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Family allowance and family planning in Chile.
Family allowances designed to promote maternal and child health and welfare could be self-defeating if they stimulated otherwise unwanted births, as often assumed. That assumption, with its public health and demographic implications, needs testing. An attempt to test it was made in Chile in 1969--1970 through interviews with 945 wives receiving an allowance and 690 non-recipients. Recipients practiced contraception significantly more than did non-recipients. This was not explained by wives' educational attainment or employment, the couples' earnings, or number of living children, but was associated with a 50 per cent greater utilization of professional prenatal care by recipients during the most recent pregnancy; women with such care (regardless of allowance status) were 75 per cent more likely than others to control their fertility. Prenatal care was probably sought more by recipients in part because an additional stipend was provided as soon as pregnancy was confirmed, usually at clinics with integrated family planning. Greater family income, attributable to the allowance, probably also contributed to the recipients' better prenatal attention and to contraceptive practice. Noteworthy, too, was the finding that with the number of living children controlled, contraceptive practice was significantly greater amoung couples who had never lost a child.
Correlates of family planning acceptance: a multivariate analysis.
A multivariate generalized linear model is developed to analyze the correlates of family planning acceptance in India using data from the 1980 National Fertility and Mortality Survey, undertaken in Maharashtra. "Variables such as caste, education, number of living sons, [and] number of living children have been included in the analysis. The application of the model revealed that the existing number of children/son has a closer association with acceptance of contraception rather than the education or caste variables."
Socio-demographic characteristics of women requesting induced abortion. A cross-sectional study from the municipality of Malmö, Sweden.
The aim of this study in an urban population has been to describe socio-demographic characteristics of women seeking an induced abortion. The 1,220 cases in the study correspond to an annual abortion rate of 26.0 per 1,000 women aged 15-44. There were substantial differences from 10.1 to 42.6 per 1,000 women in the 18 different urban areas. High rate areas had, in comparison with the municipal average, a higher percentage of people with low income, low education, foreign background, and people in need of social welfare. There was also a higher percentage of people living alone and a higher migration rate. Women applying for an induced abortion had similar socio-demographic characteristics. It is concluded that these associations should be considered in future family planning programs and that preventive efforts probably can be made more cost effective by concentrating on areas and individuals with these socio-demographic characteristics.
A rapid screening technique for detection of diosgenin through in situ cytophotometry.
Costus speciosus (Koenig) Sm. contains diosgenin, an important drug in family planning programs in India and underdeveloped countries. A simple, rapid method has been developed for in situ quantitation of diosgenin in this plant. The method is based on the formation of a suitable colored product of diosgenin in frozen sections of fresh material followed by determination of its optical density by in situ cytophotometry. The staining reagent is a combination of anisaldehyde, sulfuric acid and acetic acid. A positive correlation has been observed between cytophotometric diosgenin estimates and those derived from thin layer chromatography of extracts. The method is convenient for routine screening of plants for steroidal sapogenins such as diosgenin.
[A comparative study of consistent and inconsistent contraceptive users on partner communication, perceived contraceptive control, and sexual autonomy].
PURPOSE: This study is to investigate the influencing factors in the consistent use of contraception methods by comparing consistent and inconsistent users on partner communication, contraceptive control perception, and sexual autonomy among married Korean women. METHOD: This study consists of 243 married women living in Korea. A convenient sampling technique was used and data were collected by self report questionnaires from September 14, 2000 to October 20, 2000. RESULT: Only 41.6% of women were using contraception methods consistently and the rest of them were using contraception methods inconsistently. Between the two groups, statistical significances were noted in sexual communication(t=-2.5, p=.01), perceived contraceptive control(t=-7.5, p=.00) and sexual autonomy(t=-3.1, p=.00). As for general communication, it was not statistically significant(t=-1.0, p=.31). CONCLUSION: Family planning program advisors should recognize that intervention programs for the promotion of consistent contraceptive behavior should focus on the sexual communication, perceived contraceptive control, and sexual autonomy.
Sexual activity among Zambian female teenagers: the role of interpersonal skills.
This study examined the relationship between interpersonal skills and sexual activity among female adolescents in Zambia. Data from 390 females in seven schools were analyzed. Results indicated that the inability to say no was associated with coital and noncoital sexual activity. The findings suggest that family planning programs should consider the role of interpersonal skills in controlling adolescent fertility.
[Use of modified intrauterine device (IUD) TCu 380 with chromium filaments in the immediate postpartum].
Postpartum insertion of the intrauterine device (IUD) can provide an effective and convenient means of contraception. As a result, the use of IUD's has steadily increased, and the Family Planning Program recommends it because it offers many advantages. However, a major risk associated with the use of IUD's is the possibility of its expulsion, which ranges from 4 to 60%. Furthermore, 20% of women who expelled IUD's were unaware that it occurred, thus increasing their susceptibility to unwanted pregnancies. IUD's modified by the addition of biodegradable strands of chromic suture at time of implantation are thought to be less likely to be expelled, as the sutures anchor the IUD more firmly to the endometrium, and it is possible that the use of these sutures may decrease the risk of expulsion. Therefore we determined if the chromic extension to IUD enhance retention and decreased the rate of expulsion. In one year of study, 150 women received a modified IUD (TCu 380) with chromic catgut number 0 (ccO) in the transversal arm within 10 minutes of delivery of the placenta. However, only 84 women completed the follow-up study. To evaluate IUD expulsion, exploratory examinations were conducted during the immediate postpartum, at 7 days postpartum and at 6 weeks after delivery. We determined the presence or expulsion of the IUD in these three periods postpartum. Other parameters such as parity, age and marital status were also considered. A total of 14 modified IUD's (16.6%) were expelled. This represents a similar frequency of expulsion both during the immediate postpartum and the 7 days postpartum period. There was no significant difference in the rate of expulsion between the two periods. Moreover, there was no expulsion at 6 weeks postpartum. The primiparity women had the highest percentage of expulsion (22.8%). Single mothers either living with or without their sexual partner had expulsion rates of 20.6 and 20.5%, respectively. The highest rate of expulsion when we considered age was in women younger than 30 years of age. There was only one case of expulsion where the mother was unaware of its occurrence. The results described here indicate that age, parity and civil status have no direct influence on expulsion of modified IUD's with chrome extensions. In all postpartum periods studied the p-value was greater than 0.05. Six weeks postpartum was the only time at which there was no IUD expulsion. This is most likely a consequence of decreased uterine cavity size and closure cervix. The modified IUD TCu 380 with chrome strands shows a rate of expulsion similar to other modified IUD's as evidenced in the literature. However, there is a lower rate of expulsion than in unmodified IUD's. It is an important to rote that incomplete expulsion of modified IUD's in this study was considered a total expulsion which represent loss of contraceptive effectiveness. On the contrary, if we had considered only completely expelled IUD's in this study, the percentage would have been significantly lower, as only one total expulsion was found. Further studies are necessary to investigate consecutive expulsions of the TCu 380 modified IUD.
The relationship between change in educational attainment and fertility rates in Taiwan.
Using vital statistics data for 1966 on age-education-specific marital fertility rates and comparable data drawn from a sample of Taiwanese women in 1971, the author computes the separate effects of changes in marital fertility, proportions married, age distribution, and educational distribution on changes in the crude birth rate and the fertility rate between 1966 and 1971. The changing educational distribution appears to have been fairly important, accounting for 24 percent of the 1966-1971 change in crude birth rate, holding other factors constant. For young women, the closely related factors of education and age at marriage seem to dominate fertility over the period, probably reflecting the widespread adoption of contraceptive practice by the lower educational strata. The effects of organized family planning program efforts are probably felt here.
[Evaluation of contraception according to age and parity].
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Population ageing, retirement policy and living conditions of the elderly in China.
The authors discuss economic and social aspects of the predicted rapid aging of China's population. They conclude that "its economic impact will depend on the outcome of the birth control campaign in rural areas...and on the pace of transition towards the nuclear family. In view of the very primitive nature of the retirement and health insurance systems, a rapid breakdown of family structures would constitute a major threat to the welfare of the elderly. Excepting certain middle- or upper-class pensioners in large cities, the standard of living of the elderly population remains very low and, due to the co-residence of generations, it is closely linked to trends in average income."
[Some psychological problems in family planning work].
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[Follow-up studies of sterilized women].
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Medical termination of pregnancy: a study of acceptor characteristics.
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Fertility trends and planned parenthood: (summary report on a subregional working group meeting).
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