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At least 1,405 records · Page 78Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

The NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 elicits conditioned place preference in rats.

(+)-5-Methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate, (MK-801) a potent noncompetitive antagonist of central NMDA receptors, has been hypothesized to have rewarding properties indicative of abuse potential. To test this hypothesis, the effects of MK-801 on the acquisition of a conditioned place preference and on locomotor activity were assessed and compared with d-amphetamine. Both MK-801 (0.03 and 0.1 mg/kg, SC) and d-amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg, SC) administration resulted in the acquisition of a conditioned place preference. However, while both amphetamine and the higher dose of MK-801 produced a behavioral activation during the training period the lower dose of MK-801 did not. These results suggest that MK-801, at doses that produce behavioral activation and below, is rewarding and therefore may have abuse potential.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Maternal naltrexone prevents morphological and behavioral alterations induced in rats by prenatal stress.

The influence of opioid receptor blockade on the developmental and behavioral effects of prenatal stress was studied. Time-mated dams were implanted with minipumps on day 17 of gestation containing vehicle (V) or naltrexone (NTX, 10 mg/kg/day). Noise and light stress was applied on an unpredictable basis, three times a week throughout gestation to half the dams. Maternal NTX completely prevented the reduction in anogenital distance in prenatally stressed (PS) males and restored the growth rate of both sexes. NTX also decreased the anxiety of PS rats in the plus-maze, increased the opioid component of exploration to control levels, but increased anxiety in control males. NTX did not restore the lower saccharin preference in PS females and decreased it in C females. This suggests that some morphological and behavioral changes induced by prenatal stress could result from excess opioid activity induced by maternal stress.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Construct validity of an operant signal detection task for rats.

Many psychoactive drugs produce simultaneous effects on a variety of psychological processes. Behavioral measures in tasks designed to assess cognitive processes in rodents should be able to characterize and dissociate these multiple influences. The present study evaluated how error measures in a classic two-choice operant spatial signal detection paradigm were affected by procedural manipulations of the motivational state of the rat, stimulus properties, and alterations of the inter-trial interval. The experiments were conducted in a two lever operant chamber in which a cue lamp was mounted over each lever. The rats were trained to respond quickly to a short illumination of one of the cue lamps at one of three durations (100, 300 or 1000 ms), presented in a random order. The procedural manipulations were (1) to allow pre-session water access to the normally water-restricted subjects, (2) to vary the intertrial interval (ITI) between sessions, (3) to reduce the intensity of the discriminative stimuli, and (4) to manipulate the variability of the ITI within a session. Stimulus duration-dependent decreases of detection accuracy were observed following pre-session water access and when the intertrial interval was decreased. A reduction of stimulus intensity resulted in decreased accuracy at all stimulus durations. Varying the ITI within the session produced stimulus duration-independent alterations of detection accuracy but no change in the frequency of errors of omission. These findings show that distinct patterns of performance deficits result from manipulating different components of this task and that errors of omission and commission often co-vary and raise questions about the definitions of vigilance and sustained attention as these constructs apply to signal detection tasks that present spatially distinct stimuli.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Home and eating environments are associated with saturated fat intake in children in rural West Virginia.

OBJECTIVE: To describe sociodemographic, environmental, and knowledge factors in relation to self-reported, energy-adjusted saturated fat consumption among children in rural West Virginia. PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred twenty-five 5th graders who participated in the Coronary Artery Risk Detection in Appalachian Communities Project conducted in 3 rural counties in West Virginia in 1998-1999. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey based on self-reported information collected using a food frequency questionnaire, a nutrition knowledge questionnaire, and a family composition questionnaire. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean percentage of energy from total fat was 31.8% +/- 4.9 and from saturated fat was 11.8% +/- 2.3. Energy-adjusted saturated fat intake was significantly higher among children with higher frequencies of breakfast and late-night snacks prepared away from home, and in households with single mothers. Variables associated with higher energy-adjusted saturated fat intake with marginal statistical significance (P=.05-.10) included attendance at schools with a higher percentage of students receiving free or reduced-price lunch, usual breakfast location other than home or school, and less knowledge about low-fat, low-sodium foods. Frequent late-night snacks prepared away from home and living with single mothers remained as significant correlates of energy-adjusted saturated fat intake independent of other hypothesized determinants. CONCLUSION: Efforts to reduce saturated fat intake among children in rural areas should focus on food prepared away from home. Nutrition-related behaviors of single mothers should be explored further.

Child↗
PubMed1982

Sensory discrimination, intensity perception, and affective judgment of sucrose-sweetness in the overweight.

Differential sensitivity, intensity perception, and pleasantness of sucrose-sweetness was determined with two groups of women, 13 overweight and 12 normal weight. Discriminability, psychophysical, psychohedonic, and preference functions were determined for both groups. In addition, maximally preferred sweetness intensities and the corresponding maximally preferred sucrose concentrations were calculated. The data showed that the two groups did not differ in any of these functions or measures. Individual variability in affective response behavior was larger within the overweight than within the normal weight group.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Variations in drug users' accounts of the connection between drug misuse and crime.

A great deal of progress has been made in identifying explanations for the links between drug use and crime. However, less progress has been made in the application of these explanations. In particular, less is known about whether some explanations are more common than others, whether some are linked to certain conditions, whether some apply only to certain individuals, and whether some apply only to certain kinds of drug use and crime. In this article, we investigate the extent to which explanations for the connection between drug misuse and crime vary by type of drug user, type of drug use and type of crime by looking at users' own accounts of the connection. The research is based on data collected as part of the New English and Welsh Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (NEW-ADAM) program conducted in 16 custody suites in England and Wales. The analysis investigates the proportion of drug users who believe that there is a connection and looks at variations in accounts of the connection by individual and behavioral factors. The implications for government policy designed to reduce drug-related crime are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Behavioral inhibition and activation in posttraumatic stress disorder.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by anxiety symptoms and impulsivity and aggression, which are thought to represent examples of excessive behavioral inhibition and activation, respectively. PTSD and traumatized control subjects performed the Stop-Signal Task to assess behavioral activation and inhibition simultaneously. PTSD subjects showed no evidence of the generally increased behavioral inhibition expected to accompany anxiety, but exhibited progressively decreased behavioral activation during acquisition of the task. However, when behavior was facilitated using monetary rewards, both PTSD and traumatized control subjects showed increases in behavioral activation, whereas PTSD subjects also showed significant disinhibition. These findings argue against PTSD patients being chronically inhibited and unresponsive to rewards, and the presence of disinhibition accompanying behavioral activation in these subjects may explain the impulsivity and aggression associated with PTSD.

Aggression↗
PubMed1999

"Generative caring" psychotherapy for patients who are reluctant to talk.

Patients seek psychotherapy for relief of symptoms and resolution of problems in living. Yet, they sometimes balk at the prospect of having to choose a topic without being prompted by therapist questions. This paper suggests that this apparently self-sabotaging behavior represents an acting out of a fundamental existential dilemma for many individuals, i.e., to be or not to be an adult. Adulthood comes with the heavy burden of responsibility for making life choices, and the possibility of making the wrong choices. The psychotherapeutic situation, with its demand that the patient choose a topic, is a microcosm of the adult-adult relationship. The author proposes that the proper treatment for these patients is Generative Caring Psychotherapy, which promotes emotional growth and facilitates patients' transition from childhood dependence to adult responsibility.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Medical outshopping intent: profiling the health care consumer.

The health care industry has been exposed to a tremendous upheaval in the last decade. The traditional practices have given way to new behaviors and structures. This is especially true for community hospitals that have long provided the major portion of health care services in their markets. Their traditional local service area, once thought of as fairly much their sole domain, is being redefined. Consumers are becoming more aware of alternative health delivery options, thus choosing to go outside of their local trading area for these alternatives. This study investigates consumer characteristics and influences driving this behavior. Implications for hospital marketing practices are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

An evaluation of response cost in the treatment of inappropriate vocalizations maintained by automatic reinforcement.

In the current study, we examined the utility of a procedure consisting of noncontingent reinforcement with and without response cost in the treatment of inappropriate vocalizations maintained by automatic reinforcement. Results are discussed in terms of examining the variables that contribute to the effectiveness of response cost as treatment for problem behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Ethanol consumption patterns and conditioned place preference in mice lacking preproenkephalin.

There is a great deal of evidence suggesting that endogenous opioid systems are involved in the control of ethanol-seeking behavior and reward. To ascertain the role of the enkephalinergic opioid peptide system in these processes, we examined voluntary ethanol consumption patterns in mice lacking the preproenkephalin (Penk) gene using a two-bottle choice paradigm with free access to water and increasing concentrations of ethanol (2, 4, 8, and 10% v/v). We also examined the ability of ethanol (2 g/kg i.p.) to establish a conditioned place preference in these mice. No differences in ethanol consumption or preference were observed between wildtypes and Penk null mutant mice. In addition, both genotypes displayed a similar conditioned place preference to ethanol. These data suggest that the preproenkephalin system is not involved in voluntary ethanol consumption patterns or ethanol reward.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2001

Magnetoencephalographic signals identify stages in real-life decision processes.

We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to study the dynamics of neural responses in eight subjects engaged in shopping for day-to-day items from supermarket shelves. This behavior not only has personal and economic importance but also provides an example of an experience that is both personal and shared between individuals. The shopping experience enables the exploration of neural mechanisms underlying choice based on complex memories. Choosing among different brands of closely related products activated a robust sequence of signals within the first second after the presentation of the choice images. This sequence engaged first the visual cortex (80-100 ms), then as the images were analyzed, predominantly the left temporal regions (310-340 ms). At longer latency, characteristic neural activation was found in motor speech areas (500-520 ms) for images requiring low salience choices with respect to previous (brand) memory, and in right parietal cortex for high salience choices (850-920 ms). We argue that the neural processes associated with the particular brand-choice stimulus can be separated into identifiable stages through observation of MEG responses and knowledge of functional anatomy.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Brain aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in rat strains with high and low ethanol preferences.

The activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase in subcellular fractions of whole brain homogenates from the AA and ANA rat strains developed respectively for high and low ethanol preferences has been studied. No significant strain or sex differences between naive AA and ANA rats were found. In ethanol-experienced rats some strain and sex differences were found, the most consistent being higher enzyme activity in AA females than in males both with aliphatic and aromatic aldehyde substrates. However, contrary to previous findings no relation between brain aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and drinking behavior was found in the AA and ANA rat strains.

Aldehyde Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1988

Knowledge-based information acquisition: norms and the functions of consensus information.

Mill's (1872/1973) method of difference prescribes that the lay scientist should use consensus information as a control condition for the person and distinctiveness information as a control condition for the stimulus when analyzing their causal effects on the occurrence of the target event. However, in studies of information acquisition, subjects have shown a consistent preference for distinctiveness information when answering causal questions about the person, and for consensus information when answering causal questions about the stimulus. To explain this discrepancy, we distinguish between the evaluative, contrastive, and corroborative functions of consensus and distinctiveness information. In addition, we suggest that subjects seek consensus information only if it is relevant to the question posed to them, and if they cannot supply it from their own presupposed knowledge of behavioral norms. We report four information acquisition experiments that provide support for our analysis.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed2005

Responses of human anterior cingulate cortex microdomains to error detection, conflict monitoring, stimulus-response mapping, familiarity, and orienting.

Human anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) activity modulation has been observed in numerous tasks, consistent with a wide variety of functions. However, previous recordings have not had sufficient spatial resolution to determine whether microdomains (approximately one to two columns) are involved in multiple tasks, how activity is distributed across cortical layers, or indeed whether modulation reflected neuronal excitation, inhibition, or both. In this study, linear arrays of 24 microelectrodes were used to estimate population synaptic currents and neuronal firing in different layers of ACC during simple/choice reaction time, delayed word recognition, rhyming, auditory oddball, and cued conditional letter-discrimination tasks. Responses to all tasks, with differential responses to errors, familiarity, difficulty, and orienting, were recorded in single microdomains. The strongest responses occurred approximately 300-800 ms after stimulus onset and were usually a current source with inhibited firing, strongly suggesting active inhibition in superficial layers during the behavioral response period. This was usually followed by a sink from approximately 800 to 1400 ms, consistent with postresponse rebound activation. Transient phase locking of task-related theta activity in superficial cingulate layers suggested extended interactions with medial and lateral frontal and temporal sites. These data suggest that each anterior cingulate microdomain participates in a multilobar cortical network after behavioral responses in a variety of tasks.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1993

Drug-related HIV risk behaviors and cocaine preference among injection drug users in Los Angeles.

Based on a 1988-91 sample of 422 drug-using arrestees in Los Angeles, this study compares the drug-related risk behavior of users whose preferred injection drug is cocaine and users with a preference for heroin or no preference between the two drugs. Cocaine preference is unrelated to the likelihood of needle sharing overall, needle sharing with strangers, needle sharing at shooting galleries, and failure to use bleach as a needle disinfectant. In analyses restricted to users who reported needle sharing, the frequency of sharing is no more closely related to heroin injection frequency than to cocaine injection frequency. These results suggest that local preventive education programs do not need to address distinctive patterns of drug-related risk behavior among injection cocaine users and injection heroin users in Los Angeles.

Adult↗