[Panel discussion on the 1st main topic: fundamentals, methods indications, and results of fracture therapy].
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Fracture Fixation↗
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[Bone alloplasty: its place and role in the system of modern osteosynthesis methods].
The experience with alloplasty carried out upon 265 patients with fractures and pseudoarthrosis of long tubular bones is generalized in this work. In 87 cases the osteosynthesis with bone angular and T-bars was performed. The analysis of the results of surgical treatment of fractures and pseudoarthrosis has proved the advantages of the bone bar osteosynthesis over other surgical procedures, especially from the technical and biological points of view, which are the following: its simplicity and non-traumatic effect, good fracture stability, prevention from angular and rotational displacement of the fragments through the external plaster cast immobilization, shortening of the operation time, freedom from repeated operations for the removal of metallic constructions.
Adult↗
Operative treatment of humeral shaft fractures.
The results of the operative treatment of 27 humeral shaft fractures treated at the University of Louisville during a 2-year period were reviewed. The aim of this study was to analyze 1) the indications and results of surgical treatment, 2) the indications for nailing versus plating, and 3) the failures and their treatment (especially surgical nonunions). Indications for surgery were polytrauma patients (including open fractures, associated neurovascular injuries, associated ipsilateral forearm injuries) and isolated unstable fractures in which closed reduction failed. Plate and screw osteosynthesis was used in patients with proximal and distal fractures, in the presence of neurovascular injuries, progressive radial nerve palsy and failure of closed reduction due to interposition of soft tissue. Intramedullary antegrade nailing was preferentially used in polytrauma patients. Seven patients (25%) needed further surgery because of nonunion. The frequency was higher after plating (30%) than after nailing (20%), it was more common in comminuted fractures, middle third fractures and after insufficient distal locking. Exchange nailing resulted in union in 5 of the 7 cases. Although excellent results with low complication rates are reported in the recent literature following plate and screw osteosynthesis or locked intramedullary nailing, we found that operative treatment of difficult humeral shaft fractures is still fraught with a high complication rate.
Bone Nails↗
Short-term outcomes of total hip arthroplasty after complications of open reduction internal fixation for hip fracture.
Failed open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) of the proximal femur can render patients severely disabled. This study analyzed the short-term functional results and complications of total hip arthroplasty (THA) for complications of ORIF after hip fracture. A retrospective arthroplasty database review identified 36 patients treated with a THA for complications of ORIF of the hip. These patients were matched to a cohort of 36 patients who underwent primary unilateral THA for osteoarthritis. Study results indicate that THA for failed ORIF of the hip is a successful procedure despite concerns of increased intraoperative difficulty and risk of fracture.
Aged↗
Iatrogenic subcapital fracture of the hip: a new complication of intertrochanteric fractures.
A recently recognized complication of intertrochanteric fracture is a subcapital fracture occurring at the tip of the blade of an intertrochanteric fracture fixation blade plate. Histological examination reveals that this is not a fatigue fracture but is the result of stress concentration effects of a stiff metalic device. This fracture may be prevented by using a blade plate with a long blade which is well seated in the head, and by removing the metallic device as soon as it is safe to do so. Ultimate prevention lies in using a more compatible material for the internal fixation of fractures.
Aged↗
Pre-clinical in vivo evaluation of orthopaedic bioabsorbable devices.
The presence of bioabsorbable materials in orthopaedics has grown significantly over the past two decades with applications in fracture fixation, bone replacement, cartilage repair, meniscal repair, fixation of ligaments, and drug delivery. Numerous biocompatible, biodegradable polymers are now available for both experimental and clinical use. Not surprisingly, there have been a wealth of studies investigating the biomechanical properties, biocompatibility, degradation characteristics, osteoconductivity, potential toxicity, and histologic effects of various materials. Promising results have been reported in the areas of fracture fixation, ligament repair, and drug delivery. In this article we review the pre-clinical in vivo testing of bioabsorbable devices with particular emphasis on implants used for these applications.
Absorbable Implants↗
External fixation of unstable pelvic fractures: experiences in 22 patients treated with a trapezoid compression frame.
Biomechanical experiments have shown high stability and load acceptance of the pelvis if the external device is mounted as a trapezoid compression frame. Clinical results in 22 patients with double vertical pelvic fractures illustrate the reduction of displaced pelvic fractures and the mounting of the frame. Reduction is obtained under general anesthesia within two days of the trauma. The external compression frame affords noteworthy relief of pain in all patients and greatly facilitates nursing. The patients were verticalized three weeks later and the frame removed six weeks after its applcation. There was one death. The early stabilization of the pelvis and consequently controlled hemorrhage may have contributed to the low mortality. At follow-up, the radiographic result was graded as excellent in 15 cases, good in four cases and poor in two cases. Impaired gait was recorded in two patients and persistent low back pain in one. The trapezoid compression frame is applied as soon as possible after admission of all patients with severely unstable pelvic fractures.
Adolescent↗
[Treatment of calcaneus and mid-foot fractures using closed reposition and fixation with the Ilisarov fixator].
Sixteen fractures of the calcaneus involving the subtalar joint were treated by closed reduction and external fixation using the Ilisarov apparatus. Except for four cases in which temporary arthrodesis of the subtalar or ankle joint was used, fixation was usually only used for the calcaneus. The operative technique is described precisely. Initial follow-up examinations (on average after 1 year) show advantages over conservative treatment, e.g. better anatomical reduction. In addition, early mobilization of the joint and early weight-bearing result in less pain from disuse osteoporosis. Furthermore, several case reports demonstrate the efficiency of this method in tarsal and metatarsal fracture-dislocations.
Adult↗
[Damage control orthopedics].
BACKGROUND: In the management of patients with multiple injuries, the concept of damage control orthopedics (DCO) is still a matter of controversy. Thus, the clinical value of DCO remains unclear and should be evaluated on an evidence-based level by a review of the current literature. RESULTS: The work of various authors has demonstrated an association between injury severity and the clinical immuno-inflammatory response and its prognostic relevance regarding organ dysfunction or organ failure and clinical outcome. Research data published by the authors and other investigators have clearly demonstrated an additional inflammatory response caused by surgical trauma which is significantly higher after primary intramedullary fracture treatment than after external fracture stabilization. In contrast, a generally minor inflammatory response seems to be associated with intramedullary nailing for secondary conversion osteosynthesis. Three retrospective cohort studies have shown a reduction of organ dysfunction and an improvement of survival with the DCO approach. Simultaneously, it was demonstrated that primary external fracture fixation and secondary conversion to definite osteosynthesis is not associated with an increased rate of local or systemic complications. CONCLUSIONS: The advocates of DCO claim that patients with multiple injuries including severe brain and chest injuries as well as those with an unstable cardiopulmonary or circulatory condition are at high risk of developing a severe systemic immuno-inflammatory reaction during early total fracture care. Therefore, they recommend primary minimally invasive external fracture stabilization in these patients to avoid additional surgical trauma and that definitive secondary fracture care should be performed after medical stabilization of the patient in intensive care.
Critical Care↗
The treatment of forearm fractures from penetrating trauma.
Penetrating trauma is an endemic urban disease. The initial assessment requires a comprehensive examination and assessment of wound morphology. Preliminary splinting and radiographs of the injured extremity are necessary to plan fracture fixation. The surgical approach must appreciate the zone of injury and respect the soft tissues. Open or indirect reduction and internal fixation are the preferred techniques to stabilize the fracture.
Bone Transplantation↗
THE PLACE OF DELAYED INTERNAL FIXATION IN THE TREATMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE LONG BONES.
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England↗
[Histologic finding of fracture healing using external fixation and its clinical significance].
The histology of bone healing under external fixation of fractures is studied in 2 human bone specimen and in the sheep's tibia. Primary bone healing occurs under absolute stable fixation. The regular course shows secundary bone healing by endosteal and periosteal callus formation, caused by motion in the fracture gap. Nonunion results, if motion is not big enough to induce callus formation and if motion is too big to allow primary bone healing. So one of the main problems in external fixation of fractures is to find out the adequate dose of stability and motion in the fracture gap. External fixation does not disturb the vascular supply of bone. Intramedullary vessels, that are cut during the osteotomy of the sheep's tibia, are perfectly regenerated 4-5 weeks later. In the surroundings of the Schanz' screws, cortical remodelling is the biomechanical response of bone to strees, which is generated by external fixation. This cortical remodelling can reduce compression, originally applied to the bone. The indication and the timing for a change to internal fixation is discussed.
Aged↗
Salvage of failed internal fixation of intertrochanteric hip fractures.
Most intertrochanteric hip fractures treated with internal fixation heal. If nonunion or early loss of fracture fixation occurs, treatment options include prosthetic replacement and revision internal fixation. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the results of revision internal fixation and bone grafting for salvage of failed internal fixation of intertrochanteric hip fractures. Between 1981 and 2000, 20 patients with 20 intertrochanteric fractures who had initial internal fixation that failed were treated with revision open reduction and internal fixation and bone grafting. The mean age of the patients was 58 years (range, 21-86 years). The mean clinical followup was 27 months (range, 3-120 months), and mean radiographic followup was 22 months (range, 3-120 months). Eleven patients were treated with an angled blade plate (seven, 95 degrees; two, 90 degrees; one, 110 degrees; and one, Harris blade plate), five with a dynamic hip screw, three with a dynamic condylar screw, and one with a Zickel nail. Autograft bone was used in 17 patients and allograft bone was used in three patients. Nineteen of 20 nonunions healed (95%). Sixteen of the 19 patients who achieved healing reported no pain and three had mild pain (related to retained hardware); all were ambulatory. Two patients had perioperative complications (10%): one wound dehiscence, and one severe hyponatremia. In properly selected patients, revision internal fixation with bone grafting for failed open reduction and internal fixation of intertrochanteric hip fractures can provide a high rate of union and good clinical results with a low rate of complications.
Adult↗
Results of treatment of 145 fractures of the third metacarpal/metatarsal condyles in 135 horses (1986-1994).
The objectives of this study were to correlate condylar fracture characteristics and type of treatment with subsequent capacity for athletic ability, and to determine the characteristics of healing that affect prognosis after fracture fixation. Medical records, post operative radiographic studies and race records were examined for 135 horses sustaining 145 fractures. Sixty-five percent of horses overall started in a race post injury (SPI) in a mean time of 9.7 months with a mean of 13.7 races post injury. Having raced pre-injury did not confer an advantage to starting post injury, though nonstarters pre-injury tended to take longer to return. For horses starting pre- and post injury, 66% improved or maintained their race class level after injury, whereas 64.2% decreased their race earnings post injury. Eighty-five percent of the fractures received internal fixation, of which 70% were complete fractures. Eighty-seven percent of horses with incomplete-nondisplaced fractures treated conservatively raced post injury. The percent SPI for incomplete-nondisplaced, complete-nondisplaced and complete-displaced fractures treated with internal fixation were 74%, 58%, and 60%, respectively. Males (72%) raced post injury more frequently than fillies (53%), and may represent a truer probability of SPI. Spiral fractures tended to take longer until their first start (mean 13.3 months). Fifty-two percent of horses with articular fragments were able to race post injury. Horses were more likely to start if 2-4 month radiographic healing revealed no evidence of the fracture except the presence of lag screws. Based on this series of cases, the majority of horses, with proper treatment, were able to return to racing regardless of fracture characteristic. Prognosis appeared to be affected by the severity of the injury to the joint, the presence of articular comminution and the quality of surgical repair.
Animals↗
Conservative versus operative treatment for extracapsular hip fractures.
BACKGROUND: Until operative treatment involving the use of various implants was introduced in the 1950s, hip fractures were managed using conservative methods based on traction and bed rest. OBJECTIVES: To compare conservative with operative treatment for extracapsular fractures of the proximal femur (hip) in adults. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group trials register and bibliographies of published papers, and contacted trialists. Date of the most recent search: August 1999. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised and quasi-randomised trials comparing these two treatment methods in adults with hip fracture. Outcomes sought fell into four categories: a) fracture fixation complications, b) post-operative or clinical complications, c) final outcome measures including mortality and d) anatomical restoration. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Both reviewers independently assessed trial quality, by use of an eleven item scale, and extracted data. Additional information was sought from trialists. Comparable groups of trials were subgrouped by implant type (fixed nail plate or sliding hip screw) and where appropriate, data were pooled using the fixed effects model. MAIN RESULTS: The four randomised trials identified involved only 402 elderly patients. These tested a variety of surgical techniques and implant devices and only one trial involving 106 patients can be considered to test current practice. In this trial, no differences were found in medical complications, mortality and long-term pain. However, operative treatment was more likely to result in the fracture healing without leg shortening, a shorter hospital stay and a statistically non-significant increase in the return of patients back to their original residence. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: The limited available evidence from randomised trials does not suggest major differences in outcome between conservative and operative management programmes for extracapsular femoral fractures, but operative treatment appears to be associated with a reduced length of hospital stay and improved rehabilitation. However these results are derived mainly from one study. Conservative treatment will be acceptable where modern surgical facilities are unavailable, and will result in a reduction in complications associated with surgery, but rehabilitation is likely to be slower and limb deformity more common. Although further randomised trials would provide more robust data, they may be difficult to mount.
Adult↗
Principles and application of internal fixation in cattle.
The principles of bone healing and vascular and periosteal responses are considered in relation to different methods of fracture fixation and complications. Advantages and disadvantages of the available internal fixation devices are reviewed for the fractures that most commonly occur in the different age groups.
Animals↗
The treatment of intertrochanteric fractures--a review article.
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Bone Nails↗
The treatment of distal clavicle fractures with coracoclavicular ligament disruption: a report of 10 cases.
OBJECTIVE: Fractures of the distal third of the clavicle with coracoclavicular ligament disruption have been associated with delayed union or nonunion. A combined surgical technique for the fracture fixation and ligament repair for acute fractures was developed. The technique includes K-wire fixation and suture anchor placement with Ethibond suture to the coracoid process. The results of this combined technique were evaluated. DESIGN: Prospective, consecutive case series. SETTING: Surgical treatment was performed at the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology. PATIENTS: Ten patients with acute fractures of the distal third of the clavicle were enrolled with a mean follow-up period of 24.1 (range, 12-36) months. INTERVENTION: A single suture anchor was placed on the coracoid process in a vertical position. The Ethibond suture attached to the anchor was used to depress the elevated proximal part of the clavicle by pulling it down to the coracoid process where the anchor was placed. The suture was pulled over the proximal clavicle and tied. The distal fragment was fixed to the proximal clavicle by an intramedullary K-wire. The torn coracoclavicular ligaments were approximated using absorbable suture. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The patients were evaluated by the Constant scores and Modified Shoulder Rating Scale. RESULTS: The mean Constant score was 96.6 points in the last follow-up. Nine patients had excellent results, and 1 patient had a good result, using the Modified Shoulder Rating Scale. CONCLUSIONS: This is a reliable technique with encouraging results for treating displaced distal third clavicle fractures with coracoclavicular ligament disruption.
Adult↗