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PubMed1999

Management of facial nerve injury due to temporal bone trauma.

OBJECTIVE: This article provides an overview of relevant data regarding the management of facial nerve injury due to temporal bone trauma. DATA SOURCES: Sources used were relevant English language clinical and basic science publications. STUDY SELECTION: A Medline search dating back to 1966 for articles concerning temporal bone trauma and facial nerve injury including both human and animal data was performed. Articles were included if they contained relevant data or were significant reviews on the subject. A retrograde bibliography search was then conducted to acquire any articles that may have been missed by the computerized search, including those papers published prior to 1966. DATA EXTRACTION: The data from each paper were reviewed individually. DATA SYNTHESIS: The data were not amenable to formal meta-analysis or valid data summarization. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who should not require surgical intervention include those who have: documented normal facial nerve function after injury regardless of progression, presentation with incomplete facial nerve paralysis with no progression to complete paralysis, and degeneration <95% on ENoG. The remaining patients presumably have a poorer prognosis for return of facial nerve function although it remains unclear exactly how poor the return of function will be. Decompression surgery likely has a beneficial effect if performed within 14 days of injury, so those patients with expected poor natural outcomes may be offered this intervention. Late decompression surgery is not recommended. Late exploratory surgery is recommended only in those patients who do not experience adequate recovery of facial nerve function and likely require nerve repair. Despite the availability of a relatively large volume of published data, there remain many unanswered questions.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Current practices in spatial analysis of cancer data: mapping health statistics to inform policymakers and the public.

BACKGROUND: To communicate population-based cancer statistics, cancer researchers have a long tradition of presenting data in a spatial representation, or map. Historically, health data were presented in printed atlases in which the map producer selected the content and format. The availability of geographic information systems (GIS) with comprehensive mapping and spatial analysis capability for desktop and Internet mapping has greatly expanded the number of producers and consumers of health maps, including policymakers and the public.Because health maps, particularly ones that show elevated cancer rates, historically have raised public concerns, it is essential that these maps be designed to be accurate, clear, and interpretable for the broad range of users who may view them. This article focuses on designing maps to communicate effectively. It is based on years of research into the use of health maps for communicating among public health researchers. RESULTS: The basics for designing maps that communicate effectively are similar to the basics for any mode of communication. Tasks include deciding on the purpose, knowing the audience and its characteristics, choosing a media suitable for both the purpose and the audience, and finally testing the map design to ensure that it suits the purpose with the intended audience, and communicates accurately and effectively. Special considerations for health maps include ensuring confidentiality and reflecting the uncertainty of small area statistics. Statistical maps need to be based on sound practices and principles developed by the statistical and cartographic communities. CONCLUSION: The biggest challenge is to ensure that maps of health statistics inform without misinforming. Advances in the sciences of cartography, statistics, and visualization of spatial data are constantly expanding the toolkit available to mapmakers to meet this challenge. Asking potential users to answer questions or to talk about what they see is still the best way to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific map design.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
PubMed2006

Spectral imaging microscopy web sites and data.

The Internet is enabling greater access to spectral imaging publications, spectral graphs, and data than that was available a generation ago. The spectral imaging systems discussed in this issue of Cytometry work because reagent and hardware spectra are reproducible, reusable, and provide input to spectral unmixing and spectral components recognition algorithms. These spectra need to be readily available in order to determine what to purchase, how to use it, and what the output means. We refer to several commercially sponsored and academic spectral web sites and discuss our spectral graphing and data sites. Sites include fluorescent dye graph servers from Invitrogen/Molecular Probes, BD Biosciences, Zeiss/Bio-Rad Cell Sciences, and filter set servers from Chroma Technology and Omega Optical. Several of these sites include data download capabilities. Recently, two microscope manufacturers have published on their web sites transmission curves for select objective lenses-crucial data for anyone doing multiphoton excitation microscopy. Notable among the academic sites, PhotoChemCAD 2.0 has over 200 dyes and a downloadable database/graphing program, and the USC-A Chemistry UV-vis Database displays absorption spectra of many dyes and indicators used in clinical histology and pathology. Our Fluorescent Spectra graphing/calculator site presents dyes, filters, and illumination data from many of these and additional sources. PubSpectra is our free download site which uses Microsoft Excel files as standardized human/machine readable format with over 2,000 biomedical spectra. The principle that data is not subject to copyright provides a framework in which all scientific data should be made freely accessible.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1997

Professionalism and community psychiatric nursing: a case study of four mental health teams.

In this paper I report on a 2-year study of the professional status of 10 psychiatric nurses, working in four community mental health teams. The focus of the research was directed towards identifying the levels of clinical autonomy experienced by psychiatric nurses working in these teams. Diary-interview schedules were used to record how new clients were processed by the psychiatric nurse. The other members of the teams were interviewed (as were the managers to whom the nurses were accountable), using focused-interview schedules. The quantitative data from the diary-interview schedules were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. An adapted form of the technique advocated by Burnard was used to analyse qualitative data extracted from the diary-interview schedules and the focused-interviews. Conclusions from the research indicated that the nurses experienced a high degree of de facto clinical autonomy, which was characterized by unsupervized and arbitrary decision-making processes. In order to protect the user of mental health services, it is recommended that the espoused occupational strategy of professionalization for community psychiatric nurses is reconsidered.

Case Management↗
PubMed1996

Relationships between academic institutions and industry in the life sciences--an industry survey.

BACKGROUND: Despite growing acceptance of relationships between academia and industry in the life sciences, systematic, up-to-date information about their extent and the consequences for the parties involved remains scarce. We attempted to collect information about the prevalence, magnitude, commercial benefits, and potential risks of such relationships by surveying a representative sample of life-science companies in the United States to determine their relationships with academic institutions. METHODS: We collected data by telephone from May through September 1994 from senior executives of 210 life-science companies (of 306 companies surveyed; response rate, 69 percent). The sample contained all Fortune 500 companies in the fields of agriculture, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals; all international pharmaceutical companies with sales volumes similar to those of the Fortune 500 companies; and a random sample of non-Fortune 500 companies in the life sciences drawn from multiple commercial and noncommercial directories. Both the survey instrument and the survey methods resembled those of our 1984 study of 106 biotechnology companies, allowing us to assess the evolution of relationships between academia and industry over the past decade. RESULTS: Ninety percent of companies conducting life-science research in the United States had relationships involving the life sciences with an academic institution in 1994. Fifty-nine percent supported research in such institutions, providing an estimated $1.5 billion, or approximately 11.7 percent of all research-and-development funding received that year. The agreements with universities tended to be short-term and to involve small amounts, implying that most such relationships supported applied research or development. Over 60 percent of companies providing support for life-science research in universities had received patents, products, and sales as a result of those relationships. At the same time, the companies reported that their relationships with universities often included agreements to keep the results of research secret beyond the time needed to file a patent. From 1984 to 1994, the involvement of industry with academic institutions has increased, but the characteristics of the relationships have remained remarkably stable. CONCLUSIONS: After more than a decade of sustained interaction, universities and industries seem to have formed durable partnerships in the life sciences, although the relationships may pose greater threats to the openness of scientific communication than universities generally acknowledge. However, industrial support for university research is much smaller in amount than federal support, and companies are unlikely to be able to compensate for sizable federal cutbacks.

Biology↗
PubMed1996

Building an infrastructure for data-based cancer control planning and intervention implementation.

Health agencies have traditionally played a central role in the characterization of health problems and disease. Data-based planning is considered the cornerstone of effective public health action, enabling state health agencies to use limited resources most effectively to achieve maximum reductions in disease morbidity and mortality. Over the past decade, state health agencies have made important strides in enhancing their capacity for data-based planning for cancer control and in establishing models to facilitate similar planning efforts in other states. Federal programs have served an important catalyst role in establishing states' data-based planning capacity and in facilitating the resulting increase in the application of cancer control science across the United States. This article provides an overview of the infrastructure for data-based cancer control planning and highlights the critical role of federal programs in enhancing the capacity of states to effectively plan and implement cancer control initiatives as well as some of the gaps that remain in states' capacity for data-based planning.

Databases, Factual↗
PubMed2004

Biotechnology and the popular press: hype and the selling of science.

The popular media has emerged as an important source of scientific information. It has been suggested that the portrayal of genetics by the media is often inaccurate--a phenomenon branded 'genohype'--and, as a result, is having an adverse impact on public understanding and policy development. However, emerging data suggest that, in some circumstances, the media reporting of science is surprisingly accurate and portrays a message created by the scientific community. As such, there are reasons to believe that the hyping of research results might be part of a more systemic problem associated with the increasingly commercial nature of the research environment.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed1996

Attitudes and opinions toward surgical research. A survey of surgical residents and their chairpersons.

OBJECTIVE: To learn more about how research in academic surgery is viewed by surgical residents and their chairpersons. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: There is a general perception that a productive experience in a basic science laboratory is an important prerequisite for a successful career in academic surgery. METHODS: An anonymous mail survey of 189 surgical residents entering the laboratory and their chairpersons (n=81) was done. Questions included how a laboratory was chosen by the resident, the importance of a basic science laboratory experience as a prerequisite to an academic career, and the perceived goal or goals of the laboratory experience. Data were analyzed by chi square analysis. RESULTS: The response rate from each group was excellent (80% response for residents, 90% from chairpersons). Of the residents surveyed, 78% were men and 22% were women; 51% entered the laboratory after 2 years of clinical training and 34% after 3 years; 84% did their research at their home institution and 91% worked in a surgeon's laboratory; 51% were scheduled to be in the laboratory for 1 year, 41% for 2 years, and 7% for 3 years. Two thirds of the residents were salaried by the surgery department. Both residents (70%) and chairpersons (86%) felt that the best surgical journal was Annals of Surgery. Both groups ranked Science as the top basic science journal. Twenty-four percent of the residents felt their peers offered the best advice in choosing a laboratory compared to 0% of the chairpersons (p<0.01); chairpersons felt they themselves or the program director were better advisors (chairpersons, 44%, vs. residents, 27%; p<0.01). Chairpersons believed that the principal investigators' previous success with residents was the major factor in determining in which laboratory to work; the residents placed more value on their interest in the project. Eighty-nine percent of women requested to go into the laboratory versus 66% of men (p<0.05). Half of the chairpersons and residents believed the faculty felt pressure on them to get grants; however, 71% of postgraduate year (PGY) residents who were PGY3 sensed this pressure compared to 44% of the PGY2 residents (p<0.01). Being in debt did not adversely influence the decision of 77% of these residents to do research. The residents felt more so than did their chairpersons that basic science research was necessary to be a successful academic surgeon (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Although there are some differences in opinions between surgical residents and surgical chairpersons about the value and purpose of basic science research, these differences should be embraced and serve to enhance openness and discussion. Overall, surgical residents viewed the research experience away from clinical surgery as a positive one. The main reason for going into the laboratory was because of a genuine interest in the scientific method and the academic mission.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2004

PCA in studying coordination and variability: a tutorial.

OBJECTIVE: To explain and underscore the use of principal component analysis in clinical biomechanics as an expedient, unbiased means for reducing high-dimensional data sets to a small number of modes or structures, as well as for teasing apart structural (invariant) and variable components in such data sets. DESIGN: The method is explained formally and then applied to both simulated and real (kinematic and electromyographic) data for didactical purposes, thus illustrating possible applications (and pitfalls) in the study of coordinated movement. BACKGROUND: In the sciences at large, principal component analysis is a well-known method to remove redundant information in multidimensional data sets by means of mode reduction. At present, principal component analysis is starting to penetrate the fundamental and clinical study of human movement, which amplifies the need for an accessible explanation of the method and its possibilities and limitations. Besides mode reduction, we discuss principal component analysis in its capacity as a data-driven filter, allowing for a separation of invariant and variant properties of coordination, which, arguably, is essential in studies of motor variability. METHODS: Principal component analysis is applied to kinematic and electromyographic time series obtained during treadmill walking by healthy humans. RESULTS: Common signal structures or modes are identified in the time series that turn out to be readily interpretable. In addition, the identified coherent modes are eliminated from the data, leaving a filtered, residual pattern from which useful information may be gleaned regarding motor variability. CONCLUSIONS: Principal component analysis allows for the detection of modes (information reduction) in both kinematic and electromyographic data sets, as well as for the separation of invariant structure and variance in those data sets. RELEVANCE: Principal component analysis can be successfully applied to movement data, both as feature extractor and as data-driven filter. Its potential for the (clinical) study of human movement sciences (e.g., diagnostics and evaluation of interventions) is evident but still largely untapped.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Development and validation of MIX: comprehensive free software for meta-analysis of causal research data.

BACKGROUND: Meta-analysis has become a well-known method for synthesis of quantitative data from previously conducted research in applied health sciences. So far, meta-analysis has been particularly useful in evaluating and comparing therapies and in assessing causes of disease. Consequently, the number of software packages that can perform meta-analysis has increased over the years. Unfortunately, it can take a substantial amount of time to get acquainted with some of these programs and most contain little or no interactive educational material. We set out to create and validate an easy-to-use and comprehensive meta-analysis package that would be simple enough programming-wise to remain available as a free download. We specifically aimed at students and researchers who are new to meta-analysis, with important parts of the development oriented towards creating internal interactive tutoring tools and designing features that would facilitate usage of the software as a companion to existing books on meta-analysis. RESULTS: We took an unconventional approach and created a program that uses Excel as a calculation and programming platform. The main programming language was Visual Basic, as implemented in Visual Basic 6 and Visual Basic for Applications in Excel 2000 and higher. The development took approximately two years and resulted in the 'MIX' program, which can be downloaded from the program's website free of charge. Next, we set out to validate the MIX output with two major software packages as reference standards, namely STATA (metan, metabias, and metatrim) and Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 2. Eight meta-analyses that had been published in major journals were used as data sources. All numerical and graphical results from analyses with MIX were identical to their counterparts in STATA and CMA. The MIX program distinguishes itself from most other programs by the extensive graphical output, the click-and-go (Excel) interface, and the educational features. CONCLUSION: The MIX program is a valid tool for performing meta-analysis and may be particularly useful in educational environments. It can be downloaded free of charge via http://www.mix-for-meta-analysis.info or http://sourceforge.net/projects/meta-analysis.

Causality↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Information technology for the management of health care data: the EPIweb project].

In the US, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention has produced has increased the permeability of the computer science technologies, in order to achieve a better and more efficient management of health care data. In this context, the present paper proposes a discussion regarding a web-based information system, called EPIweb. This system allows researchers to select the centers for the data entry, collect and elaborate health care data, produce technical reports and discuss results. Such a system aims to be easy-to-use, totally configurable and particularly suitable for the management of multicenter studies. The paper shows the EPIweb features, proposes a sample system run, and concludes with a discussion regarding both the advantages and the possible improvements and extensions.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.↗
PubMed1995

Social context of HIV infection in Uganda.

Some of the important policy and research implications of accumulating HIV/AIDS data are being ignored because of the attraction of social science research focused on the "multiple sexual mechanism' of infection and transmission. Attention is drawn to the other policy and research issues relating to information on the timing of infection through a reanalysis of existing data on cumulative AIDS cases. The most urgent need is to supplement the mainstream research on risk groups with studies of the timing and circumstances of entry into sexual activity in the pre-teen years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The IUPS Physiome Project. International Union of Physiological Sciences.

Modern medicine is currently benefiting from the development of new genomic and proteomic techniques, and also from the development of ever more sophisticated clinical imaging devices. This will mean that the clinical assessment of a patient's medical condition could, in the near future, include information from both diagnostic imaging and DNA profile or protein expression data. The Physiome Project of the International Union of Physiological Sciences (IUPS) is attempting to provide a comprehensive framework for modelling the human body using computational methods which can incorporate the biochemistry, biophysics and anatomy of cells, tissues and organs. A major goal of the project is to use computational modelling to analyse integrative biological function in terms of underlying structure and molecular mechanisms. To support that goal the project is establishing web-accessible physiological databases dealing with model-related data, including bibliographic information, at the cell, tissue, organ and organ system levels. This paper discusses the development of comprehensive integrative mathematical models of human physiology based on patient-specific quantitative descriptions of anatomical structures and models of biophysical processes which reach down to the genetic level.

Biophysics↗
PubMed2004

Statistical presentation and analysis of ordinal data in nursing research.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to review the presentation and analysis of ordinal data in three international nursing journals in 2003. METHOD: In total, 166 full-length articles from the 2003 editions of Cancer Nursing, Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences and Nursing Research were reviewed for their use of ordinal data. RESULTS: This review showed that ordinal scales were used in about a third of the articles. However, only about half of the articles that used ordinal data had appropriate data presentation and only about half of the analyses of the ordinal data were performed properly. CONCLUSIONS: Ordinal data are rather common in nursing research, but a large share of the studies do not present/analyse the result properly. Incorrect presentation and analysis of the data may lead to bias and reduced ability to detect statistical differences or effects, resulting in misleading information. This highlights the importance of knowledge about data level, and underlying assumptions for the statistical tests must be considered to ensure correct presentation and analyses of data.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed2005

GNARE: automated system for high-throughput genome analysis with grid computational backend.

Recent progress in genomics and experimental biology has brought exponential growth of the biological information available for computational analysis in public genomics databases. However, applying the potentially enormous scientific value of this information to the understanding of biological systems requires computing and data storage technology of an unprecedented scale. The Grid, with its aggregated and distributed computational and storage infrastructure, offers an ideal platform for high-throughput bioinformatics analysis. To leverage this we have developed the Genome Analysis Research Environment (GNARE)--a scalable computational system for the high-throughput analysis of genomes, which provides an integrated database and computational backend for data-driven bioinformatics applications. GNARE efficiently automates the major steps of genome analysis including acquisition of data from multiple genomic databases; data analysis by a diverse set of bioinformatics tools; and storage of results and annotations. High-throughput computations in GNARE are performed using distributed heterogeneous Grid computing resources such as Grid2003, TeraGrid, and the DOE Science Grid. Multi-step genome analysis workflows involving massive data processing, the use of application-specific tools and algorithms and updating of an integrated database to provide interactive web access to results are all expressed and controlled by a "virtual data" model which transparently maps computational workflows to distributed Grid resources. This paper describes how Grid technologies such as Globus, Condor, and the Gryphyn Virtual Data System were applied in the development of GNARE. It focuses on our approach to Grid resource allocation and to the use of GNARE as a computational framework for the development of bioinformatics applications.

Computational Biology↗
PubMed1997

Reflections on metapsychology, theoretical coherence, hermeneutics, and biology.

Unable to correlate clinical findings with contemporary neurophysiology, Freud tried to anchor psychoanalysis within biology through a speculative metapsychology. Recently, epistemological objections have led to abandonment of his proposals qua scientific theory, although many still use them metaphorically. Others deny the need for any general theory of mental functions. Some theorists would espouse a hermeneutic basis for psychoanalysis, outside the boundaries of biology; they purport to confine their purview to mental contents but often use concepts based on metapsychological assumptions. Because the meanings of such contents are difficult to determine, their interpretation should be "constructed" in collaboration with analysands. By contrast, trained observers may reliably collect psychobiological data, accumulating knowledge of cognition, affectivity, communication, and the regulation of behavior--matters Freud encompassed via the economic and structural viewpoints. Hence analytic theory should be correlated with the findings of semiotics, cognitive psychology, and brain science. The hermeneutic focus on dynamics and genetics overlooks crucial data, such as the occurrence of trauma, leading to confusion about processes of pathogenesis, working through, and structural change. These and other biological phenomena (such as functional deficits and repetitive enactments) call for interventions beyond interpreting mental contents; improvement depends on learning better to process these contents. Change implies gradual establishment of alternative neural pathways; this does not automatically follow insight. Hence psychoanalysis must deal with intrapsychic phenomena beyond subjectivity. Intrapsychic conflicts represent efforts to ward off archaic mentality (primitive thought processing). Theories divorced from neurocognitive considerations encourage the theoretical fiction that analysands possess an "intact ego."

Biology↗
PubMed2000

The concept of theme as used in qualitative nursing research.

The concept of theme is critical to the accurate interpretation of qualitative data. A literature review of qualitative research methodology and nursing research studies reveals considerable diversity in the identification of themes, the interpretation of the concept, and its function in data analysis. Part of the problem is the transfer of research methods from other disciplines to the study of nursing phenomena. The transfer often results in a blending of distinct research methods that compromises methodological rigor in data analysis and theory generation. A definition of theme is developed from the literature review and interdisciplinary definitions and descriptions. Five aspects of a theme and criteria foundational to the definition and concept of theme are identified. Implications of the concept of theme are presented for the conduct and application of research findings to the practice and development of nursing science.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neonatal skin care: evaluation of the AWHONN/NANN research-based practice project on knowledge and skin care practices. Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses/National Association of Neonatal Nurses.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate an evidence-based clinical practice guideline for assessment and routine care of neonatal skin, educate nurses about the scientific basis for practices recommended in the guideline, and design procedures that facilitate implementation of the project guideline into clinical practice. DESIGN: Descriptive report of the collaborative neonatal skin care research-based practice project of the Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses and the National Association of Neonatal Nurses. SETTING: Neonatal intensive-care unit (NICU) and special-care nurseries and well-baby nurseries in 51 hospitals located throughout the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Member site coordinators (N = 51), nurses who work at the selected sites, and the neonates observed during both the pre- and postimplementation phases of the project (N = 2,820). METHOD: An evidence-based clinical practice guideline was developed, sites were selected from all respondents of the call for sites, site coordinator training was provided, data collection was facilitated by project-specific data collection tools, and the project was evaluated by the science team. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Diversity and numbers of sites represented, patient representation, site coordinator knowledge of neonatal skin care pre- and postimplementation, use of project-designed implementation tools, satisfaction with project guideline and the data collection process, changes in practices and product use, and site coordinators' experiences during guideline implementation. RESULTS: Fifty-one sites completed the project, representing NICU, special-care, and well-baby nurseries in both academic and community hospital settings in 27 states. Registered nurses working in these sites totaled 4,754 full-time equivalent positions (FTEs) (in NICU/special-care and well-baby nurseries). Site coordinators demonstrated increased knowledge of research-based neonatal skin care and satisfaction with the implementation tools and data collection process. Product use changed, reflecting acquisition of new knowledge. Barriers to implementation of the guideline were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The AWHONN/NANN Neonatal Skin Care Research-Based Practice Project demonstrated increased knowledge among site coordinators who received training, facilitated changes in neonatal skin care as defined by the practice guideline, and thus advanced evidence-based clinical practice.

Clinical Nursing Research↗