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At least 1,405 records · Page 78Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

Relation between judged and physical distance in multicue conditions as a function of instructions and tasks.

Using a rod adjustable in distance 48 Os produced equal depth intervals along a floor of a visual alley (interval reproduction) or bisected a given depth interval into two equal parts (bisection). Also, verbal reports were obtained of a depth interval located at a near and farther distance from O (absolute judgments). Two kinds of instructions, "apparent" and "objective," were used with different Os with each of the three tasks. There was an over-all tendency (p = .05 on two of three tasks) for apparent instructions to produce less over-constancy or more under-constancy of distance than that produced by objective instructions. This tendency is consistent with a cognitive interpretation of over-constancy of distance. Clear over-constancy was obtained only by the combination of objective instructions and the bisection task. Clear under-constancy was obtained only by the combination of apparent instructions and the method of absolute judgments. The reason for the effect of task on magnitude of distance constancy is not understood.

Cognition↗
PubMed1976

Effects of prior hypoxia exposure on visual target detection during later more severe hypoxia.

Three groups of 15 subjects each were exposed to 3 different combinations of intermediate (staging) altitudes and exposure times, and were then tested for visual target detection capability at a final altitude of 4300 m. All groups with staging exposure performed better at altitude and had fewer symptoms of acute mountain sickness than a fourth group which went directly to 4300 m altitude from sea level. The data showed that task factors of both viewing distance and degree of peripheral placement of the target significantly influenced detection time within all groups regardless of variations in exposure to altitude.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1976

Note on the relationship between introversion-extraversion, field-dependence-independence and accuracy of visual target detection.

49 soldier-observers viewed 40 slides in which a stimulus soldier was identically posed in a constant background [corrected] but a different viewing distance (175, 200, 225, 2508 and 275 ft.) and viewing angles (14 degrees and 21 degrees, left and right) from the observer. Accuracy of target detection was compared with viewers' scores on the Hidden Shapes Test and the Maudsley Personality Inventory. Field-dependence-independence and extraversion-introversion were determined to be separately and jointly related to accuracy of target detection. The major effects were attributable to the notably poorer perfromance of Ss characterized of field-dependent extraverts.

Altitude↗
PubMed1977

Development of a mechanism for detection of error and retention of a graded motor response.

Several methods for developing an internal mechanism for error detection were compared to determine the extent to which a self-paced response could be acquired and retained without knowledge of results. During training, blindfolded subjects attempted to learn a positioning response under one of three conditions. One group was presented with the criterion end location by means of a stop and then required to recall the location with the stop removed. A second group moved the total distance of the track and then was instructed to replace the slide in a location representing a specific fraction of the total. A final group of subjects learned the criterion location by using post-response knowledge of results administered on each trial. Following acquisition subjects were give retention trials involving only repetition of the acquired response. The development of a strong mechanism for error detection was indicated only for those groups presented with the standard or with post-response knowledge of results. During retention trials (without knowledge of results), performance of the group required to learn the criterion by estimating a fraction of the total range was characterized by significanlty greater response biasing and less consistency than the other conditions. The findings were discussed in terms of several predictions from Adams' (1971) closed-loop theory of motor learning.

Cognition↗
PubMed1977

Movements while driving cars around curves.

The eye fixations of 5 experienced and 4 inexperienced car drivers were analyzed while driving curves to the left and to the right. For experienced drivers in a curve to the left the mean duration of eye fixations was longer and the amplitude of the eye movements greater than in a curve to the right. No such difference was observed in inexperienced drivers who manifested neither uniformity within the same curves nor differentiation between the two types of curves. Mean duration of eye fixations of experienced subjects was shorter while driving in a curve to right, but their amplitude of eye movement was greater in a curve to left than those of inexperienced drivers. In Esp. 2, it was pointed out that there is already a change in the pattern of eye movements prior to entering a curve. Upon approaching the curve the mean duration of eye fixation decreased, and the fixations were mainly shifted toward the future driving path. Results are interpreted in terms of the adequacy of the eye fixations (supposedly influenced by prior long-term learning) for information at near distance for vehicle control and at longer distances for setting proprioceptive forward programs for possible future sensomotoric activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Adaptation level and retroactive interference in motor short-term memory.

5 groups of 10 subjects were required to make and recall a linear self-generated arm-positioning movement. 4 of the groups made and recalled 4 interpolated self-generated positioning movements before the recall of the criterion was attempted. The lengths of the interpolated movements relative to the criterion varied from group to group. For one group all interpolated movements were longer, for another they were all shorter, and two groups produced alternating shorter and longer movements. Results indicated a significant difference in percentage algebraic error at recall of the criterion movement between the groups experiencing longer and experiencing shorter interpolated movements. The evidence is suggestive of two components in retroactive design studies, interference and adaptation level.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1977

Use of distance and location in short-term motor memory.

A retroactive interference paradigm was used to determine whether kinesthetic distance, location, or distance and location cues are used at recall of a blind, simple linear movement. Students performed interpolated movements which varied distance and location cues separately or jointly. Relative to a rest condition, joint distance and location interpolation produced significant interference while no significant interference was found for interpolation of individual distance or location. The results were interpreted as supporting the involvement of multiple kinesthetic cues in the establishment of memorial representations of motor movements.

Cues↗
PubMed1977

Eye fixation and attention as modifiers of perceived distance.

An error in the perceived distance of a physically stationary object results in an apparent horizontal motion of the object if the head is moved horizontally. Procedures have been developed to use this apparent motion to measure the apparent distance of the object. Research also has indicated that the apparent distance of an object will tend to be displaced toward the distance at which the eyes are fixated. In the present study head-motion procedures were used to measure the effect of eye fixation and attention upon the apparent distance of a point of light in two experiments. Substantial errors in perceived distance occurred in the predicted direction as a function of fixation distance. Attending to an object at a distance other than the distance of the fixated point of light had a much less effect upon the apparent distance of the point. It is concluded that the apparent conomitant motion which occurs in a variety of situations as a function of the distance of fixation indicates that substantial errors in perceived distance are common in most environments.

Attention↗
PubMed1977

Characteristics of near-point and far-point binocular and monocular sighting in classroom and ophthalmological populations.

Near-point and far-point binocular and monocular sighting tests given 240 high and low achievers from regular classrooms at Grades 4, 8, and 12 yielded significant differences by chi2 in distributions of near-point binocular sighting only. Twelfth-grade subjects were significantly different on this test from those in other grades. Classroom distributions for all other tests were not significantly different from those found in an ophthalmological population reported by Fink in 1938. The distributions of all tests were highly skewed and could not be considered normal. Comparisons of individual tests for total high and low achievers and all groups combined indicated that near-point and binocular tests appear to be independent of, and far-point and monocular tests appear to be related to, other sighting tests.

Achievement↗
PubMed1978

Apparent size contrasts of retinal images and size constancy as determinants of the moon illusion.

Kaufman and Rock (1962) and Rock and Kaufman (1962) concluded that the moon illusion is a function of and attributable to apparent distance. They also reported a large framing effect as an exception. Analysis of the effect suggests two components which can account for the illusion independently of apparent distance. These are apparent size contrasts of visual images of discriminable features or objects of the earth with the moon's image and size constancy of the features or objects plus the interactions of the two. Apparent distances to horizons are always a consequence of the necessary conditions for the illusion. They are related to the illusion but are not a determinant of it.

Association↗
PubMed1979

Role of familiar size in spatial judgments under natural viewing conditions.

The purpose of the present experiment was to examine the role of familiar size in judgments of size and egocentric distance under natural (non-reduced) viewing conditions. Independent groups (ns = 14) judged normal and large off-size chairs and control objects presented at a distance of 25.6 m. Subjects also judged the size of unfamiliar objects (adjacent stimuli) attached to the chairs and stakes. The results indicate that the effects of familiar size are specific to spatial judgments of the familiar object itself since judgments of the adjacent stimuli were unaffected by familiar size.

Cues↗
PubMed1979

Relative locations among moving spots and visual vector analysis.

How the direction of apparent movement changed with the relative locations among spots was quantitatively measured by the method proposed by Hochberg and Fallon. From the vector-extraction model (proposed by Johansson) expanded as, "The vector to be subtracted depends on the relative location." and the directions of apparent movement, the vector to be subtracted was calculated at each relative location. Consequently data showed (i) the region in which the directions of spots in motion are affected by the frame is finite, and (ii) the degree of the influence is not iniform in the region but is rapidly reduced as spots go away from the frame.

Distance Perception↗