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At least 1,405 records · Page 78Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Access for all? A survey of health librarians in the north-west of England on provision of information to patients.

This study examined the role that health librarians could play in helping patients to find information. A questionnaire survey was sent out to 50 health librarians in the north-west of England. It examined the following: the type of library and users, access to information for patients, librarians' attitudes to provision of information to patients and their knowledge of other sources available to their users. Ninety-seven per cent of librarians said that they could recommend quality information sources to patients, but many suggested that there were practical problems in allowing patients to use health libraries due to lack of appropriate resources, facilities and funding. Advantages of health library involvement in patient information include having a local point of contact for patients and the ability of librarians to find, evaluate and organize good-quality resources. However, health library staff may not have enough time to answer enquiries from the public and may lack training in dealing with patients. Innovation, especially in developing on-line services, could offer a way to provide a service without overloading the physical requirements of a library. Librarians could also collaborate with other staff to improve patient information.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1982

A search for discrete cholinergic nuclei in the human ventral forebrain.

Slices cut from five frozen human brains were dissected into 2-mm cubes and assayed for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity and protein content. A pattern of enrichment of ChAT activity was found ventral to the anterior commissure; this finding is consistent with the location of the enzyme in the cells of the nucleus basalis of Meynert. The region beneath the anterior commissure was the only place a discrete enrichment of activity could be found, and the precise topography of the enrichment was somewhat variable from brain to brain. The results are discussed in the light of recent knowledge concerning the source of the cortical cholinergic innervation.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Effects of the Chernobyl accident on public perceptions of nuclear plant accident risks.

Assessments of public perceptions of the characteristics of a nuclear power plant accident and affective responses to its likelihood were conducted 5 months before and 1 month after the Chernobyl accident. Analyses of data from 69 residents of southwestern Washington showed significant test-retest correlations for only 10 of 18 variables--accident likelihood, three measures of impact characteristics, three measures of affective reactions, and hazard knowledge by governmental sources. Of these variables, only two had significant changes in mean ratings; frequency of thought and frequency of discussion about a nearby nuclear power plant both increased. While there were significant changes only for two personal consequences (expectations of cancer and genetic effects), both of these decreased. The results of this study indicate that more attention should be given to assessing the stability of risk perceptions over time. Moreover, the data demonstrate that experience with a major accident can actually decrease rather than increase perceptions of threat.

Accidents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Stem cells and diabetes treatment.

Diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2 are characterized by absolute versus relative lack of insulin-producing beta cells, respectively. Reconstitution of a functional beta-cell mass by cell therapy--using organ donor islets of Langerhans--has been demonstrated to restore euglycaemia in the absence of insulin treatment. This remarkable achievement has stimulated the search for appropriate stem cell sources from which adequate expansion and maturation of therapeutic beta cells can be achieved. This recent activity is reviewed and presented with particular focus on directed differentiation from pluripotent embryonic stem cells (versus other stem/progenitor cell sources) based on knowledge from pancreatic beta-cell development and the parallel approach to controlling endogenous beta-cell neogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Proteases and their inhibitors in chronic inflammatory periodontal disease.

This article reviews the current knowledge of the sources, function and interactions of proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors in chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. Proteolytic tissue degradation is a typical phenomenon in chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. The proteolytic enzymes can be both host- and bacteria-derived. The proteases of the inflammatory cells are aimed for digestion of bacteria, enhanced locomotion through connective tissue, demarcation of the site of infection and tissue remodeling. Uncontrolled release of proteases in inflammation causes self-digestion and tissue destruction. The potential of the bacterial proteases in degradation of connective tissue is not yet known. Biochemical and immunologic mediators of inflammation are released by proteolytic reactions. Immunoglobulin-cleaving proteases present a specific mechanism in perturbation of host defenses. The 2 main protease inhibitors in serum, alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-2-macroglobulin, are also present in the gingival tissue fluid guarding the function of proteases. It has been suggested, although not confirmed, that deficiency in serum protease inhibiting capacity could be correlated with susceptibility to periodontal disease. Mucous secretions contain local low molecular weight protease inhibitors, but their possible rôle in saliva is not known. Bacteria-derived, antiproteolytic short peptides may prove to be useful in pharmacological control of tissue destruction at inflammatory sites.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Inverse method predicting spinning modes radiated by a ducted fan from free-field measurements.

In the study the inverse problem of deducing the modal structure of the acoustic field generated by a ducted turbofan is addressed using conventional farfield directivity measurements. The final objective is to make input data available for predicting noise radiation in other configurations that would not have been tested. The present paper is devoted to the analytical part of that study. The proposed method is based on the equations governing ducted sound propagation and free-field radiation. It leads to fast computations checked on Rolls-Royce tests made in the framework of previous European projects. Results seem to be reliable although the system of equations to be solved is generally underdetermined (more propagating modes than acoustic measurements). A limited number of modes are thus selected according to any a priori knowledge of the sources. A first guess of the source amplitudes is obtained by adjusting the calculated maximum of radiation of each mode to the measured sound pressure level at the same angle. A least squares fitting gives the final solution. A simple correction can be made to take account of the mean flow velocity inside the nacelle which shifts the directivity patterns. It consists of modifying the actual frequency to keep the cut-off ratios unchanged.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

Translation of sensory signals into commands for control of saccadic eye movements: role of primate superior colliculus.

Afferent signals that guide orienting movements converge in the deeper layers of the SC in a wide variety of animals. The sensory cells are arranged topographically according to their receptive-field locations and, thereby, form maps of sensory space. Maps of visual, somatosensory, and/or auditory space have been obtained in the iguana, mouse, hamster, barn owl, chinchilla, cat, and monkey. The deeper layers of the SC also contain neurons involved in the generation of movements of the eyes, head, vibrissae, and pinnae. Thus the SC, a site containing multiple sensory maps and perhaps multiple motor maps, has been selected by many investigators as a structure for investigating the problem of sensorimotor integration. In the mammalian nervous system, emphasized in this review, much remains to be learned about the structure, organization, and function of the SC. While anatomical studies continue to add to the knowledge of the sources of afferent projections, their pattern of laminar termination, and the source and destination of efferent projections, relatively little is known about the intrinsic organization of the colliculus, especially the deeper layers. Recently, electrophysiological studies have moved from an emphasis on the sensory and motor properties of collicular neurons to an examination of the maps of auditory and somatosensory space and the correspondence of these maps. In the future, major efforts aimed at identifying the functional properties of cells that project to the SC from diverse brain regions as well as the functional properties that project to the various structures receiving input from the colliculus are needed. A combination of anatomical and electrophysiological methods is required to describe the signal transforms that occur between the SC and motor areas (such as the paramedian pontine reticular formation) closer to the final common pathway. Conceptual and empirical work is needed to develop and test models of how the dynamic visual and auditory maps found in the primate SC are generated. In general, new and/or improved models of the role of the SC in sensorimotor integration are needed as guides for future research. A point of view emphasized here is that it may be fruitful to examine the function of the SC from a motor perspective. The nature of the motor command imposes constraints on the configuration of signals that can initiate movements and thereby determines the required transformation of sensory signals.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

Chemopreventive compounds in the diet.

The actual knowledge about food sources, functions and nutrient-nutrient interactions, deficiencies as well as chemopreventive properties including risk/benefit considerations of vitamins C and E, selected carotenoids and flavonoids, as well as copper, zinc and selenium, and alpha-lipoic is reviewed.

Chemoprevention↗
PubMed2005

Expectation and the vestibular control of balance.

Recent experiments have shown that the visual channel of balance control is susceptible to cognitive influence. When a subject is aware that an upcoming visual disturbance is likely to arise from an external agent, that is, movement of the visual environment, rather than from self-motion, the whole-body response is suppressed. Here we ask whether this is a principle that generalizes to the vestibular channel of balance control. We studied the whole-body response to a pure vestibular perturbation produced by galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS; 0.5 mA for 3 sec). In the first experiment, subjects stood with vision occluded while stimuli were delivered either by the subject himself (self-triggered) or by the experimenter. For the latter, the stimulus was delivered either without warning (unpredictable) or at a fixed interval following an auditory cue (predictable). Results showed that GVS evoked a whole-body response that was not affected by whether the stimulus was self-triggered, predictable, or unpredictable. The same results were obtained in a second experiment in which subjects had access to visual information during vestibular stimulation. We conclude that the vestibular-evoked balance response is automatic and immune to knowledge of the source of the perturbation and its timing. We suggest the reason for this difference between visual and vestibular channels stems from a difference in their natural abilities to signal self-motion. The vestibular system responds to acceleration of the head in space and therefore always signals self-motion. Visual f low, on the other hand, is ambiguous in that it signals object motion and eye motion, as well as self-motion.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Physician-scientist, heal thyself . . .

Historically, physician-scientists have had dual roles in caring for patients and in performing investigative research that could potentially lead to new diagnostics and therapeutics. Physician-scientists conducted teaching rounds in the hospital, surrounded by eager house staff and medical students, and were often avidly pursued as the most important sources of new knowledge for trainees. But alas, times have changed. Now physician-scientists are rarely seen in the hospital; they are most often spotted at their desks tapping out yet another grant application. Most struggle to find the time to mentor students and clinical trainees, let alone to care for patients in the hospital, even though these interactions are often the motivating forces for scientific creativity.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed1988

Attitudes towards epilepsy in general practice.

Little is known about the attitudes of general practitioners (GPs) towards epilepsy or of the attitudes they attribute to laypersons. Postal questionnaires returned by 50 GPs permitted an analysis of the main sources of their knowledge of epilepsy, the role of GPs in treating patients with epilepsy, the personalities and behaviour of people with epilepsy, and the psychological and social consequences of having epilepsy. The results were compared with a recent Australian survey and the implications for care discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Common patterns of person-environment interaction in persons with rheumatoid arthritis.

This study's purpose was to identify and describe common patterns of person-environment interaction in persons with rheumatoid arthritis. Newman's propositions about pattern provided the theoretical foundation, and a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques were used to recognize pattern. Sixty-six adults diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis completed questionnaires that assessed characteristic ways of functioning. Iterative cluster analysis of the data identified five distinct groups of individuals with similar response profiles. Content analysis of each group's characteristics produced a core theme representing the nature of the common pattern. The finding of multiple, distinct common patterns of person-environment interaction within the population of persons with RA is consistent with findings in other populations. Further study of the common patterns, in relation to health outcomes, has potential for increasing knowledge about the sources of different health experiences among persons with the same chronic illness.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1988

Reflections on the epistemology of psychiatry.

A re-examination of the theoretical basis of our practice of psychiatry (that is, its epistemology) reveals the insufficiency of the empirical, inductive approach which we have come to regard, too myopically, as the sine qua non of our science. Traditionally in psychiatry, the discipline of philosophy, of which epistemology is one of its major fields of endeavour, has generally come to be regarded as irrelevant or unreliable as a source of true knowledge. But an objective look at our variegated practice of psychiatry--roughly divided into two groups--the biological on the one side and the psychosocial on the other--reveals a glaring lack of integration, cohesion, or synthesis in basic theory. While analysis is the prime modus operandi of science, synthesis is the main objective of philosophy. While we subscribe to various operational theories to explain how our various procedures work, we lack an overarching, unified, general theory to subsume them. Hence we lack a truly holistic concept of the person who is our patient. In this we are much in need of the discipline of philosophy, which promotes clarity of thought, breadth of comprehension, and systematic (logical) reasoning. Psychiatrists acquire more of this philosophic expertise through collaboration with professional philosophers (epistemologists in particular) and through the introduction into our graduate psychiatric training programs of some specific course content from the literature of philosophy. As a preliminary suggestion for this, an "Annotated Reading List" is appended.

Canada↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Man-made mineral fibers and lung cancer: an hypothesis.

Epidemiological data have revealed significant excesses of lung cancer among workers exposed to some types of man-made mineral fibers (MMMF), but inhalation experiments performed on rats have failed to reveal the origin of these excesses. Some of these materials, however, are able, in aqueous media, to exhibit surface oxidizing properties after reduction of oxygen by a radical pathway. Tests have been carried out with 12 MMMF samples collected from various sources without prior knowledge of their origin, to determine their oxidizing surface activity in relation to their divalent iron content. Some of these fibers were obtained from factories included in an epidemiological investigation. Only fibers coming from plants where excesses of lung cancer were observed are classified as active in an oxidative process and, consequently, probably toxic in biological media by an oxidative stress mechanism. We therefore propose an hypothesis of a causal relationship between these oxidizing properties and the ability of the materials to induce lung cancer.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Central line sepsis.

Since 1980, the placement of central venous access devices has become routine, and these catheters have been of great benefit in the treatment of patients with cancer. Unfortunately, central venous catheters have not been without complications. Central line sepsis has been reported to be one of the most frequently occurring complications, and although it is extremely costly to treat, more importantly, this condition is potentially life threatening to patients. Developing strategies that would prevent central line catheter infections has been a continual challenge for healthcare providers. Studies have been conducted on the use of catheters with antiseptic coatings, antimicrobial coatings, impregnated antimicrobial cuffs, prophylactic antibiotic therapy, antibiotic locks, use of antithrombolytics, different exit site dressings, and the use of various disinfectants for cleansing catheter exit sites. Healthcare providers, including oncology nurses, need to be knowledgeable concerning potential sources of infection and factors that may lead to central line sepsis (Chaiyakunapruk, Veenstra, Lipsky, & Saint, 2002; Darouiche et al., 1999; Little & Palmer, 1998; Veenstra, Saint, Saha, Lumley, & Sullivan, 1999). They need to advocate for the use of sterile technique during catheter insertion and aseptic technique when routine maintenance is provided and be aware of the standard treatments for and potential outcomes of central line catheter infections. In addition, oncology nurses should be encouraged to support and participate in controlled, randomized studies that may provide scientific-based practices that decrease the number of catheter-related infections in the future.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Production of gurken in the nurse cells is sufficient for axis determination in the Drosophila oocyte.

The asymmetric localization of gurken mRNA and protein in the developing Drosophila oocyte defines both the anteroposterior and dorsoventral axes of the future embryo. Understanding the origin of these asymmetries requires knowledge of the source of gurken transcripts. During oogenesis most transcripts in the oocyte are produced by the associated nurse cells, but it has been proposed that gurken is an exceptional oocyte-derived transcript. Using a novel application of a standard mitotic recombination technique, we generated mosaic egg chambers in which the nurse cells, but not the oocyte, could produce gurken. Gurken was properly localized in these mosaics and oocyte axial polarity was established normally, indicating that the nurse cells synthesize gurken and that their contribution is sufficient for Gurken function. Our data demonstrate the existence of a mechanism for transport of gurken from the nurse cells and its subsequent localization within the oocyte.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

A study of district nurses' experiences of continuous ambulatory chemotherapy.

As a result of technical developments and policies that promote shorter hospital stays, patients are increasingly receiving high technology treatment in the community. The administration of ambulatory intravenous chemotherapy at home is an example of such treatment. Despite being generalist nurses, district nurses (DNs) are involved in what could be viewed as 'specialist' care - advising and supporting patients while they are receiving treatment. This article reports on a study of 20 DNs from one community trust and examines the sources of the knowledge and skills used in caring for these patients and the communication links with the regional cancer centre.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Legal aspects of consent 8: children under the age of 16 years.

UNLABELLED: Case Scenario: Mrs Gillick questioned the lawfulness of the Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS) circular HN[80]46 which was a revised version of part of a comprehensive memorandum of guidance on family planning services issued to health authorities in May 1974 under cover of circular HSC(IS)32. The circular stated that in certain circumstances a doctor could lawfully prescribe contraception for a girl under 16 without the consent of the parents. Mrs Gillick wrote to the acting administrator formally forbidding any medical staff employed by the Norfolk Area Health Authority (AHA) to give 'any contraceptive or abortion advice or treatment whatever to my daughters whilst they are under 16 years without my consent.' The administrator replied that the treatment prescribed by a doctor is a matter for the doctor's clinical judgement, taking into account all the factors of the case. Mrs Gillick, who had five daughters, brought an action against the AHA and the DHSS seeking a declaration that the notice gave advice which was unlawful and wrong and which did or might adversely affect the welfare of her children, her right as a parent and her ability to discharge properly her duties as a parent. She sought a declaration that no doctor or other professional person employed by the health authority might give any contraceptive or abortion advice or treatment to any of her children below the age of 16 without her previous knowledge and consent. SOURCE: Gillick v. West Norfolk and Wisbech AHA and the DHSS [1985].

Adolescent↗