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At least 1,405 records · Page 78Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Measuring mating preferences: the use of Manly's beta.

The use of Manly's (1985) statistic beta, in mate choice experiments is discussed. Beta is a measure of the homogamic mating preference of one sex (usually females) of a strain. Beta has several advantages over previously proposed measures of deviation from random mating: (a) its sampling distribution is known and hence it can be used in establishing confidence intervals and in hypothesis testing; (b) this distribution is continuous and unimodal, even when fairly small numbers of individuals are used; (c) beta is not affected by changes in the numbers of individuals used (provided the preference remains constant); (d) it is not affected by changes in the ratios of the two strains, and (e) it is not affected by the proportions of females mated. Several properties of beta and its estimate from an experiment, beta, are derived and have been verified for a wide range of conditions using computer simulations. Their consequences for experiments attempting to quantify sexual isolation are discussed. Finally, statistics to measure the significance of beta values are given.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Parsing the genetic and nongenetic variance in children's depressive behavior.

Estimates of the genetic and environmental contributions to depressive behavior were derived using model-fitting analyses with data from a sample of 364 twin pairs, aged 4 to 12 years. Results suggested that genetic and nonshared environmental factors accounted for significant proportions of the variance in children's depressive symptomatology, but estimates differ for boys and girls. Further analyses indicated different genetic and environmental contributions for younger and older children. Analyses of a direct measure of shared and nonshared components of the environment identified specific aspects of children's environments which were associated with depressive behavior.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Neighborhood deprivation affects children's mental health: environmental risks identified in a genetic design.

The possibility that neighborhood conditions affect children's development has captured much attention because of its implications for prevention. But does growing up in deprived neighborhoods matter above and beyond a genetic liability to behavior problems, if genetically vulnerable families tend to concentrate in poor neighborhoods? A nationwide study of 2-year-old twins shows that children in deprived neighborhoods were at increased risk for emotional and behavioral problems over and above any genetic liability. Environmental factors shared by members of a family accounted for 20% of the population variation in children's behavior problems, and neighborhood deprivation accounted for 5% of this family-wide environmental effect. The results suggest that the link between poor neighborhoods and children's mental health may be a true environmental effect, and demonstrate that genetic designs are environmentally informative and can be used to identify modifiable risk factors for promoting child health.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1983

Genetic influences on digging behaviors in mice (Mus musculus) in laboratory and seminatural settings.

Digging behaviors of several inbred strains of laboratory mice and some of their crosses were examined in three contexts. In laboratory burrow boxes, C57BL/6Abg mice constructed more sophisticated burrow systems than did BALB/cAbg mice. Their F1 hybrids built burrow systems more complex than either parental strain. The same pattern of genetic influence was observed in an outdoor pen. In an escape task that required digging, BALB/c mice escaped more quickly than did C57BL/6 mice; their F1 hybrids showed dominance toward the BALB/c phenotype. These results indicate that behavioral polymorphisms in digging behavior, which may relate to habitat selection, have a genetic basis. The dominance and overdominance toward the better digging parental strain in each type of task suggest the possible evolutionary importance of these digging behaviors.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Progress of farrowing and early postnatal pig behavior in relation to genetic merit for pig survival.

The objective of this study was to investigate whether pigs with different genetic merit for survival differed in birth weight, progress of farrowing, early postnatal behavior, or rectal temperature within 24 h after birth. On a nucleus farm in Rio Verde, Brazil, information was collected on 280 pigs, originating from 25 litters with known estimated breeding values for pig survival (EBVps). Litters were selected in such a way that a continuous range of EBVps with a maximum genetic contrast was achieved. Birth weight was recorded for all pigs. Indicators for progress of farrowing were birth intervals and duration of farrowing. Behavioral indicators of pig vitality were time until first upright standing (FUS), time until first udder contact (FUC), time until first teat in mouth (FTM), and time until first colostrum uptake (FCU). Rectal temperature was measured within 24 h after birth. Farrowing survival and early postnatal survival (within 3 d after farrowing) were registered. Farrowing survival and early postnatal survival both increased with increasing EBVps (farrowing survival: P = 0.007; early postnatal survival: P = 0.027). Birth weight decreased with increasing EBVps (P = 0.01). Birth intervals tended to increase with increasing EBVps (P = 0.10) and duration of farrowing was not related to EBVps. Time until first teat in mouth increased with increasing EBVps (P = 0.05), but the other behavioral indicators of pig vitality were not related to EBVps. Rectal temperature within 24 h after birth was not related to EBVps. Pigs with a higher genetic merit for survival have a lower birth weight but nevertheless have an increased farrowing survival and early postnatal survival. Their increased survival cannot be explained by differences in progress of farrowing, early postnatal behavior, or rectal temperature within 24 h after birth.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Genetic analysis of various behavioral and physiologic characteristics in hybrids between hypertensive and normotensive rats. Analysis of correlational connections].

Hereditary links between different behavioral and physiological traits were studied in rat strains SHR, WKY and their hybrids F1 and F2 by analysis of correlations in segregating and nonsegregating gene-rations. Genetic correlation of arterial pressure with body mass, intake of KC1 solution and the ability to avoidance learning (directed positively) and with characteristics of exploratory activity (directed negatively) was shown. These traits seemed to be possible genetic markers of arterial hypertension. Genetical correlates of the ability to elaborate active avoidance conditional reaction (arterial pressure and pain sensitivity) testify to relief of active avoidance learning in animals with inherited active-defensive type of behaviour, manifested by predisposition to pressor reactions and by suppressed emotional reactions to pain stimulation. Frequency in intertrial crossings during avoidance training displays positive correlation with characteristics of exploratory behaviour. Positive correlation between different characteristics of exploratory activity was established both in segregating and nonsegregating generations.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Transgenic and knockout databases: behavioral profiles of mouse mutants.

Genetically engineered strains of mice, modified by transgenesis or gene targeting ("knockouts") are being generated at an impressive rate and used, among other areas, as premiere research tools in deciphering the genetic basis of behavior. As behavioral phenotyping strategies continue to evolve, characterization of these "designer" mice will provide models to evaluate the efficacy of new pharmacological and gene therapy treatments in human hereditary diseases. Reported behavioral profiles include aberrant social, reproductive, and parental behaviors, learning and memory deficits, feeding disorders, aggression, anxiety-related behaviors, pain/analgesia, and altered responses to antidepressants, antipsychotics, ethanol, and psychostimulant drugs of abuse. The Induced Mutant Resource (IMR) at The Jackson Laboratory (TJL, Bar Harbor, ME, USA) imports, cryopreserves, develops, maintains, and distributes biomedically important stocks of transgenic and targeted mutant mice to the research community. Information on neurological/behavioral strains--including behavioral performance, husbandry requirements, strain availability, and genetic typing protocols--is provided through the IMR database (http://www.jax.org/resources/documents/imr/). A catalog of available strains is readily accessible via the JAX Mice website at http://jaxmice.jax.org/index.shtml. In addition, TJL is now host to TBASE (http://tbase.jax.org/), a comprehensive, public-domain database with primary emphasis on mouse knockouts. TBASE contains an exhaustive list of knockout-related citations and provides an extensive phenotypic characterization of numerous behavioral mutants that is extracted directly from the literature. Present efforts to merge the two resources into a novel, schematically enhanced database, provisionally named Transgenic and Targeted Mutation Database (TTMD), will be briefly discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1968

Chick's response to an imprinting stimulus: heterosis and evolution.

Tendencies of day-old chicks to respond toward, to approach, and to stay near a distant audiovisulal imprinting apparatus were shown to be inherited in a heterotic manner. High correlations found among the traits suggest that these behavioral responses are not independent but sequential. The fitness value of such a behavioral sequence is explained in terms of imprinting.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Problems in the genetics of stress. I. Genetic analysis of the behavior of mice in a stressful situation].

Behavior of progeny of complete diallel crossing between 4 inbred strains of mice (BALB/c, C3H/He, C57BL/6, AKR/J) in a stressful situation was studied. As a model of stressful situation, the open field test was used. A statistically significant influence of genotype on the variability of the behaviour characteristics is found. On the basis of analysis of general combining ability of the strains, a hypothesis is made that in the gene pool of BALB/c and C3H/He strains there are concentrated some genes of additive effect, which increase the strength of emotional reactions of mice in a stressful situation, while in the gene pool of C57BL/6 and AKR/J there are genes of opposite effect. An analysis of the specific combining ability demonstrates that an important role in the control of features characterizing the exploratory activity of mice is played by non-additive gene effects, in particular, the effects of over-dominance. Significant genotypic correlations between the rate of sexual maturation of female mice and their behaviour in stressful situation were observed. The mice which mature earlier are more reactive to the stressing effect of a strange environment.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Autism and genetic disorders.

The syndrome of autism has been documented as occurring in association with a wide variety of genetic conditions. Autistic patients with a coexistent genetic condition, however, are not behaviorally or developmentally distinct from autistic patients for whom there is no known etiology or associated organic condition. This report reviews the literature linking autistic behavior with genetic conditions. Genetic, neurodevelopmental, and neuropathological findings in three genetic conditions which frequently give rise to autism are presented in detail. On the basis of this review, two hypotheses are supported: autism is a behaviorally defined phenotype which arises from diverse causes of central nervous system (CNS) damage, and the autistic phenotype represents only one point along a continuum of psychological dysfunction resulting from CNS damage. Current theories of genetic influences on brain development are reviewed, with emphasis on the relationships among qualitative, quantitative, and temporal abnormalities of CNS maturation and behavioral dysfunction. A hypothesis of abnormal brain development resulting from dysfunctional myelination is proposed as a potential etiologic factor in autism.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Heregulin, but not ErbB2 or ErbB3, heterozygous mutant mice exhibit hyperactivity in multiple behavioral tasks.

Genetic redundancy is a problem in gene targeting studies because functionally relevant sister proteins can compensate for the lack of protein product of a targeted gene. A molecular system is chosen in which it is hoped to demonstrate both the lack and presence of compensation after disruption of particular single genes. Mammals may not be able to compensate for the lack of heregulin, a single ligand for multiple ErbB receptors, however, compensation is expected when a single ErbB receptor is knocked out. To investigate this the heregulin-1, ErbB2, or ErbB3 locus was disrupted in a targeted manner and mice heterozygous for the mutation were analyzed. Heregulin and its receptors were shown to be involved in embryonic brain development and, more recently, in plastic changes associated with adult brain function in rodents. Although they have never been shown to play roles in mammalian behavior, it was decided to characterize the mice behaviorally using a battery of simple tests. Heregulin mutant mice exhibited elevated activity levels in the open field, showed improved rotorod performance, and finished T-maze spontaneous alternation task faster compared to control wild type littermates, findings that suggest a consistent hyperactivity across tests. ErbB2 and ErbB3 mutant mice, whose strain origin was identical to that of heregulin mutants, showed no sign of the behavioral alterations. It is suggested that the abnormalities seen in heregulin mutant mice are due to mutation at that locus and the lack of alterations seen in ErbB2 and ErbB3 mutant mice is the result of compensation by unaltered sister receptors.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Serotonin in genetically determined types of defensive behavior].

A review of the data concerning the role of 5-hydroxytriptamine (5HT) in genetically defined defensive behavior. 5HT-ergic system of the brain is involved in the expression of the genetic predisposition of rodents to defensive behavior--both aggression and freezing. The results suggest that the density of 5HT1A receptors in the frontal cortex is related to the expression of aggressive behavior of both types, while functional state of the brain 5HT system is involved in mechanisms determining the strategy of choice of type of defensive behavior--freezing or aggression.

Aggression↗