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PubMed1978

Orofacial herpes simplex virus infection in hairless mice: latent virus in trigeminal ganglia after topical antiviral treatment.

Inoculation of herpes simplex virus on the forehead and/or snout of hairless mice resulted in a significantly lower mortality rate than inoculation of the skin in the lumbosacral area. Latent herpes simplex virus infections were detected in all forehead-inoculated and in 90% of snout-inoculated mice. Phosphonoacetic acid was highly effective in preventing the development of skin lesions, and no latent infections were detected when phosphonoacetic acid ointment was applied 3 h after infection. Neither adenine arabinoside nor adenine arabinoside monophosphate prevented the establishment of latent infections in the trigeminal ganglia, although they protected the mice from the fatal outcome of the infection. The antibody response after adenine arabinoside or adenine arabinoside monophosphate treatment was similar to that observed in untreated animals, and it was six to eight times higher than in mice treated with phosphonoacetic acid. Mice without evidence of latent infection had, in general, lower serum antibody titers than those with latent infections in the ganglia. An analysis of the pathogenesis of herpes simplex virus infection in mice treated with adenine arabinoside showed that virus penetration into the nerve endings was delayed and that the amount of free virus in ganglionic homogenates was 10 to 100 times less than that for untreated mice.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1998

Classical lissencephaly syndromes: does the face reflect the brain?

Both Miller-Dieker syndrome and isolated lissencephaly sequence are associated with classical lissencephaly. Both have been shown to be associated with deletions and mutations in LIS1 on 17p. Traditionally, the two disorders have been distinguished by the presence of a characteristic facial appearance in Miller-Dieker syndrome. The forehead is tall and prominent and may have vertical furrowing. There is narrowing at the temples. Eyes are widely spaced with upward slanting fissures. The nose is very short with anteverted nares. The upper lip is long, wide, and thick. The ears may have minor flattening of the helices. By contrast, these features are not seen in isolated lissencephaly sequence. We have measured five children with Miller-Dieker syndrome (MDS) and 25 children and adolescents with isolated lissencephaly sequence (ILS). Z score (standard deviation score) pattern profiles have been formulated and compared. Patients with ILS at all ages show reduced head circumference, a round head, and a wide and flat face with a broad nose and widely spaced eyes. The most unexpected finding is the similarity of pattern profiles of ILS and MDS in the age group 6 months to 4 years. Correlation coefficient is 0.812 (p<0.001). In MDS there are a few distinguishing features, including brachycephaly, a slightly wider face, and a considerably shorter nose. Given the striking similarity of these objective pattern profiles, it seems likely that the principal diagnostic discriminators are qualitative features, specifically the tall, furrowed forehead and the long, broad, thickened upper lip, which is so thick that the vermilion border of the upper lip is inverted and angled down.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Acupuncture points of the cranial nerves.

An attempt is made to name most of the acupuncture points in the face and forehead region using anatomic nomenclature known to western medicine. All acupuncture points in the face and forehead region are located along terminal or cutaneous branches of the trigeminal nerve and the motor points formed between muscular branches of the facial nerve to the muscles of facial expression. It is believed such nomenclatures will be comprehensible to basic medical scientists and clinical practitioners who have knowledge of anatomical sciences.

Acupuncture Therapy↗
PubMed1976

Exposure of radiologists to scattered radiation during radiodiagnostic examinations.

The exposure to scattered radiation was measured on both hands, the forehead and gonads of six radiologists by means of thermoluminescent dosimeters in two fluoroscopy rooms. Exposure of the forehead was found not to exceed approximately 1% of the maximum permissible exposure (MPD) (3% pursuant to NCRP (recommendations). During examinations of the colon, the exposure of the right hand proved to be significantly higher compared to the left. There was only slight exposure to the gonads as measured behind the apron.

Environmental Exposure↗
PubMed1999

Craniofacial arteriovenous malformation: preoperative embolization with direct puncture and injection of n-butyl cyanoacrylate.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the use of n-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) for preoperative embolization of craniofacial arteriovenous malformation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen patients with craniofacial arteriovenous malformation (forehead [n = 9], deep facial [n = 3], occipital [n = 1], or lip [n = 1] lesion) were treated with injection of NBCA. Forehead lesions were supplied by ophthalmic (n = 6) and/or superficial temporal arteries (n = 7); and facial and scalp lesions, by bilateral internal maxillary (n = 4), facial (n = 2), and/or occipital arteries (n = 1). Lesions were percutaneously punctured with a 20-gauge needle in the area of arteriovenous connection. Direct angiography was performed before and after compression of venous drainage, and NBCA diluted 30%-50% with iodized oil was injected during venous compression. RESULTS: Postembolization arteriograms showed that six lesions were completely devascularized after single or multiple (one to nine) injections, and five were effectively devascularized (> or = 90%). Although three lesions were 60%-70% devascularized after injection, two of these were successfully extirpated with no notable blood loss. In nine patients, the ophthalmic arterial supply had disappeared after embolization. There were no procedure-related complications. CONCLUSION: Direct-puncture embolization with NBCA is an effective and safe technique for preoperative devascularization of craniofacial arteriovenous malformation. For safe and effective devascularization, compression of draining venous channels is thought to be important.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Sympathetic tone affects human limb vascular resistance during a maximal metabolic stimulus.

To evaluate the relationship between heightened sympathetic tone and maximal metabolic vasodilation, peak forearm blood flow (ml.min-1.100 ml-1) was measured plethysmographically in 18 volunteers after the release of 10 min of arterial occlusion (the peak reactive hyperemic blood flow response, RHBF) both before and after a stimulus to induce heightened sympathetic tone. The stimulus was the application of ice to the forehead for 90 s just before and during RHBF measurements. Mean arterial cuff blood pressure (MAP; mmHg) was calculated, and corresponding resistance (R; mmHg.ml-1.min.100 ml) was derived from blood pressure divided by RHBF. During ice application, blood pressure rose (pre 92 vs. post 115 ml/mmHg; P less than 0.05), peak RHBF was unchanged (pre 38.8 vs. post 36.4 ml.min-1.100 ml-1; not significant), but R during the maximal metabolic stimulus rose (pre 2.5 vs. post 3.2 mmHg.ml-1.min.100 ml; P less than 0.05). To examine the effects of heightened sympathetic tone on conduit vessels, simultaneous measurements of maximal metabolic blood flow (RHBF) and brachial artery Doppler velocity (V, cm/s) were conducted (n = 5) with and without ice applied to the forehead. Velocity rose by 70% as flow remained constant. Thus brachial artery area (area = flow/velocity) and diameter decreased substantially (20% decrease in diameter). The increase in R noted with ice was due to an alpha-mediated response, since the increase in R was blocked by oral prazosin (n = 6) and was unaffected by maneuvers to alter myogenic tone (n = 5). We conclude that maximal metabolic vasodilation can be counteracted to some extent by the effects of heightened sympathetic tone. Moreover, some of the interaction between these two opposing influences takes place at the arterial level.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Postural vascular response vs. sympathetic vasoconstriction in human skin during orthostasis.

Sympathetic activation and local vascular smooth muscle reactions to vessel distension contribute to the increase in vascular resistance in the skin during orthostasis. The relative contribution of these two mechanisms to the changes of skin blood flow along the body axis on standing was investigated in healthy male subjects by laser-Doppler (LD) fluxmetry. Compared with recumbency, LD flux (LDF) in the standing subjects was reduced by -19.6 +/- 7.2% at the forehead and by -69.6 +/- 9.6% in the leg. In the absence of hydrostatic pressure changes, the LDF changes on standing averaged -29 +/- 13%, independent of skin region, reflecting the effect of vasoconstriction due to sympathetic activation. The postural vascular response, elicited by lowering the arm or the leg from heart level, was significantly attenuated in orthostasis compared with recumbency. The vessel reaction to local alteration of transmural pressure was studied in the skin of the forehead and lower leg by application of external pressure in supine subjects. No difference in vessel responsiveness to changes of transmural pressure was found between these skin sites. The findings suggest that the changes of skin perfusion in orthostasis result from a nonadditive interaction of height-dependent and -independent mechanisms.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Humid heat acclimation does not elicit a preferential sweat redistribution toward the limbs.

We tested the hypothesis that local sweat rates would not display a systematic postadaptation redistribution toward the limbs after humid heat acclimation. Eleven nonadapted males were acclimated over 3 wk (16 exposures), cycling 90 min/day, 6 days/wk (40 degrees C, 60% relative humidity), using the controlled-hyperthermia acclimation technique, in which work rate was modified to achieve and maintain a target core temperature (38.5 degrees C). Local sudomotor adaptation (forehead, chest, scapula, forearm, thigh) and onset thresholds were studied during constant work intensity heat stress tests (39.8 degrees C, 59.2% relative humidity) conducted on days 1, 8, and 22 of acclimation. The mean body temperature (Tb) at which sweating commenced (threshold) was reduced on days 8 and 22 (P < 0.05), and these displacements paralleled the resting thermoneutral Tb shift, such that the Tb change to elicit sweating remained constant from days 1 to 22. Whole body sweat rate increased significantly from 0.87 +/- 0.06 l/h on day 1 to 1.09 +/- 0.08 and 1.16 +/- 0.11 l/h on days 8 and 22, respectively. However, not all skin regions exhibited equivalent relative sweat rate elevations from day 1 to day 22. The relative increase in forearm sweat rate (117 +/- 31%) exceeded that at the forehead (47 +/- 18%; P < 0.05) and thigh (42 +/- 16%; P < 0.05), while the chest sweat rate elevation (106 +/- 29%) also exceeded the thigh (P < 0.05). Two unique postacclimation observations arose from this project. First, reduced sweat thresholds appeared to be primarily related to a lower resting Tb, and more dependent on Tb change. Second, our data did not support the hypothesis of a generalized and preferential trunk-to-limb sweat redistribution after heat acclimation.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2002

Validity of pulse oximetry during maximal exercise in normoxia, hypoxia, and hyperoxia.

During exercise, pulse oximetry is problematic due to motion artifact and altered digital perfusion. New pulse oximeter technology addresses these issues and may offer improved performance. We simultaneously compared Nellcor N-395 (Oxismart XLTM) pulse oximeters with an RS-10 forehead sensor (RS-10), a D-25 digit sensor (D-25), and the Ivy 2000 (Masimo SETTM)/LNOP-Adt digit sensor (Ivy) to arterial blood oxygen saturation (Sa(O(2))) by cooximetry. Nine normal subjects, six athletes, and four patients with chronic disease exercised to maximum oxygen consumption (VO(2 max)) under various conditions [normoxia, hypoxia inspired oxygen fraction (FI(O(2))) = 0.125; hyperoxia, FI(O(2)) = 1.0]. Regression analysis for normoxia and hypoxic data was performed (n = 161 observations, Sa(O(2)) = 73-99.9%), and bias (B) and precision (P) were calculated. RS10 offered greater validity than the other two devices tested (y = 1.009x - 0.52, R(2) = 0.90, B+/-P = 0.3 +/- 2.5). Finger sensors had low precision and a significant negative bias (D-25: y = 1.004x - 2.327, R(2) = 0.52, B+/-P = -2.0 +/- 7.3; Ivy: y = 1.237x - 24.2, R(2) = 0.78, B+/-P = -2.0 +/- 5.2). Eliminating measurements in which heart rate differed by >10 beats/min from the electrocardiogram value improved precision minimally and did not affect bias substantially (B+/-P = 0.5 +/- 2.0, -1.8 +/- 8.4, and -1.25+/-4.33 for RS-10, D-25, and Ivy, respectively). Signal detection algorithms and pulse oximeter were identical between RS-10 and D-25; thus the improved performance of the forehead sensor is likely because of sensor location. RS-10 should be considered for exercise testing in which pulse oximetry is desirable.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Efficacy of topical 0.05% retinaldehyde in skin aging by ultrasound and rheological techniques.

BACKGROUND: The natural precursor of retinoic acid, i.e. retinaldehyde, has been proven to exert retinoid activities. AIM AND METHODS: The aim of this prospective instrument study was to determine the effect of topical retinaldehyde 0.05% on the physical properties of aging skin. This was performed using two devices, namely a high-resolution (70-80 microm) ultrasound scanner, which visualizes the thickness of both the epidermis and the dermis, and an echorheometer, which assesses the stiffness and elasticity of the skin by suction. In a 1-year study, 21 patients applied retinaldehyde cream 0.05% on the face, while another group of 19 volunteers were only treated with an emollient (control group). Epidermal and dermal thicknesses were measured on the forehead and temple, and stiffness and elasticity were measured on the forehead only. All the instrumental parameters were assessed at baseline and at the end of treatment. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, retinaldehyde treatment induced a significant increase in epidermal thickness of the temple, as well as in cutaneous elasticity (p < 0. 01). Similarly, retinaldehyde treatment tended to increase dermal thickness and reduce cutaneous stiffness, but no statistical difference could be observed between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Taken together, the results further suggest that retinaldehyde has counteracting effects on skin aging

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2002

The antibacterial activity of topical retinoids: the case of retinaldehyde.

BACKGROUND: Retinoids such as retinoic acid (RA), retinol (ROL) and retinaldehyde (RAL) are currently used in many formulations and indications ranging form acne to skin aging. Most if not all their pharmacological activities occur through binding to nuclear receptors with subsequent modulation of the activities of several genes. Little attention has been given to the many other potential actions on the surface of the skin. AIM: To analyse the potential anti-infective activities of topical ROL, RAL and RA. METHODS: Microbial minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of ROL, RAL and RA were determined by a microdilution method on reference strains including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Micrococcus flavus, Propionibacterium acnes, Micrococcus luteus, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus hominis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and 133 clinical strains including methicillin-resistant S. aureus, methicillin-sensitive S. aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Streptococcus group B, Enterococcus faecalis, vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis, vancomycin-resistant E. faecium and Pseudomonas/Klebsiella. In two clinical trials in healthy human volunteers, skin bacterial densities were evaluated in samples obtained with the cylinder scrub method: (1). 2 and 5 h after a single application of 0.05% RAL or vehicle on the forearm and (2). in a single-blind randomized study where 0.05% RAL or vehicle were applied daily for 2 weeks on the forehead of 22 volunteers. Paired results from treated (or vehicle) and untreated areas were analysed. RESULTS: Of the three retinoids tested, only RAL showed a significant in vitro antibacterial activity; this activity was found against reference strains of gram-positive bacteria like S. aeureus, Micrococcus spp. or P. acnes. No activity was found against gram-negative bacteria. These results on reference strains were confirmed on 133 clinical isolates. MIC(50) and MIC(90) values for RAL were 8 and 16 mg/l, respectively, for methicillin-sensitive S. aureus and 4 and 8 mg/l for methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The two in vivo studies showed that areas treated with RAL had a significant decrease in the bacterial counts. In the forehead study, the median decrease was 10(2) log/cm(2) for P. acnes and 10(1.8) log/cm(2) for staphylococci. No resistant bacteria were found after 2 weeks of topical use. Preliminary results suggest that the antibacterial effect of RAL is due, in part, to the aldehyde group in the lateral chain, since non-retinoid pseudo-analogues of the chain, like citral and hexenal, showed a similar antibacterial activity. CONCLUSION: We have shown that RAL differs from parent natural retinoids such as ROL and RA in demonstrating significant antibacterial activities upon topical use. This activity is likely due to the aldehyde group in the isoprenoic lateral chain, which illustrates the potential bifunctional properties of some retinoids.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2002

A case of Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome confirmed by mutation analysis of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene.

This paper reports a case of Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome confirmed by DNA analysis of the patient's fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) genes. At birth, the patient had ocular proptosis, a red nevus with skin tags on her forehead and an umbilical stump. She developed craniosynostosis, craniofacial dysmorphism and hydrocephalus. Her treatment included forehead and facial advancement and a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Analysis of the FGFR genes revealed that she was heterozygous for a missense mutation in exon 10 for the FGFR2 protein, resulting in an amino acid substitution of cysteine for tyrosine at residue 375 (Tyr375Cys). This is the fourth case of Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome confirmed by mutation analysis of the FGFR genes.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Functional structure of the skull in hominoidea.

Finite elements stress analysis (FESA) was used to investigate the flow of compressive forces which occur if a homogenous, three-dimensional body representing the skull is loaded by simulated bite forces against the tooth row. Model 1 represents the snout alone. Bite forces are applied simultaneously, but increase rearward. Stresses in the model concentrate along the anterior contour and the lower surface of the model, leaving unstressed a nasal opening and a wide naso-oral connection. Model 2 represents the facial region, as far as the temporomandibular joint. The orbits and the nasal cavity are assumed to be present a priori. Model 3 applies reactions to the bite forces in the temporal fossa, corresponding to the origins of the masticatory muscles. Regions of the model under compressive stress correspond closely to the arrangement of bony material in a hominoid skull. If only the stress-bearing finite elements on each section are combined, and the stress-free parts neglected, the resulting three-dimensional shape is surprisingly similar to a hominoid skull. If bite forces are applied to parts of the tooth row only, the stress patterns are lower, asymmetrical and do not spread into all regions that are stress-bearing in simultaneous biting on all teeth. In model 2, the highest stresses occur at the tooth roots and along the forehead on top of the nasal roof. There are no marked stress concentrations on top of the orbits. The resulting shape resembles that of an orang-utan. In model 3, the highest stresses also occur at the tooth roots, but the circles of force mostly close below the brain case, so that the stress concentration in the forehead region remains much less marked. In this model, however, the stress concentrations are very similar to hollow brow ridges. The entire resulting shape resembles that of gorilla or chimpanzee skulls. A typical gracile australopithecine skull (STS-5) also shows clear similarities to the patterns of stress flow in our models. Compared to our earlier study of the modern human skull, differences relate to: the relative length and width of the dental arcade, the relative size of the brain case and the position of the arcade relative to the brain case. It seems that these traits are the points of attack of selective pressures, while all other morphological details are simply consequences of stress flow.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effect of haemodialysis on acoustic shear wave propagation in the skin.

BACKGROUND: Diverse skin alterations may develop in patients under chronic haemodialysis. Among them, signs of premature photo-ageing have been described. AIM: To assess alterations in the physical properties of skin consistent with ageing effects and with cutaneous fluid exchanges during haemodialysis sessions. METHODS: In the first part of the study, 45 haemodialysed patients were compared to 45 age-, sex- and body-mass-index-matched healthy subjects. In the second part of the study, skin of 30 haemodialysed patients was assessed immediately before and after a haemodialysis session. The speed of ultrasound shear wave propagation was measured in each subject. Series of 16 multidirectional resonance running time measurements (RRTM) were performed on the forehead and/or the volar forearm. They were averaged for each subject. The corresponding intra-individual coefficients of variation were calculated as an estimate of the skin mechanical anisotropy. RESULTS: In both haemodialysed patients and their matched controls, RRTM values were significantly higher on the forearms than on the forehead. By contrast, no significant difference was found in RRTM values that could be ascribed to chronic haemodialysis. However, RRTM values were significantly increased as an immediate and probably transient effect of haemodialysis sessions. In healthy subjects, ageing was associated with increased RRTM values. CONCLUSION: Chronic haemodialysis does not appear to influence significantly the functional expression of the dermal ageing process. Subtle fluid movements occurring in the skin during haemodialysis sessions can be assessed by measuring non-invasively the speed of ultrasound shear wave propagation in the skin.

Adult↗
PubMed1974

The cardiovascular effects of morphine. The peripheral capacitance and resistance vessels in human subjects.

To evaluate the effects of morphine on the peripheral venous and arterial beds, 69 normal subjects were evaluated before and after the intravenous administration of 15 mg morphine. Venous tone was determined by three independent techniques in 22 subjects. The venous pressure measured in a hand vein during temporary circulatory arrest (isolated hand vein technique) fell from 20.2+/-1.4 to 13.4+/-0.9 mm Hg (P < 0.01) 10 min after morphine, indicating that a significant venodilation had occurred. With the acute occlusion technique, morphine induced a reduction in forearm venous tone from 12.8+/-1.1 to 7.9+/-2.3 mm Hg/ml/100 ml (P < 0.01). Although forearm venous volume at a pressure of 30 mm Hg (VV[30]) was increased from 2.26+/-0.17 to 2.55+/-0.26 ml/100 ml, measured by the equilibration technique, the change was not significant (P > 0.1). Of note is that the initial reaction to morphine was a pronounced venoconstriction, demonstrated during the first 1-2 min after the drug. (Isolated hand vein pressure increased to 37.2+/-5.4 mm Hg, P < 0.01). This rapidly subsided, and by 5 min a venodilation was evident. Morphine did not attenuate the venoconstrictor response to a single deep breath, mental arithmetic, or the application of ice to the forehead when measured by either the isolated hand vein technique or the equilibration technique. To evaluate the effects of morphine on the peripheral resistance vessels in 47 normal subjects, forearm blood flow was measured plethysmographically before and 10-15 min after the intravenous administration of 15 mg of morphine. Although mean systemic arterial pressure was unchanged, forearm blood flow increased from 2.92+/-0.28 to 3.96+/-0.46 ml/min/100 ml (P < 0.01), and calculated vascular resistance fell from 42.4+/-5.2 to 31.6+/-3.2 mm Hg/ml/min/100 ml (P < 0.01). When subjects were tilted to the 45 degrees head-up position, morphine did not block the increase in total peripheral vascular resistance that occurs; however, it did significantly attenuate the forearm arteriolar constrictor response (before morphine, + 25.7+/-5.4; after morphine, + 13.7+/-5.3 mm Hg/ml/min/100 ml, P < 0.05). However, morphine did not block the post-Valsalva overshoot of blood pressure, nor did it block the increase in forearm vascular resistance produced by the application of ice to the forehead. Similarly, morphine did not block the arteriolar or venoconstrictor effects of intra-arterially administered norepinephrine. Morphine infused into the brachial artery in doses up to 200 mug/min produced no changes in ipsilateral forearm VV[30], forearm blood flow, or calculated forearm resistance. Intra-arterial promethazine, atropine, and propranolol did not block the forearm arteriolar dilator response to intravenous morphine; however, intra-arterial phentolamine abolished the response. These data suggest that in human subjects, morphine induces a peripheral venous and arteriolar dilation by a reflex reduction in sympathetic alpha adrenergic tone. Morphine does not appear to act as a peripheral alpha adrenergic blocking agent but seems to attenuate the sympathetic efferent discharge at a central nervous system level.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Skull metastasis from renal cell carcinoma. Case report and literature review.

Metastatic tumors to the head and neck are uncommon. We report a case of renal cell carcinoma that presented as an epidermal inclusion cyst on the forehead. The forehead is an exceedingly uncommon site for renal cell metastases. We review the biology of tumor metastases and explore the pathways by which infraclavicular tumors spread to the head and neck. We then discuss the clinical appearance and management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Objective evaluation of normal facial function.

The aim of this investigation was the assessment of normal facial movements using the objective computer-assisted OSCAR method. Computerized black-and-white video images of 20 healthy volunteers were recorded with the face at rest, maximal wrinkling of the forehead, forced eye closure, and forced smiling. The mean regional symmetry index was found to be 91% (SD 6%; range 80% to 99%) for wrinkling of the forehead, 93% (SD 5%; range 82% to 100%) for forced eye closure, and 91% (SD 5%; range 79% to 98%) for maximal smiling. Clinical weighting gave a global symmetry index of 92% (SD 3%; range 88% to 96%). The presented results show that the physiological dynamic asymmetry of the normal face is 7% to 9%. No dominant facial side could be found. The comparison of the results obtained with the OSCAR method with those of the subjective House-Brackmann and Fisch grading systems showed that the physiological asymmetry of facial movements can only be accurately determined with a computer-assisted objective method.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Temporal artery temperature measurements in healthy infants, children, and adolescents.

A noninvasive temporal artery thermometer that uses arterial heat balance technology has been compared to rectal and ear thermometry and is available in the marketplace. This study was undertaken to establish mean temperatures and temperatures 2 standard deviations above the mean for healthy infants, children, and adolescents. Temperatures were measured in healthy patients 0 to 18 years of age using a noninvasive temporal artery thermometer. Temperatures were measured in 2,346 patients. Mean temperatures and temperatures 2 standard deviations above the mean were: 37.1 degrees C (38.1 degrees C) for 383 infants 0 to 2 months; 36.9 degrees C (37.9 degrees C) for 860 children 3 to 47 months; 36.8 degrees C (37.8 degrees C) for 680 children 4 to 9 years; and 36.7 degrees C (37.8 degrees C) for 423 adolescents 10 to 18 years. There were no significant differences in temperatures in white compared to African-American children, children with or without perspiration on their forehead, or between measurements taken on the left compared to the right side of the forehead. This study provides information about temporal artery temperatures in healthy infants and children that can serve as a basis for interpreting temperature measurements in ill children when the same instrument is used.

Adolescent↗