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At least 1,405 records · Page 78Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Sexual activity, contraception, and reproductive factors in predicting endometriosis.

To examine the belief that women with endometriosis have "voluntarily" delayed childbirth, the authors used a case-control approach to assess the relation between sexual, contraceptive, and reproductive factors and endometriosis. A total of 104 laparoscopically confirmed newly diagnosed cases of endometriosis were identified from a gynecologic specialty clinic in western New York state in 1987. Two control groups were used: 1) 100 friend controls, and 2) 98 medical controls. No differences were found between study groups on use of reliable birth control, use of birth control before a first pregnancy, age at first intercourse, frequency of intercourse, decisions to delay pregnancy, age at first pregnancy, or measures of body size. Cases were older than medical controls by about 1 year when they first began using birth control (19.8 vs. 18.6 years, p < 0.05). Cases were also 1 year older than friend controls when they began regular intercourse (20.9 vs. 19.5 years, p < 0.005) and at first marriage (22.8 vs. 21.7 years, p < 0.05). A larger percentage of cases than friend controls were never pregnant (p < 0.0001) and were more likely to have problems becoming pregnant (p < 0.0001). Results, overall, do not support simplistic assumptions that characterize endometriosis patients as career women who voluntarily delay pregnancy. Rather, the results point to a complex relation between endometriosis and reproductive, sexual activity, and fertility-related factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Feeding practices of the very low-birth-weight infant within the first year.

Information summarized from early feeding practices of VLBW infants (1,500 gm. or less at birth) identified three prevalent practices which potentially could result in compromised nutrition for these babies: (1) Cereals were introduced at an early age. Feeding cereals before infants are developmentally ready may decrease formula intake or result in a forced feeding situation. (b) Two percent and skim milk were fed to approximately 50% of these infants within their first year of life. Feeding calorically dilute milk may reduce energy intake, as well as compromise the intake of essential fatty acids. (c) Whole cow's milk was introduced to some VLBW infants at an early age. The feeding of cow's milk to young infants without appropriate supplementation may predispose these infants to significant nutritional deficiencies and imbalances. Any one of these feeding practices could affect an infant's nutrient intake. If all three are encountered in the same baby, growth may be adversely affected. Whether increased attention to appropriate feeding practices during the first year of life would result in a more favorable growth outcome for VLBW infants is not known.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Bone turnover markers and bone strength during the first weeks of life in very low birth weight premature infants.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between changes in bone turnover markers and bone strength of very low birth weight infants during the first eight postnatal weeks. STUDY DESIGN: Twelve very low birth weight premature infants [mean gestational age: 28.4 +/- 0.6 weeks, mean birth weight: 1131 +/- 62 grams] participated in the study. Bone strength was evaluated weekly by quantitative ultrasound measurements of tibial bone speed of sound (SOS, Sunlight Omnisense). Bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP), a marker of bone formation, and carboxy terminal cross-links telopeptide of type-I collagen (ICTP), a marker of bone resorption, were collected at the ages of one, four and eight weeks. RESULTS: BSAP increased significantly (from 119.9 +/- 16.2 U/L to 132.1 +/- 11.9 U/L and 152.1 +/- 15.7 U/L at one, four and eight weeks of life, respectively, p<0.05). ICTP decreased significantly during the study period (from 122.3 +/- 8.7 ng/ml to 96.0 +/- 4.8 ng/ml and 92.3 +/- 5.4 ng/ml at one, four and eight weeks of life, respectively; p<0.05). There was a significant decrease in bone SOS (from 2886 +/- 29 m/sec to 2792 +/- 30 m/sec and 2753 +/- 30 m/sec at birth, four weeks and eight weeks of life, respectively; p<0.02). There was no correlation between the levels of bone markers and bone SOS. CONCLUSION: In VLBW premature infants, there is a significant decrease in bone strength concomitant with biochemical evidence for new bone formation (increase in BSAP and a decrease in ICTP) during the first eight postnatal weeks. Changes in the biochemical markers could not predict the changes in bone strength.

Aging↗
PubMed2002

Ontogenesis of female-to-male sex-reversal in XX polled goats.

The association of polledness and intersexuality in domestic goats (PIS mutation) made them a practical genetic model for studying mammalian female-to-male sex reversal. In this study, gonads from XX sex-reversed goats (PIS-/-) were thoroughly characterized at the molecular and histologic level from the first steps of gonadal differentiation (36 days post coitum [dpc]) to birth. The first histologic signs of gonadal sex reversal were detectable between 36 and 40 dpc (4-5 days later than the XY male) and were mainly characterized by the reduction of the ovarian cortex and the organization of seminiferous cords. As early as 36 dpc, aromatase (CYP19) gene expression was decreased in XX (PIS-/-) gonads, whereas genes normally up-regulated in males, such as SOX9 and AMH, showed an increased expression level from 40 dpc. Thereafter, steroidogenic cell precursors were affected, and at 56 dpc, WNT4 and 3beta-HSD were expressed in a male-specific manner in sex-reversed gonads. Another noticeable feature was a progressive disappearance of germ cells, clearly visible in testicular cords around 70 dpc where 50-75% of germ cells were absent in XX (PIS-/-) gonads. These observations indicated that the causal mutation of PIS acts very early in the sex-determining cascade and affects primarily the supporting cells of the gonad.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

The increasing demand for infertility treatment.

At present NHS services for infertile couples are under-developed compared with those available in the private sector. Health care planners should be aware that the demand for infertility treatment is likely to increase. The average age at first child birth has increased and presumably also the average age at the first attempt to conceive. The rise in divorce rates and second marriages has resulted in increasing numbers of couples wishing to start a second family at a comparatively advanced age. If, as it appears, the time taken to conceive increases with age, the higher average age of women attempting to conceive could cause an increase in the prevalence of infertility, and the demand for treatment. Divorce and remarriage of sterilised people has resulted in a demand for reversal of sterilisation and for in vitro fertilisation (IVF). The age of onset of sexual activity has fallen. This, combined with later marriage, has led to an increase in the number of sexually active single people, with an increase in the incidence of sexually transmitted disease of which infertility is a possible sequel. The opportunity to adopt is now available for very few couples because of the decreasing proportion of illegitimate babies available for adoption. Recent publicity given to developments such as gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT) and IVF may have increased the demand for treatment.

Adoption↗
PubMed2005

[Effect of hygiene interventions on the thermal stability of extremely low-birth-weight newborns in the first two weeks of life].

INTRODUCTION: A prospective study was performed of a cohort of extremely low-birth-weight (ELBW) premature neonates (birth weight 500 to 1,000 g) consecutively admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. The aim of this study was to examine the thermal changes that occur during all the hygiene-related interventions in ELBW infants in the first 2 weeks of life. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study was carried out for 10 consecutive months in the Neonatology Service of La Paz University Hospital. We studied all consecutively admitted ELBW infants who satisfied the following criteria: a) adequate weight for gestational age; b) survival for at least 1 week, and c) no major congenital malformations or dysmorphic features. The infants included in the study were managed according to a standard care protocol for maintaining thermal stability and preventing cold-induced stress. Central temperature (Tc) was measured in the axilla and peripheral temperature (Tp) was measured on the sole of the foot. Both temperatures were continuously monitored for a) a period of scheduled non-handling--baseline period--and b) during and after a series of "hygiene interventions". In each of these periods, Tc and Tp were continuously monitored and recorded at 10 min intervals for the first 30 minutes and then at 30 min intervals until completing a 180 min period. RESULTS: Although incubator temperature was raised by a mean of 3 degrees C during hygiene interventions, hygiene was accompanied by a change in body temperature that remained fairly constant throughout the study period; Tc and Tp decreased by a mean of 1 degrees C with respect to baseline temperature. A fall in axillary temperature to less than 36.5 degrees C was observed in 87.4 % of recordings and a fall to less than 36 degrees C was observed in 45.5 %; axillary temperature remained below 36.5 degrees C for a mean duration of almost 1 hour. The differential temperature (Td 5 Tc - Tp), an indicator of thermal stress, was more than 1 degrees C for a mean duration of more than 80 min and > 2 degrees C for more than 20 minutes in both the first and second weeks of life. CONCLUSIONS: During hygiene interventions, ELBW infants experienced a sharp fall in central and peripheral body temperature. After hygiene interventions, these neonates had a Td suggestive of prolonged thermal stress, despite the use of standardized care protocols designed to avoid or minimize the potential effects of hygiene interventions on neonatal temperature.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed1990

Seasonal variation in human births.

During the first half of this century, the seasonal pattern of births in European countries showed a major peak in the spring and a minor peak in the autumn. In contrast, the pattern in the US was of a minor peak in spring and a major peak in autumn. Over the last 20 years, the pattern in England and Wales has changed to resemble the US pattern, and the same seems to be true of several other European countries. A hypothesis is offered to account for the difference between the European and the US patterns and for the change from one to the other in some countries. The magnitude of seasonality correlates positively with latitude: it is suggested that this is partially consequent on variation in luminosity.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1991

Incidence and treatment of deviation of nasal septum in newborns.

Four thousand and ninety consecutive newborns were investigated for nasal septal deviations over a two-year period in the Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa. An incidence of 0.93% of anterior nasal septal cartilaginous dislocation was found. No statistically significant correlation was observed between the newborns' weight and the nasal deformities. Definite correlation between the type of delivery and the nasal deformity was noted, however. The importance of early treatment during the first three days after birth is stressed. The infants were followed for a three-year period and no evidence of recurring septal deformity was noted. Birth trauma was first reported by Metzenbaum in 1929 as being a causative factor in nasal septal dislocation. Since then, it has been reported by other authors. Deviated nasal septum in the newborn is said to occur due to various intrauterine and transnatal pressures operating on the fetus. In 1963, Klaff reported 12 cases of septal dislocation in newborns and went on to describe the causative factors and methods of treatment. Gray investigated septal deformities in 2,380 infants at birth and found anterior cartilage deformity in 4%. He put forward a maxillary moulding theory of transmitted pressure during pregnancy or birth in an attempt to explain septal deformities in the newborn. Hartikainen et al. screened 4,724 newborns for congenital nasal deformities and found a 1.9% incidence of anterior septal dislocation. In this study no evidence of birth trauma as the cause of congenital nasal deformities was found and it was proposed that the majority of dislocations originated during intrauterine life. Collo reported correction of 19 birth traumatic nasal septal deviations by manual manipulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Electron microscopic and morphometric research on the development of the outer segments of the photoreceptor cells in mutant Campbell rats with hereditary retinal dystrophy].

Development of rod outer segment (ROS) in the posterior area of the retina in normal (GR) and mutant Campbell rats with inherited retinal dystrophy was studied using transmission electron microscopy and morphometry. In both strains of rats primitive cilia appear first after birth and their number progressively increases up to postnatal day 9. The first ROS membrane disks (MD) appear at postnatal day 5. Originally MD are randomly oriented but later they acquire a regular arrangement. At day 7 MD occupy about 14% area of posterior retina in transverse sections in Campbell rats versus 7% in normal animals. By day 9 MD occupy about 35% area in the same region of the retina in both lines of rats. The retina of 15-day-old rats possesses the definitive number of differentiated ROS. The data obtained show that during the period between birth and eyelid opening ROS morphogenesis in Campbell rats is not slow or disturbed as compared with that in normal rats.

Aging↗
PubMed1982

The family formation process among U.S. marriage cohorts.

The family formation process is viewed as the progression of women through first marriage, first, subsequent, and last births and is examined for differential patterns of timing in 1930-1969 marriage cohorts. Based on the childbearing histories of approximately 17,000 white women once and still married, extracted from the June 1975 Current Population Survey, the study uses a dynamic model to show the varying importance across cohorts of the first birth interval as an important indicator of the total time spent in childbearing, social background effects in differentiating the timing of the first two births, and of prior birth transitions as affecting subsequent ones.

Birth Intervals↗
PubMed2001

Changes in bone density during childhood and adolescence: an approach based on bone's biological organization.

Bone densitometry has great potential to improve our understanding of bone development. However, densitometric data in children rarely are interpreted in light of the biological processes they reflect. To strengthen the link between bone densitometry and the physiology of bone development, we review the literature on physiological mechanisms and structural changes determining bone mineral density (BMD). BMD (defined as mass of mineral per unit volume) is analyzed in three levels: in bone material (BMD(material)), in a bone's trabecular and cortical tissue compartments (BMD(compartment)), and in the entire bone (BMD(total)). BMD(material) of the femoral midshaft cortex decreases after birth to a nadir in the first year of life and thereafter increases. In iliac trabecular bone, BMD(material) also increases from infancy to adulthood, reflecting the decrease in bone turnover. BMD(material) cannot be determined with current noninvasive techniques because of insufficient spatial resolution. BM(compartment) of the femoral midshaft cortex decreases in the first months after birth followed by a rapid increase during the next 2 years and slower changes thereafter, reflecting changes in both relative bone volume and BMD(material). Trabecular BMD(compartment) increases in vertebral bodies but not at the distal radius. Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) allows for the determination of both trabecular and cortical BMD(compartment), whereas projectional techniques such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) can be used only to assess cortical BMD(compartment) of long bone diaphyses. BMD(total) of long bones decreases by about 30% in the first months after birth, reflecting a redistribution of bone tissue from the endocortical to the periosteal surface. In children of school age and in adolescents, changes in BMD(total) are site-specific. There is a marked rise in BMD(total) at locations where relative cortical area increases (metacarpal bones, phalanges, and forearm), but little change at the femoral neck and midshaft. BMD(total) can be measured by QCT at any site of the skeleton, regardless of bone shape. DXA allows the estimation of BMD(total) at skeletal sites, which have an approximately circular cross-section. The system presented here may help to interpret densitometric results in growing subjects on a physiological basis.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1988

Rotavirus and Cryptosporidium shedding in dairy calf feces and its relationship to colostrum immune transfer.

Twenty Holstein calves received 2 L of colostrum twice within 12 h after birth; the first feeding occurred within 2 h of parturition. The increase in adsorption efficiency was related to the gamma globulin provided in the first colostrum feeding. Absorption efficiency ranged from 2.4 to 46.1%. The number of sheddings of rotavirus and Cryptosporidium by the calves during their first 4 wk of life was associated with serum gamma globulin concentration 24 h after birth and absorption efficiency. Absorption efficiency and body weight combined accounted for 60.4% of the variation in the number of sheddings; heavier calves shed more than lighter calves. During the first 4 wk, calves that shed more frequently gained less weight; weight gain was also associated with serum gamma globulin levels 24 h after birth. Colostrum composition varied between quarters of the same cow. Total protein and gamma globulin content of colostrum from the rear quarters was higher than from the front quarters. The association between number of sheddings and absorption efficiency suggest that calves should not be fed colostrum containing less than 9 g/100 ml of total protein.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The postanatal development of high-endothelial venules in lymph nodes of mice.

The postnatal development of high-endothelial venules (HE-venules) in popliteal lymph nodes of normal and athymic mice was studied by light and electron microscopy. In the normal mice, undifferentiated postcapillary HEvenules are already present at birth. During the first four days after birth, ribosomes and mitochondria in the endothelial cells of the venules become more numerous, and the endoplasmic reticulum and in particular the Golgi complexes enlarge. At day four lymphocyte diapedesis through the venules becomes apparent. From the tenth day the HEvenules are structurally mature. However, diapedesis activity still increases till about a month postnatally. In mice with congenital aplasia of the thymus (nude mice) and in neonatally thymectomized mice the development of the HEvenules is similar to that in normal mice. In the athymic mice both lymphocytes and granulocytes migrate through the walls of the HEvenules. However, the blood level of lymphocytes in these mice is far below the value in normal mice. It is concluded that the development of the HEvenules during the first month of life is independent of the blood level of lymphocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Early discharge of mothers and infants following vaginal childbirth at the United States Air Force Academy: A three-year study.

Since opening the Air Force's first in-hospital birth center, the United States Air Force Academy Hospital has followed a policy of 24-hour discharge of mothers and babies--a major paradigm shift in traditional military treatment facility practice. This study was conducted to evaluate this change. Records were reviewed of all vaginal births in the first 3 years of operation. Factors considered included demographic data, parity, gestational age, and complicating factors, both mother and infant. Postpartum bed days were reduced by 48%, the maternal readmission rate was 0.59%, and the infant readmission rate was 0.29%. It is the opinion of this author that 24-hour discharge is safe, cost effective, promotes access to care, and is desirable for patient satisfaction. With 1,340 subjects evaluated, the results of this study are provided to encourage and support a change in traditional practice patterns in military treatment facilities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Postnatal development of calretinin- and parvalbumin-positive interneurons in the rat neostriatum: an immunohistochemical study.

On the basis of cytochemical and morphologic differences, two classes of gamma-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) interneurons expressing calcium-binding proteins have been identified in the striatum of adult animals: neurons expressing either parvalbumin (PV) or calretinin (CR). The function of these calcium-binding proteins is not clear, however, they are associated with distinct classes of inhibitory interneurons within the adult neostriatum. By using immunocytochemical techniques, we analyzed the postnatal maturation and the spatiotemporal distribution of PV- and CR-positive neurons in the rat neostriatum compared with a third class of interneurons characterized by the expression of the acetylcholine-synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). PV-positive cells appeared initially on postnatal day 9 in the lateral region of the striatum. During postnatal weeks 2 and 3, the numbers of PV-positive neurons increased, and this cell population spread progressively in a lateromedial direction. In contrast, CR-expressing neurons were present at birth. During the first few days after birth, the number of CR-immunoreactive cells increased, reaching a peak on postnatal day 5 before declining during the following 2 weeks. A mediolateral gradient was evident temporarily. ChAT-containing neurons were detectable at birth in the lateral striatum. During postnatal weeks 1 and 2, the neurons matured along a lateral-to-medial gradient. The results indicate that the maturation of striatal interneurons is regulated differentially during postnatal development, resulting in a distinct spatiotemporal genesis of phenotypes. The sequential expression of CR and PV suggests a stage-dependent development of subsets of inhibitory interneurons and, hence, the stage-dependent maturation of functionally distinct inhibitory circuits within the neostriatum.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Risk factors for spontaneous preterm birth in a Saudi population.

Preterm birth (< 37 weeks completed gestation), the primary predictor of infant morbidity and mortality, can result from diverse biologic and sociodemographic variables. A case-control study was undertaken to determine risk factors that were significantly associated with preterm birth in our population. Pertinent data were collected by structured interviews with eligible subjects and by medical record abstraction. The study population consisted of 118 mothers of singleton, preterm, appropriate for gestational age infants (cases) and 118 mothers of singleton, term, appropriate for gestational age infants (controls). A multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that significant risk factors for preterm birth were first or second trimester vaginal bleeding during current pregnancy, a previous preterm birth, inadequate prenatal care, consanguinity, maternal body mass index of < 23, and short inter-pregnancy interval. Awareness of such risk factors is essential in planning public education programs and in considering appropriate perinatal care options for women at potentially higher risk for preterm delivery.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Acute intrapartum fetoplacental transfusion in monochorionic twin pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: The risk of antenatal fetofetal transfusion in monochorionic twin pregnancies has been noted, but possible acute intrapartum transfusion has not been studied extensively. Acute fetoplacental transfusion after the birth of the first twin can be disastrous to the second twin, so it deserves description. CASES: We present three cases of acute intrapartum fetoplacental transfusion after successful deliveries of first twins. After the births of their cotwins, the second twins rapidly deteriorated and were born severely hypovolemic and anemic. CONCLUSION: The risk of acute intrapartum transfusion should be kept in mind when planning delivery of monochorionic twins.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2003

Childbirth as healing: three women's experience of independent midwife care.

This article sets out to demonstrate that, for some women, childbirth may be experienced as healing and life-changing. The author works as an independent midwife. Interviews with three ex-clients were analysed, and the common themes identified and grouped. The three women had negative memories of the birth of their first child, but all birthed their second babies at home. The quality of care received was described as empowering, reassuring and emotionally supportive. Practical inputs such as listening presence, information, referrals, touch, were all identified as facilitative. The women framed their perception of the changes which had occurred in terms of reassessment of themselves and their capabilities in the light of the achievement of the birth experience.

Adult↗