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At least 1,405 records · Page 78Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Some epidemiological approaches to the control of aphid-borne virus diseases in seed potato crops in northern Europe.

An account is given of progress during the last 30 years in knowledge of the epidemiology of diseases caused by aphid-borne viruses in seed potato production areas of northern Europe. During this period, Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) and strains of Potato virus Y (PVY(O), PVY(N)) were consistently the most prevalent and harmful. The main factors influencing spread involve the amount of initial virus inoculum in seed crops, agricultural practices in relation to seed potato production, the status of aphids as colonising or transient vectors in the crop, variation in their life cycles and behaviour, effects of environmental factors on aphid population dynamics, and the interaction between aphid phenology and mature plant resistance. Lessons have been drawn from comparisons of the causes of outbreaks of PLRV and PVY, and various comprehensive models have been designed to predict virus spread and optimise control. The accuracy and reliability of virus detection, and chemical control of aphids have been considerably improved, but use of the latter has been severely affected by the development in Myzus persicae of resistance to most types of insecticide. It is suggested that more attention should be given to breeding virus-resistant cultivars that would lead to decreased pesticide use and thus promote more integrated environment-friendly strategies for control.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Control of phlebotomine sandflies.

Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) transmit many zoonotic diseases (arboviruses, bartonelloses and especially leishmaniases) of importance to human health in at least 80 countries. Measures used to control adult sandflies (Lutzomyia and Phlebotomus) include the use of insecticides (mostly pyrethroids) for residual spraying of dwellings and animal shelters, space-spraying, insecticide-treated nets, impregnated dog-collars and personal protection through application of repellents/insecticides to skin or fabrics. Because the breeding-sites of sandflies are generally unknown, control measures that act specifically against immatures are not feasible, although the effectiveness of a few biological and chemical agents has been demonstrated in laboratory evaluations. Reports of insecticide-resistance refer to only three sandfly species (P. papatasi, P. argentipes and S. shorttii) against DDT in one country (India), although there are reports of DDT-tolerance in several countries. Current knowledge of sandfly susceptibility to various insecticides is summarized. Constraints and advantages of different compounds, formulations and delivery methods for sandfly control under different environmental conditions are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Malaria vector control in Cameroon: past, present, future. Reflections].

During the fifties, large scale malaria vector control projects based upon house spraying were implemented in Southern and Northern parts of Cameroon in line of malaria eradication concept. In the South, the pilot zone of Yaounde gathered about 150,000 inhabitants, in the forest area. First operations started in 1953 but the programme became actually operational in 1956. It was divided in two parts: the western part was treated with DDT, while the eastern one was treated with dieldrin. At the same time, the whole forested area was also treated with dieldrin until 1960. Yaounde itself was not treated because it was free of anopheles and malaria. House spraying in the pilot area of Yaounde was a complete success and plasmodic index dropped below 1%. The same success was observed in most of the southern treated areas. Unfortunatly dieldrin resistance of An. gambiae hampered this programme which stopped in 1960. The northem pilot project dealt with some 250,000 inhabitants around Maroua, in a savanna area. To avoid dieldrin resistance observed in 1956, DDT was selected and house spraying started in 1959. From a strictly operational point of view, the campaign was considered as a success. But after two years, it was noticed that plasmodic index remained still around the same value of 35% and the programme stopped. It was thus stated that according to available techniques it was not possible to reach the ultimate goal of eradication even when chemoprophylaxis (chloroquin + pyrimethamin) was added. The comparison between south (= success) and north (= failure) was very interesting as it underlined the big differences between epidemiological faces, an unaccepted concept at that time. Now ecological and epidemiological diversity is the well acknowledged. It also underlined the need of diversity of strategies according to the epidemiology of the disease and the ecology of its vector Vector control was then stopped for a while. In the eighties, Primary Health Care was promoted and malaria control shifted from vector to parasite control, vector control remaining as a prevention method. But chemioresistance of Plasmodium falciparum appeared and. quickly spread, at different levels, across the country. A new emphasis was therefore given to vector control thank to the newly developed technique of insecticide impregnated mosquito nets. Two kinds of studies were undertaken: - what people were actually doing in term of mosquito control at family level, the main reason and the costs as well as current use of mosquito nets - the efficacy of pyrethroid treated mosquito nets (IMN) in different areas of southern forested area against different malaria vectors: An. gambiae, An. nili, An. moucheti. It thus clearly appeared that IMN were very successful in sharply reducing malaria transmission aAd morbidity. But its promotion is limited by the current poor use of mosquito nets in Yaoundé (1 mosquito net for 27 "beds") while in Douala, where IMN are largely used against the bite of the huge population of Culex. quinquefasciatus, the implementation of the first riational centre for impregnation of mosquito net was a great success, as long as it was headed by a motivated and skill manager Impregnated mosquito nets appear thus as a tool of great efficacy but their sustainability is still matter of concern and promotional campaigns must be developed involving private and public, political and scientific spheres as well as the general population who should be encouraged to become partners and even actors of vector and malaria control at their household level.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Bases for control of arthropod vectors: II--Present means (author's transl)].

A review of the present means of control of arthropod vectors in which the authors consider:--individual means aimed at the prevention of bites by utilizing clothes, repellents, mosquito nets and insecticide sprays,--collective means which are either physical, biological or chemical. Physical means are specially used for water control either in "peridomestic actions" or in large scale campaign's related to rural or industrial development scheme. Actually biological means are represented only by larvivorous fishes. The chemical control is the most important, its various requisites, and techniques are given.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Risk factors for Trypanosoma cruzi infection among children in central Brazil: a case-control study in vector control settings.

This population-based case-control study was conducted in northern Goias State, central Brazil, in rural settings under vector control surveillance. One hundred forty-nine children seropositive for Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies, selected in a cross-sectional survey carried out in village schools, were compared with 298 seronegative classmate controls matched for age, sex, and place of residence. Information on potential environmental, familiar, and social economic risk factors for T. cruzi infection was collected during household visits, and interviews with parents and entomologic inspections of domestic and peridomestic environments were conducted. The presence of triatomines in dwellings or evidence of triatomine colonization was found to be statistically associated with seropositivity in children. The presence of exuviae and a report of triatomines indoors or outdoors by householders in the past were strong predictors of an infected child. Children from seropositive mothers had a 3.9-fold increase in the risk of having anti-T. cruzi antibodies after adjusting for the confounding variables, including triatomine capture, mother's age, and family size in multivariate analysis. Parent's report of vector presence showed a 97.7% sensitivity in identifying a dwelling with at least one seropositive child. The possibility of transplacental T. cruzi transmission and its implication for Chagas' disease control were considered.

Adult↗