donors to actual ones. In Japan the organ transplantation law which was enacted in 1997 allows organ procurement from brain death as well as non-heart beating cadavers according to restricted conditions. One such condition includes the necessity of both the donor's and the family's written consent. Under current organ procurement policy, organs from only 29 brain death cases have been so far procured. In this paper after examining the current organ procurement system in Japan and the moral justifications behind different organ procurement models we conclude that the Japanese system does not clearly fall into one of the popular organ procurement models.

Brain Death↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Finding a voice. Like individuals, organizations are moral speakers and actors.

Though "good people' are important for the life of any organization, it is a myth to think that enough good people will make for a good organization. To break free of this myth, a health care organization, which is made up of numerous persons and groups, ought to be regarded as a single, unitary actor in society. When seen as a single actor, the organization's systems for carrying out its mission can be better assessed and improved if necessary. If the organization's systems are not functioning as they should, then even good people will be hindered in their efforts. It can be said, therefore, that organizational ethics takes seriously the idea that every Catholic health care organization is a moral actor needing to reflect carefully on what it does in relation to its employees, leaders, and the outside community. In an environment where the organization's actions are reflected upon, and its character is carefully and continually shaped according to its mission, individual persons in that organization will be better equipped for making and carrying out good decisions that are aligned with that same regard for the mission.

Catholicism↗
PubMed2005

[Between science and moral injury--dead human bodies' treatment in anatomy and pathology during early modern times].

In this essay the history of anatomy and pathology between the 16th and the 19th century is focused under the two aspects of scientific development and of moral injury. In anatomy, which came along as a special field of theoretical medicine in 16th century, the human corpse was used as a suitable and to an increasing degree legitimate model of the healthy living body. About two hundred years later, even pathology started to be transformed into pathological anatomy. While anatomists were dealing with the structure of the healthy body pathological anatomists were interested in the morbid changes of the human corpse; the pathologist perceived the dead body as a static model of the dynamic pathological process in the living patient. Anatomy came along in the era of Renaissance and Humanism not least because of a close connection between science and the fine arts, whereas its practical relevance during the 16th and the 17th century resulted from a preparatory function for army surgery. The corpses of executed criminals, infanticides, and of unmarried mothers who had died from natural causes were often used for anatomical purposes including public autopsy. Pathological anatomy, however, unfolded its power not until the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century when a new medical institution had been established: the clinic. The physical methods of examination such as percussion and auscultation of the patient's body could now be reviewed by the results of a post-mortem autopsy. The growing influence of pathological anatomy during 19th century medicine was reflected by a modified perception and evaluation of disease: The spatial dimensions of the visible findings received priority to the chronological development of the process of disease with the consequence of a heightened risk of separating the pathological structures from the suffering patient's biographical context. For the gain to scientism pathological anatomy had to tolerate a loss of reality, replacing the complexity of "heart and soul" by a reductionist model of the dead body.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1991

Morphine: myths, morality and economics.

It is a tragedy that morphine is scarcely available for between 1.3 and 2.5 billion people whilst 3.5 million cancer patients suffer needlessly. In only 10 countries is its consumption rising, in many more only codeine consumption shows an increase, and in many areas even in the Western world prescribing is grossly limited, fears of psychological addiction persist, professional education of doctors and nurses in analgesia remains minimal and too much importance is attached to expensive sophisticated methods of administration. Doctors have a professional and a moral responsibility to press for improved morphine availability in the most useful and economical forms worldwide.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Regulation therapy by Castillo-Morales in children with Down syndrome: primary and secondary orofacial pathology.

Since Castillo-Morales developed the Orofacial Regulation Therapy for children with Down syndrome in the mid 1970s, close observation of orofacial symptoms in the growing child has led to new findings. Primary orofacial signs are present at birth through age one; secondary alterations develop with untreated school-age children. A synopsis of the most important disorders in children with Down syndrome is given. Findings that relate to malfunction are summed up; these findings can be influenced by Orofacial Regulation Therapy.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Orofacial regulation therapy in children with Down syndrome, using the methods and appliances of Castillo-Morales.

The varying hypotonia in Down syndrome is one of its most dramatic signs. In particular, the facial expression and oral dysfunctions of these handicapped persons are uniquely characteristic. The more-or-less permanently open mouth; the prolapse of the tongue, exposed on the everted lower lip; and a lack of mastication, deglutition and speech are primarily caused by the hypotonic orofacial muscles. Breathing through the mouth leads to a dehydration of bacteria and plaque on gums and teeth, and ultimately to premature destruction of the dentition. This developmental syndrome indicates the need for early functional training of the orofacial muscles. Oral Regulation Therapy as described by Castillo-Morales was applied to seventy-four children here, with encouraging results.

Activator Appliances↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Drooling, chewing and swallowing dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy: treatment according to Castillo-Morales.

About 23 percent of the sixty-eight children with cerebral palsy, studied at the Werner-Otto-Institute's Pediatric Rehabilitation Center, suffered from a spastic tetraparesis. About 19 percent suffered from an athetosis; about 20 percent from a hypotonia, including three with cerebellar ataxia. The remainder of the group had minimal sequelae of cerebral palsy; mental problems were predominant. Their orofacial dysfunctions were treated according to the therapeutic concepts of Castillo-Morales.

Activator Appliances↗