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PubMed2003

Light and scanning electron microscopy observations on Gnathia vorax (Isopoda: Gnathiidae) larvae.

A large population of gnathid isopods (Crustacea) has been observed on sea water teleost fishes coming from the Civic Aquarium of Messina (Italy). Gnathiidae are parasite of fishes only at the stage of praniza, while adults are free living. Several teleosts, reared in captivity at the Civic Aquarium of Messina were sent for parasitological examination over a period of three years. Numerous parasites, identified as pranizae of Gnathiidae, were found on dorsum, on dorsal, pectoral and caudal fins, as well as in oro-pharyngeal cavity and gills of the affected fishes. The cranial part of an exuvie of adult male belonging to Gnathia sp. was also found on the floor of the tank. Because adult parasites are rarely detected in the sand bottom, the taxonomic identification is based on the morphological characteristics of larvae, even if it is very hard to show interspecific differences among gnathiids. For this reason, the morphological study was performed also by SEM to better show the surface details with taxonomic meaning. One to five mm long pranizae had a flattened body characterised by a head followed by 5 thoracic and 6 abdominal segments and a caudal plate with two biarticulated uropods. In the oral part of the head there was a ventrally oriented and smooth trapezoidal rostrum. Oral appendages, not clearly visible by light microscopy, were: a) two jaws with denticulate internal sides longer than the rostrum; b) a single ipostoma apically divided into two long appendixes; c) long and thin maxillae, with denticulate distal margins; d) two paired maxillipedes showing ciliate internal side that reaches the extremity of buccal cone; e) two big gnatopods with apical nail. Flagellum of antennulae had 7 articles. Telson was triangularly shaped, longer than large, with truncated apex having two apical bristles. Uropods were short with rounded internal angle and were provided by smooth and plumose setae; endopod was larger than exopod. The jaw of the adult gnathiid male, studied only by light microscopy, was solid, with oblique and denticulated blade; long and thin apex; rounded internal lobe; prominent external spur. Morphological characteristics of the jaw of the adult male and the shape of larvae permitted us to identify our specimens as Gnathia vorax (Lucas, 1850).

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Allergies associated with both food and pollen].

Recent progress in understanding structural relationships between allergens has allowed their classification into molecular families. Proteins belonging to a molecular family often show some degree of IgE cross-reactivity. These cross-reactions can lead to a clinical association like birch-apple syndrome whose basis is a sensitization to a PR-10 protein (birch pollen Bet v 1) and then oral symptoms in contact to apple Mal d 1, another PR-10 family member. Food allergens implicated into pollen-food allergy syndromes differ from those linked to crustacea or milk cross-allergies: they seem unable to sensitize the patient through oral route. As a result, they most often induce weaker clinical reactions than complete allergens like those present in shrimp or cow milk. Numerous molecular families have been isolated from pollens. PR-10 and profilins have a well established role in inducing clinical reactions to food like fruits and vegetables. Some molecular families need more studies to delineate their true impact on pollen-driven food reactions: polygalacturonases, pectate lyases, isoflavone reductases, thaumatin-like, cyclophilins.... Others are found in pollen but not in eaten products: 2-EF-hand calcium binding proteins, beta expansins,... Lipid transfer proteins (LTP) are widespread plant food allergens (e.g. in peach): these proteins seem able to directly sensitize the patient through oral route. But recent data have suggested a possible additional effect of some LTP present in pollens (mugwort, olive, pellitory).

Allergens↗
PubMed2003

Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber as a biomarker of organophosphorus compounds in food.

This paper describes the toxicity of organophosphorus pesticide diazinon in juvenile and adult terrestrial isopods Porcellio scaber (Isopoda, Crustacea). The woodlice were exposed to different concentrations of diazinon added to food (5, 10, 50, and 100 or 150 micrograms/g dry food). Weight change and food assimilation efficiency were determined two and four weeks after the exposure. The activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in surviving animals was measured at the end of the experiment. The results show that woodlice exposed to diazinon do not significantly differ from controls in growth and feeding rate. The reduction of AChE activity was observed at the lowest diazinon exposure (5 and 10 micrograms/g dry food). These results suggest that AChE activity might prove a useful biomarker, indicating low levels of organophosphates in food.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed2000

[Structure and dynamics of the community associated to cultivated Gracilariopsis tenuifrons (Gracilariacea) in Chacopata, Sucre, Venezuela. I: Faunistic inventory].

The associated fauna of Gracilariopsis tenuifrons (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta) cultures was collected between October 1994 and December 1996 in Chacopata (Sucre State, Venezuela) and preserved in 10% formaldehyde. The species list includes 17 Crustacea, 14 Mollusca and six Polychaeta, the remaining taxa added ten species (total 47 species in eight Phyla). Grazing by mesoherbivores affected the algae and the mollusk Aplysia protea damaged new cultures significantly. The abundance of tubes built by the amphipod Euricthonius brasiliensis impairs algal aspect and facilitates colonization by other organisms.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Conserved ontogeny and allometric scaling of resource acquisition and allocation in the Daphniidae.

Life histories vary widely among taxa, but within phylogenetic groups there may be a fundamental framework around which trait variation is organized, perhaps as a consequence of lineage-specific developmental constraints. In organisms with indeterminate growth, there is an ongoing problem of optimally allocating resources between growth and reproduction, and that allocation decision may manifest itself through allometric scaling. Previous work on freshwater zooplankton has shown that the ontogenetic pattern of resource allocation can be described by simple mathematical functions. An important component of understanding how such functions can explain life-history variation is to discover which parameters in these functions are robust, with respect to both resource availability and evolutionary diversification, and which parameters exhibit interspecific allometry. To shed light on these issues, detailed life table experiments were conducted on eight species in the family Daphniidae (Crustacea) at high and low levels of resources. Using data on growth, reproduction, and instar duration, the ontogeny of resource allocation to growth and reproduction could be described as functions that plateau at or shortly after the onset of maturity. To be sure that the results were not an artifact of phylogenetic structure, the parameters were tested in a phylogenetically controlled fashion. The results suggest a simple set of resource allocation rules for daphniids, whereby all species exhibit a similar form of ontogenetic change in allocation, and reach a plateau where approximately 94% of available resources are allocated to reproduction. The asymptotically maximal rate of net resources incorporated in growth and reproduction was positively related to size at maturity, whereas the rates of approach to plateaus (for both net resource assimilation and proportional allocation to reproduction) were negatively related to body size. Per-offspring investment was positively related to the square root of size at maturity. Using this approach, a wide range of interspecific variation in life-history features can be related to a single underlying trait, the size at first reproductive investment.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Phylogeny of protostome moulting animals (Ecdysozoa) inferred from 18 and 28S rRNA gene sequences].

Reliability of reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships within a group of protostome moulting animals was evaluated by means of comparison of 18 and 28S rRNA gene sequences sets both taken separately and combined. Reliability of reconstructions was evaluated by values of the bootstrap support of major phylogenetic tree nodes and by degree of congruence of phylogenetic trees inferred by various methods. By both criteria, phylogenetic trees reconstructed from the combined 18 and 28S rRNA gene sequences were better than those inferred from 18 and 28S sequences taken separately. Results obtained are consistent with phylogenetic hypothesis separating protostome animals into two major clades, moulting Ecdysozoa (Priapulida + Kinorhyncha, Nematoda + Nematomorpha, Onychophora + Tardigrada, Myriapoda + Chelicerata, Crustacea + Hexapoda) and unmoulting Lophotrochozoa (Plathelminthes, Nemertini, Annelida, Mollusca, Echiura, Sipuncula). Clade Cephalorhyncha does not include nematomorphs (Nematomorpha). Conclusion was taken that it is necessary to use combined 18 and 28S data in phylogenetic studies.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Food composition and feeding habits of some fresh water fishes in various water systems at Abbassa, Egypt, with special reference to snails transmitting diseases.

Study of feeding habits of freshwater fishes collected from ponds at World Fish Center (ICLARM) showed that the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus and Forskal catfish, Bagras bayad had the highest proportion of full stomachs (31-58% & 44-45% respectively). In cichlid fishes, the rate of full stomachs was much lower, being 0.0-12.5% and showed higher incidence of empty stomachs that varied from 37.5% for Oreochromis niloticus to 78.3% for Sarotherodon galilaeus. Food items were analyzed by the percentage of point assessment (P%), abundance (N%) and frequency of occurrence (F%). Results of the three methods of analyses (Index of relative importance, I.R.I) emphasized the importance of plants (1214.7) as a major food resource in the stomach of Nile tilapia, O. niloticus followed by shell fragments (628.5), whereas, snail soft bodies were the main food category in the diet of hybrid tilapia O. niloticus x O. aureus (2539.3). Shell fragments (652) and snail soft bodies (296.9) were the 1st in relative importance as foods of O. aurea. In case of S. galillae, shell fragments (338) came 2nd in I.R.I. after plants (559). Present investigation shows that shell fragments were represented by 11.1% and 15.1% in the diet of African catfish, C. gariepinus by (N%) and (P%) methods, however, they came as the second food item in its diet by I.R.I (1237.3). According to F% method, both shell fragments and Crustacea were present in the diet of C. gariepinus considerable proportions each of 47.4%. Shell fragments were represented by low proportions in the diet of B. bayad 3.9, 2.1 and 22.2 by N%, P% and F% respectively.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

[Population structure of the Baikalian amphipod Gmelinoides fasciatus (Stebbing)].

Using the data on 71 individual sequences of the gene for the mitochondrial cytochrome-c-oxidase subunit one, molecular and phylogenetic characterization of the Baikalian amphipod, Gmelinoides fasciatus (Crustacea, Amphipoda), was performed. Interspecific polymorphism was demonstrated. Four main amphipod populations, Southeastern, Southwestern, Northern, and Central, were distinguished. A low level of genetic diversity typical of Southwestern population was revealed. For its explanation, the bottleneck hypothesis was proposed.

Amphipoda↗
PubMed2006

Barnacle allergy: allergen characterization and cross-reactivity with mites.

BACKGROUND: Barnacles are a type of seafood with worldwide distribution and abundant along the shores of temperate seas. They are particularly appreciated and regularly consumed in Portugal as well as in Spain, France and South America, but barnacle allergy is a rare condition of which there is only one reference in the indexed literature. The molecular allergens and possible cross-reactivity phenomena implicated (namely with mites) have not been established. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the IgE-mediated allergy to barnacle and to identify the proteins implicated as well as possible cross-reactivity phenomena with mites. METHODS: We report the clinical and laboratory data of five patients with documented IgE-mediated allergy to barnacle. The diagnosis was based on a suggestive clinical history combined with positive skin prick tests (SPT) to barnacle--prick to prick method. Two barnacle extracts were prepared (raw and cooked barnacle) and sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and IgE-immunoblotting were performed. An immunoblotting inhibition assay with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus was also done in order to evaluate cross-reactivity. RESULTS: All patients had mite-related asthma and the allergic rhinoconjunctivitis; they all experienced mucocutaneous symptoms. All of them had positive SPT to barnacle, and the immunoblotting showed several allergenic fractions with a wide molecular weight range (19 - 94 kDa). The D. pteronyssinus extract inhibited several IgE-binding protein fractions in the barnacle extract. CONCLUSIONS: We describe five patients with IgE-mediated barnacle allergy. We also describe a group of IgE-binding+proteins between 30 and 75 kDa as the allergenic fractions of this type of Crustacea. Cross-reactivity with D. pteronyssinus was demonstrated in two cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The shell of invertebrate and plant propagules: selective permeability and barriers].

In the experiments with seeds of Ericaceae, gemmuls of Spongia, statoblasts of Bryozoa, resting eggs and ephippia of Crustacea the hypothesis on selective permeability of propagule shells was tested. It was shown that the propagules are activated and develop until the moment of destruction of shell in the solutions of phenols, formaldehyde, CuSO4, K2Cr2O7, HgCl2, Ag2SO4, AgNO3, CoCl2 and NiSO4. It means that propagule shell is impermeable for these poisons but permeable for water and oxygen. The effectiveness of barrier can be various in different species but in some cases it is very high. The development of resistance to poisons of anthropogenic origin that were not familiar to organism earlier can be considered as an example of the rule (Rasnitzyn, 1971) according which relation between environmental variability and power of regulator is shifted to the priority of regulator. Selectively permeable shell for many organisms is a common adaptation that allows colonization of land and continental waters.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Parasite fauna of the burbot Lota lota L. in body of water of the Kol'skiĭ peninsula].

The results of a parasitological study of the burbot Lota Iota L. inhabiting the Kola region are presented. 51 species of parasite were found on burbot in 16 waterbodies belonging to the White Sea and Barents Sea basins (Muxosporea - 7, Suctoria - 1, Peritricha - 6, Monogenea - 1, Cestoda - 6, Trematoda - 13, Nematoda - 6, Acanthocephala - 5, Hirudinea - 3, Bivalvia - 1 and Crustacea - 2 species). Data on the infestation of burbot by different parasite species and their prevalence in investigated waterbodies were obtained.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

A comparative study on the parasite fauna of perch, Perca fluviatilis L., collected from a freshwater coastal lake, brackish-water Baltic Sea, and the interconnecting canal.

BACKGROUND: Parasitological surveys of freshwater fishes rarely include comparisons between two ecologically different bodies of water. Such studies might help to understand processes of establishment of parasite faunas in estuary areas. The results obtained could also provide useful tools for discriminating various fish populations based on the composition of their parasite faunas. The present authors attempted to study such data from Resko Lake-a freshwater coastal lagoon (6 km2 surface area), and the adjacent areas of the Baltic Sea. Resko Lake, located 12 km west of the city of Kołobrzeg, is shallow (1.5 m) and is connected to the sea through a small canal (1.3 km long, 30 m wide). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The material was collected from April 1969 and July 1970. A total of 159 perch were collected, in this number 104 fish from the lake, 43 from the sea, and 12 from the canal. RESULTS: A total of 32 parasite species were recovered from the fish necropsied. The parasites represented 7 higher taxa: Protozoa (3 species), Cestoda (4), Digenea (13), Nematoda (5), Acanthocephala (3), Mollusca (1), and Crustacea (3). The parasite fauna of perch from the sea was definitely more abundant (31 species) compared to that of the lake (21), and the canal (12 species). Infection parameters of 13 parasite species demonstrated significant differences between the locations studied. The infection level of 6 parasite species was significantly higher in perch from the sea: Bothriocephalus scorpii, Ligula sp., Brachyphallus crenatus, Camallanus truncatus, Hysterothylacium aduncum, and Echinorhynchus gadi. On the other hand, infection levels of 7 other species were higher at the lake: Triaenophorus nodulosus, Bucephalus polymorphus, Azygia lucii, Tylodelphys clavata, Camallanus lacustris, Acanthocephalus lucii, and Achtheres percarum. The infection parameters of the fish from canal were similar to those from the lake. Interesting observations were made on the seasonality of certain parasites of both lake- and Baltic perch. The presently observed differences between parasite faunas of the fish from ecologically different adjacent estuarine locations are certainly caused by diversified environmental conditions that affected the processes of formation of the parasite communities there. Among important factors that could affect compositions of the parasite faunas could have been: availability of the intermediate hosts, exchange of waters (Baltic water influxes to the lake), fish migrations (spawning), and finally the separate identity of the two fish stocks studied.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Parasite fauna of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla L, 1758) from the Russian part of the Vistula Lagoon (Baltic Sea).

INTRODUCTION: The european eel is one of the major fishing objects of the Russian fishery zone of the Vistula Lagoon (Baltic Sea). This is the reason that its parasite fauna was studied within 1998-2005. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Totally 142 individuals of 35-81 cm in length were examined. The parasites collected from various organs were fixed and processed according to commonly accepted methods. RESULTS: Twenty two parasite species representing the following higher taxa: Coccidia (2), Oligohymenophorea (2), Myxosporea (5), Monogenea (1), Cestoda (2), Trematoda (2), Nematoda (4), Acanthocephala (2), and Crustacea (2) were recovered. The following main features of the eel parasitofauna were determined: high specificity, predominance of the parasites with simple life cycle, the presence of three invader species (Anguillicola crassus, Pseudodactylogyrus anguillae, and Paratenuisentis ambiguus). The latter species was found in the Vistula Lagoon for the first time.

Anguilla↗
PubMed2006

[Metazoan parasites of bream (Abramis brama Linnaeus, 1758) in Lake Durusu (Terkos)].

In this study, metazoan parasites of bream (Abramis brama Linnaeus, 1758) in the Lake Durusu (Terkos) were investigated between June 2002 and May 2003. During this study, a total of 67 bream were examined for the presence of metazoan parasites. Ten species of parasites were found on 64 of the 67 fish examined. These parasites are: Dactylogyrus sphyrna (Linstow, 1878) and D. distinguendus (Nybelin, 1936) Monogenoidea, Caryophyllaeus laticeps (Pallas, 1781) Cestoidea, Tetracotyle sp, Diplostomum sp. and Tylodelphys clavata (Nordmann, 1832) metacercaria Trematoda, Eustrongylides excisus (Jagerskiöld, 1909) Nematoda, Piscicola geometra (Linnaeus, 1758) Hirudinea, glochidia of mollusk, Bivalvia, Argulus foliaceus (L., 1758) Crustacea. Diplostomum sp., Dactylogyrus sphyrna and D. distinguendus were found to be the dominant parasites of A. brama. Both the prevalence and intensity of other parasites were not found to be high. All identified parasites are a new finding for A. brama in the Lake Durusu. This is the first time that D. distinguendus has been identified in Turkey.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Botulism in birds living in an aquatic environment in Nové Mlýny in the Breclav District].

Epizootic of wild water birds caused by the toxin Clostridium botulinum of C type occurred in extensive shallow artificial lakes of the Nové Mlýny dam system from May to October 1988 and later on from February to early April 1989. In total more than 3,000 dead or dying birds of 44 species were found, the following orders were prevailing: Anseriformes (56%), Lariformes (33%), Charadriiformes (6%) and Ralliformes (4%). Botulotoxin was detected at high concentrations in sarcophagic fly larvae of Calliphora vomitoria and Lucilia sericata which were collected in bird cadavers, but it was not found in different components of the aquatic environment (water, submersed vegetation, phytoplankton, zooplankton, Gastropoda, Crustacea, Oligochaeta, larvae of Odonata, Chironomidae and Ceratopogonidae). Future development of the epizootic situation in the Nové Mlýny artificial lakes will depend on the water level and meterological conditions in the critical period (May to September).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Avoidance diets--how selective should we be?

Selective avoidance diets are the most common means of treatment for food allergies and other types of food sensitivities. With IgE-mediated food allergies, adverse reactions can occur in some patients to very small amounts of the offending food; therefore, strict avoidance of the offending food must be accomplished. With other, non-immunological types of food sensitivities, such as lactose intolerance and sulfite sensitivity, the patients are able to tolerate some, although variable, amounts of the offending substance. Thus, the degree of tolerance is an important concern in the construction of safe and effective avoidance diets. Another issue in the development of selective avoidance diets is the presence of the allergen in specific foods. For example, the peanut allergen is a protein which is not present in peanut oil. Consequently, peanut oil is safe to consume for peanut-allergic patients. Cross-reactivity is yet another concern in the development of selective avoidance diets. Cross reactions can occur between related species of legumes, crustacea, eggs, and milk for example. The construction of a safe and effective avoidance diet for food allergies and sensitivities requires consideration of several important issues and is a responsibility that should not be taken lightly.

Cross Reactions↗
PubMed1987

["Aquarium" allergy: bronchial asthma caused by polyvalent sensitization to various components in fish food].

Chironomus larvae seem to be the principal sensitizer in fish food allergy. In addition, a variety of other Arthropoda species that are used as fish food can induce immediate hypersensitivity. Attention is drawn to this polyvalent sensitization by presenting the case history of a 27-year-old patient who kept fish and who suffered from allergic asthma bronchiale. He showed strongly positive reactions in skin tests for Chironomus and Culex larvae, as well as several kinds of Crustacea species, such as Daphnia and brine shrimps.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Contamination of seafood by Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Taiwan].

From October 1984 to September 1985, a total of 770 seafood samples, collected from the retail markets of 8 coastal cities in Taiwan, were tested for the contamination of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The results showed that 352 samples (45.7%) were contaminated by V. parahaemolyticus. The detection frequencies of various samples were as follows: 40.0% fish samples, 22.3% fish fillets, 44.4% shrimps and 47.8% crabs of the crustacea group, 68.7% bivalve shellfish and 31.9% non-bivalve shellfish of the mollusca group. Bivalve shellfish samples showed the highest detection frequency and counts. By the analysis of variance, cities and sample items affected the detection frequency and counts of V. parahaemolyticus. Positive statistical correlation was found between the counts of V. parahaemolyticus and temperature variation in some cities, whereas the detection frequency of V. parahaemolyticus was not relative to the temperature variation in each city. 182 isolates from different types of seafood reacted with K antisera. Of those serotypes, K17 showed the highest detection frequency in the serological test. All of our isolates showed negative reaction for the Kanagawa test.

Animals↗