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At least 1,405 records · Page 78Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Nd-YAG laser energy distribution in an artificial obstruction: influence of lasing parameters in a model of laser angioplasty.

A Nd-YAG laser (1064 nm) coupled to a silica fiber (0.6 mm core diameter) was used to create defects in a model of arterial vascular obstruction. We employed transparent agar doped with black ink as atheromatous material and studied the size and shape of defects created by various lasing parameter settings. By adding calcium sulphate to the agar its scattering properties were enhanced. The created defects correspond to a temperature boundary. The optical properties of the agar greatly influenced the size and shape of the created defects. In the agar with enhanced scattering properties, the created defects showed an unfavourable penetration width-depth ratio. Maximum width of penetration always exceeded the fiber diameter. This may contribute to an increased risk of vessel wall perforation in small vessels and, if the fiber is positioned close to the vessel wall, even when a coaxial position is maintained. With increasing cumulative energy, both maximum depth and width of penetration leveled off in both agars. The results suggest that agar can be used to obtain empirically the lasing parameters that will minimize the risk of vessel wall perforation by an axially positioned fiber. The agar model needs further study to determine its limitations, but agar seems to be a useful substitute for atheroma in the study of laser catheter angioplasty.

Agar↗
PubMed1992

Optical properties of Intralipid: a phantom medium for light propagation studies.

Intralipid is an intravenous nutrient consisting of an emulsion of phospholipid micelles and water. Because Intralipid is turbid and has no strong absorption bands in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, and is readily available and relatively inexpensive, it is often used as a tissue simulating phantom medium in light dosimetry experiments. In order to assist investigators requiring a controllable medium that over a finite range of wavelengths is optically equivalent to tissue, we have compiled previously published values of the optical interaction coefficients of Intralipid, most of which were measured at a wavelength of 633 nm. We have extended the measurements of the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients from 460 to 690 nm and the total attenuation coefficient from 500 to 890 nm. These measurements show that, for stock 10% Intralipid, the absorption coefficient varies from 0.015 to 0.001 cm-1 between 460 and 690 nm, the reduced scattering coefficient varies from 92 to 50 cm-1 between 460 and 690 nm, the total attenuation coefficient varies from 575 to 150 cm-1 between 500 and 890 nm, and the average cosine of scatter varies from 0.87 to 0.82 between 460 and 690 nm. With these data, we discuss the design of an optically tissue-equivalent phantom consisting of Intralipid and black India ink.

Absorption↗
PubMed2005

Enhancement of transepidermal skin clearing agent delivery using a 980 nm diode laser.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Patient compliant optical skin clearing requires non-invasive topical delivery of clearing agents such as glycerol. This requires reducing the skin barrier function by disrupting stratum corneum integrity, which was achieved using a 980 nm diode laser with artificial absorption substrates on the skin surface. Reduction of light scattering has the potential to improve many current and novel diagnostic and therapeutic applications of lasers in medicine. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vivo hamster and rat skin was used to test optical skin clearing. Absorption substrates were applied to the skin after shaving. These included black ink, dark children's rub-on tattoo, and carbon paper. 980 nm cw laser light was used to ablate these substrates and to heat the skin surface to enhance the diffusion of topically applied glycerol for optical skin clearing. Increased light penetration was determined from amplitude optical coherence tomography data. RESULTS: Results indicate an improvement of the ability to measure an OCT signal at a wavelength of 1,290 nm up to 42% deeper into in vivo rodent skin using a 980 nm laser with a fluence of less than 0.96 J/mm(2) to alter the stratum corneum. CONCLUSIONS: The use of an inexpensive diode laser can significantly enhance the delivery of topically applied glycerol for optical skin clearing. The laser use involves application of an absorption substrate onto the skin surface. Using carbon paper left no unwanted residue behind and is considered optimal for this purpose.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2005

Printing biomacromolecules on a bovine serum albumin precursor layer.

Various biomacromolecules including proteins and polysaccharides are printed on a substrate capped with a bovine serum albumin (BSA) precursor layer to create clear co-patterns of these molecules. Characterizations by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) demonstrate the successful production and clear boundaries of the co-patterns. Rinsing the BSA-adsorbed substrate and the biomacromolecules-inked stamp before microcontact printing (microCP) is crucial for the creation of clear and stable co-patterns. The patterns are mainly stabilized by electrostatic interactions and van der Waals forces. Characterizations by ellipsometry, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy reveal that printing by a flat PDMS stamp yields a denser layered structure of proteins with a higher amount than that of adsorbed proteins. By printing, however, a lower enzymatic catalytic activity for horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or binding capability for avidin (both normalized to amount) is determined. A conformational transition from alpha-helix to beta-sheet of HRP is observed by ATR-IR. By contrast, a BSA precursor layer can effectively improve the functionality of the printed HRP or avidin and preserve the original conformation of the proteins, although the absolute transferred amount of these proteins is decreased.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Designer self-assembling peptide materials.

Understanding of macromolecular materials at the molecular level is becoming increasingly important for a new generation of nanomaterials for nanobiotechnology and other disciplines, namely, the design, synthesis, and fabrication of nanodevices at the molecular scale from bottom up. Basic engineering principles for microfabrication can be learned through fully grasping the molecular self-assembly and programmed assembly phenomena. Self- and programmed-assembly phenomena are ubiquitous in nature. Two key elements in molecular macrobiological material productions are chemical complementarity and structural compatibility, both of which require weak and non-covalent interactions that bring building blocks together during self-assembly. Significant advances have been made during the 1990s at the interface of materials chemistry and biology. They include the design of helical ribbons, peptide nanofiber scaffolds for three-dimensional cell cultures and tissue engineering, peptide surfactants for solubilizing and stabilizing diverse types of membrane proteins and their complexes, and molecular ink peptides for arbitrary printing and coating surfaces as well as coiled-coil helical peptides for multi-length scale fractal structures. These designer self-assembling peptides have far reaching implications in a broad spectrum of applications in biology, medicine, nanobiotechnology, and nanobiomedical technology, some of which are beyond our current imaginations. [image: see text]

Lipids↗
PubMed2003

Development and validation of new model for microvascular transplantation of epiphyseal plate allografts with minimal adjoining epiphyseal and metaphyseal bone.

A model for the free allograft microvascular transplantation of rabbit proximal tibial epiphyseal plate allografts was developed, validated, and tested in an in vivo animal model. Transplants contained the minimum amount of adjacent epiphyseal and metaphyseal bone compatible with preservation of the epiphyseal-plate vascular supply, as determined by corrosion casting. Perfusion to this graft was evaluated quantitatively using radioactive microspheres, and qualitatively using India-ink injection. Female New Zealand White rabbits at 12 weeks of age were utilized. Vascularized transplantation of epiphyseal plate allografts was performed either into a defect of matched size in the iliac crest or into a soft-tissue pocket without bone contact. Cyclosporine A immunosuppression (CSA) was administered daily for 6 weeks. Two control groups underwent identical surgical procedures, but had no postoperative immunosuppression. Epiphyseal plates both with and without bone contact, in rabbits immunosuppressed postoperatively with CSA, demonstrated longitudinal growth and preserved viability as determined by positive bromodeoxyuridine uptake. Control epiphyseal plates transferred without postoperative immunosuppression were uniformly nonviable. This new model has value as a basis for further studies into the clinical applicability of isolated epiphyseal-plate transplants.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

New experimental composite flap model in rats: gluteus maximus-tensor fascia lata osteomuscle flap.

Experimental animal models need to be developed for studies of composite flaps that have often recently been used for defects of both bone and soft tissues. A consistent anatomy, simple surgical technique, and reliable blood flow are essential for the success of experimental flap studies. Here we propose a gluteus maximus-tensor fascia lata osteomuscle flap in rats as a model of these qualities. Gluteus maximus and tensor fascia lata muscles and the adjacent iliac bone segment were combined as a lateral circumflex femoral artery-based flap. To test the reliability of this composite flap, three types of composite tissues were harvested and replaced: osteomusculocutaneous flap, osteomuscle flap, and osteomuscle composite graft. The osteomusculocutaneous flap was elevated by including a skin island over the gluteal region. The osteomuscle graft was formed by deliberately dividing the vascular pedicle of the osteomuscle flap. Direct observation revealed complete necrosis of the skin islands in all osteomusculocutaneous flaps. Microangiography of the flap demonstrated that both muscles and the attached bone were supplied by the pedicle. Dye studies with nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) and India ink demonstrated dye uptake in both muscle and bone components in osteomuscle flaps. Histological examinations also demonstrated the viability of both tissues only in the flap group. Bone scintigraphy performed in flaps on postoperative day 7 demonstrated radionuclide uptake, confirming perfusion of the bony segment. The gluteus maximus-tensor fascia lata osteomuscle flap is a reliable and simple model for composite flap studies that offers the following advantages: 1) it is a new composite flap which includes bone, 2) it can be dissected easily with the naked eye, without using the microscope, 3) it has a long pedicle for flap displacement, and 4) it is a small animal model.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Prefabrication of free flaps using the omentum in rats.

The omentum used as a vascular carrier is a new experimental model for prefabrication of free flaps in the rat. A 2.5 x 4 cm patch of omentum with gastroepiploic vessels and its rich vascular arcades was transferred under a bipedicled 2.5 x 6 cm right abdominal panniculocutaneous flap. At subsequent time intervals (postoperative days 0, 3, 5, 7, and 14), the skin pedicles were divided and the skin flap was raised as a composite island flap vascularized only by the underlying omental patch. The composite flap was then sutured back in place. Prefabricated flaps examined postoperatively demonstrated a dye fluorescence index (DFI) of 4.60% +/- 2.82% and 1.67% +/- 4.08% flap survival (FS) in the day 0 group; in the day 3 group, 9.83% +/- 1.47% of DFI and 15.00% +/- 10.35% of FS; in the day 5 group, 28.39% +/- 5.25% of DFI and 86.0% +/- 12.74% of FS (P less than 0.05); in the day 7 group, 38.19% +/- 7.52% of DFI and 98.13% +/- 3.72% of FS (P less than 0.05); and, in the day 14 group, 49.55% +/- 6.70% of DFI and 100% of FS (P less than 0.05). India-ink injection and histologic examination confirmed revascularization of the overlying skin by day 5.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Prefabricated flap size limitations utilizing an omental carrier.

Several researchers and clinicians have taken advantage of the omentum's rich vascular arcades to support skin grafts. We have previously described an experimental model using the omentum as a vascular carrier for prefabricated free flaps in the rat. In this study, we used this model to compare three different sizes of free flaps using the same size omental carrier. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for this study. A 2.5 x 4 cm patch of omentum with gastroepiploic vessels and its rich vascular arcades was transferred under a bipedicled 2.5 x 6 cm (group I), a 2.5 x 8 cm (group II), and a 4 x 10 cm (group III) right abdominal panniculocutaneous flap. On the seventh postoperative day, the skin pedicles were divided and the skin flap raised as a composite island flap vascularized only by the underlying omental patch. The composite flap was then sutured back in place. Prefabricated flaps examined 7 days postoperatively demonstrated a dye florescence index percent (DFI) of 38.19 +/- 7.52 and 98.13 +/- 3.72% flap survival (FS) in the 6 x 2.5 cm skin flap group; a DFI of 39.96 +/- 6.81% and FS 94.88 +/- 7.08% in the 8 x 2.5 skin flap group (P > 0.05) and a DFI 29.71 +/- 2.85% and FS 57.06 +/- 9.52% in the 10 x 4 cm skin flap group (P < 0.05). India ink injection study and histologic examination confirmed revascularization of the overlying skin at 7 days. This study confirms that omentum can be used as a vascular carrier for prefabricated flaps. However, there is a limit to the size of the flap. A 10 cm2 carrier can support 57% of a 40 cm2 (10 x 4 cm) flap for a total area of 22.8 cm2, more than twice the area of the carrier.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Real-life applications of the MULVADO software package for processing DOSY NMR data.

MULVADO is a newly developed software package for DOSY NMR data processing, based on multivariate curve resolution (MCR), one of the principal multivariate methods for processing DOSY data. This paper will evaluate this software package by using real-life data of materials used in the printing industry: two data sets from the same ink sample but of different quality. Also a sample of an organic photoconductor and a toner sample are analysed. Compared with the routine DOSY output from monoexponential fitting, one of the single channel algorithms in the commercial Bruker software, MULVADO provides several advantages. The key advantage of MCR is that it overcomes the fluctuation problem (non-consistent diffusion coefficient of the same component). The combination of non-linear regression (NLR) and MCR can yield more accurate resolution of a complex mixture. In addition, the data pre-processing techniques in MULVADO minimise the negative effects of experimental artefacts on the results of the data. In this paper, the challenges for analysing polymer samples and other more complex samples will also be discussed.

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy↗
PubMed1992

Poisoning by Coprinus atramentarius.

The ink cap--Coprinus atramentarius (Bulliard ex Fries) Fries--is responsible for poisoning when ingested with alcohol. The investigation of the "Coprinus syndrome," although a minor poisoning incident, stimulated numerous research programs because the results were expected to yield a novel drug useful during the treatment of alcoholism. This work led to the identification of the active principle--coprine--and to an explanation of its mode of action; nevertheless, detailed toxicology investigations have shown that the mutagenic and gonadotoxic properties of this compound made it unsuitable for therapeutic use. Our current knowledge of the poisoning, the chemistry of the toxin, and its mode of action are here reviewed.

Aldehyde Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1975

Morphological patterns of articular cartilage fibrillation.

The morphology of articular cartilage fibrillation is usually studied in sections cut vertical to the surface. The present study instead concerns the appearances seen when the surface is viewed en face. The study has been made on indian ink preparations of unfixed, hydrated tissue mounted in physiological saline and examined by stereomicroscopy at times 10 while in situ on the bone, and by transmitted light microscopy of tangential surface slices at magnifications up to times 150. The results are consistent with an hypothesis that fibrillation represents mechanically induced focal wear of the tissue. Various sorts of "minimal fibrillation" and other types of surface markings are illustrated. The en face pattern of the cartilage lesions is to some extent influenced by anatomical site, and it is suggested that it is modified by the local biomechanical environment and local character of the cartilage. Some, but not all, of the various patterns show orientation in the sense either of being predominantly unidirectional or of having two major alignments one at right-angles to the other. The differing relationships of this orientation, when present, to the direction of joint movement and to the alignment of the superficial collagen and its tensile strength, are described and discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Printing of protein microarrays via a capillary-free fluid jetting mechanism.

Current proteomics experiments rely upon printing techniques such as ink jet, pin, or quill arrayers that were developed for the creation of cDNA microarrays. These techniques often do not meet the requirements needed for successful spotting of proteins to perform high-throughput, array-based proteomic profiling. Biological laser printing (BioLP) is a spotting technology that does not rely on solid pins, quill pins, or capillary-based fluidics. The non-contact mechanism of BioLP utilizes a focused laser pulse to transfer protein solutions, thereby eliminating the potential for orifice clogging, air bubbles, and unnecessary volume loss potentially encountered in commercially available spotting technologies. The speed and spot-to-spot reproducibility of BioLP is comparable to other techniques, while the minimum spot diameter and volume per printed droplet is significantly less at 30 microm and approximately 500 fL, respectively. The transfer of fluid by BioLP occurs through a fluid jetting mechanism, as observed by high-speed images of the printing process. Arraying a solution of BSA with subsequent immunodetection demonstrates the reproducible spotting of protein in an array format with CVs of <3%. Printing of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase followed by a positive reaction with a colorimetric substrate demonstrates that functional protein can be spotted using this laser-based printer.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1992

The development of vascular supply of normal rat prostate during the sexual maturation: an angiographic study.

Vascular distribution of small blood vessels and capillaries using India ink angiography was studied in normal rat prostate from puberty up to full sexual maturation. The study included both macroscopic observation of the lobular vascular irrigation and the histological assessment of the periacinar capillary network. The topographical distribution of the main prostate branches was found to be different among the rat prostate lobes. The ventral lobe seems to be better irrigated than the dorsal one. The former being supplied by two parallel vascular systems, one irrigating the median two-thirds of the ventral lobe, whereas the remaining external one-third was found to be conjointly irrigated from the pericapsular branches of the fat pads. The blood vessels of the dorsal and lateral lobes emerged radially from a periurethral circle, with the dorsal branches ending blindly in the connective tissue of the pelvic cavity, whereas the lateral prostate was also conjointly irrigated by a dual vascularization from the pericapsular fat pad and the periurethral circle branch. The histological study revealed quantitative differences between the periacinar capillaries of both ventral and dorsal lobes. The capillary density was found to be age dependent and directly proportional to the acinar size. Small acini were less well irrigated by capillaries than were the larger ones. The number of capillaries per acinar area increased progressively toward the maturation (day 90); thereafter, their number remained constant. Both prostate lobes showed identical patterns. The heterogeneous vascular networks among the rat prostatic lobes might offer an additional clue for their distinctive morphophysiological characteristics, which most probably play a role in various pathogenetic processes.

Angiography↗
PubMed1992

Lymphatic drainage of the prostate gland in canines.

Lymphography of the penis was performed in 3 canines, and direct intraprostatic injection of India ink was carried out in 8 canines to visualize lymphatic drainage of the prostate gland. In penile lymphography, the contrast medium drained in 2 directions: (1) lymphatic drainage into the external and common iliac lymph nodes through the superficial inguinal lymph nodes; (2) lymphatic drainage into the presacral lymph nodes along the urethra and posterior wall of the pelvis. Lymphatics of the prostate gland drained in 3 directions: (1) lymphatics from the prostate gland mainly drained along the prostatic and internal iliac vessels into the internal and common iliac lymph nodes, (2) lymphatics from the dorsal region near the urinary bladder drained along the ureter into the common iliac lymph nodes, and (3) lymphatics from the apex of the prostate gland drained along the posterior wall of the pelvis into the presacral lymph nodes. Prostate cancer developed at the apex is estimated to preferentially metastasize to the presacral lymph nodes, and drug injection into the penile lymphatics is considered to be a good route to treat metastases of lymph nodes in the pelvis.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Immediate vasoactive effect of citral on the adolescent rat ventral prostate.

The vasoactive effect of a fragrance compound, citral, on rat ventral prostate is presented. A combined method of Indian-ink perfusion and postfixation transparency was used. One single dose of citral applied on the back skin of the rat induced an immediate triple response-like effect on the prostatic vascular bed. A slight vasodilatation appeared already after 2 1/2 min, followed by a marked vasoconstriction process after 5-min postcitral administration. Toward the period of 10 min, a second vasodilatation process was noted which persisted for the following 24 hr of observation. This study has demonstrated that changes in the microvascularization of the rat prostate can be estimated by counting the number of carbon-stained blood vessels. The results obtained by this technique are closely related with the findings in the vascular network profile of the macroangiographic observations. The mechanism of action of citral on the microvascularization of the rat ventral prostate is yet unknown. Based on the present findings, we suggest that the neoplastic capacity of citral upon the prostatic epithelia is activated via a nonspecific inflammatory reaction modulated either by local release of neurotransmitters or throughout a direct effect of citral on the endothelial cells.

Acyclic Monoterpenes↗
PubMed1998

Quantitation of tumor foci in an experimental murine tumor model using computer-assisted video imaging.

A method is described in which both number and diameter of lung tumor foci obtained from an experimental murine tumor model of pulmonary metastasis are quantified using a digital imaging device. Lungs obtained from mice previously inoculated with tumorigenic cells are stained with India ink and Fekete's solution. Using appropriate exposure settings and top-lighting, a charged-coupled device digital camera is used to obtain the image of the organ. The image is then analyzed by the associated video imaging analysis software. Diameter of tumor foci on the image is expressed in image pixels and foci are quantitated. Density and size threshold parameters are set, thereby eliminating the variability resulting from the subjective nature of manual enumeration of tumor foci. The method is objective and reproducible and should be useful for studies where quantifying tumor foci diameter and number directly from the organ is required.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

A luminescent ruthenium complex for ultrasensitive detection of proteins immobilized on membrane supports.

SYPRO Ruby protein blot stain provides a sensitive, gentle, fluorescence-based method for detecting proteins on nitrocellulose or polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes. SYPRO Ruby dye is a permanent stain composed of ruthenium as part of an organic complex that interacts noncovalently with proteins. Stained proteins can be excited by ultraviolet light of about 302 nm or with visible light of about 470 nm. Fluorescence emission of the dye is approximately 618 nm. The stain can be visualized using a wide range of excitation sources utilized in image analysis systems including a UV-B transilluminator, 488-nm argon-ion laser, 532-nm yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) laser, blue fluorescent light bulb, or blue light-emitting diode (LED). The detection sensitivity of SYPRO Ruby protein blot stain (0.25-1 ng protein/mm(2)) is superior to that of amido black, Coomassie blue, and india ink staining and nearly matches colloidal gold staining. SYPRO Ruby protein blot stain visualizes proteins more rapidly than colloidal gold stain and the linear dynamic range is more extensive. Unlike colloidal gold stain, SYPRO Ruby protein blot stain is fully compatible with subsequent biochemical applications including colorimetric and chemiluminescent immunoblotting, Edman-based sequencing and mass spectrometry.

Collodion↗