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PubMed1992

[Nutritional studies in a commune of Lazio. Anthropometric data and food consumption in childhood].

The present study concerns with anthropometric and nutritional data collected in the school population of a small rural town in Lazio. We studied 368 school-children of both sexes, belonging to the following age groups: from 7 to 8 years, 9 to 10 years, 11 to 12 years, 13 to 14 years. The technique of evaluation of obesity used in this paper is: weight 20% higher than the height-adjusted figure according to NCHS's curves and triceps skinfold higher than 90 degrees centile according to Tanner's curves. Dietary intake was assessed by a "24 hour-recall" on three consecutive days one of which of holiday. The prevalence of obesity is 17.7%. In all the age groups daily caloric intake is adjusted to that recommended by Italian 1987 Larn. On the other hand the single nutrient's assumption shows important differences from Larn. Particularly in all the age groups daily protein intake is high (14.6%-15.8% of the energy in a day), with an increased animal-vegetable protein ratio (1.5-2.1). Dietary lipids are higher than 35.9% of day's energy (35.9%-39.5%); the polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio is low (0.3-0.5). Cholesterol in the diet (231-347 mg/day) exceeds the level recommended. The daily intake of total carbohydrates (45.3%-48.5%) is low. Crude fiber intake increases with age from 2.8 g to 4.5 g/day. There is no statistical difference between obese and not obese subjects for what concerns energy intake or single nutrient's assumption.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

Nutrition of the elderly in a Mediterranean city in Spain: effects of life-style patterns.

We studied the food intake in a representative sample (121 males, 202 females) of the elderly people (greater than 60 years) of the city of Reus (Spain) living at home. The analysis of the consumption of nutrients revealed an energy intake lower than recommended but similar to that found in other surveys dealing with the same age group. We observed that in our elderly people, the major food sources of caloric intake were different in relation to those of adults of the same population. The distribution of energy percentage derived from several macronutrients is different in the elderly in relation to adults (35-64 yr) and children (3-4 yr) of the same population. In younger people there was a remarkably energy excess derived from lipids if compared with the recommended allowances, which does not occur in the elderly group. Among all the sociocultural characteristics of the individuals, the type of life-style is revealed as the major explanation of the differences in intake. The elderly males who live with younger people consume more energy (p less than 0.01), lipids (p less than 0.001) and carbohydrates (p less than 0.05) than those who live only with other old people. In elderly people living with younger ones, the energy sources become unbalanced in the same way as in the young people. We have not found any differences in the biotype of the elderly men in relation to the patterns of life-style which may explain the different intakes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Effects of exercise in cool water on body weight loss.

Seven obese women (greater than 30 per cent body fat, mean = 43 per cent) performed moderate exercise (30 to 40 per cent of maximal oxygen consumption) for 90 min during head-out immersion in cool water (17 to 22 degrees C) five times per week for eight weeks to determine if cold exposure and the attendant caloric deficit in body heat stores would lead to body weight loss. Exercise was on a cycle ergometer that was modified for underwater use. Body weight, body fat, fat-free body weight, and caloric intake did not change significantly as a result of the exercise program in cool water. The significant heat debts incurred were presumably repaid without an increase in energy expenditure. The caloric balance and the thermal data obtained suggest that body heat stores were slowly repaid during recovery by resting metabolic heat production associated with a reduced rate of body heat loss. Maximal oxygen uptake did not increase significantly. No metabolic or thermal evidence was found to support cold adaptation in the obese women. Ergometer exercise in water as well-tolerated, as evidenced by no exercise-related injuries and an adherence rate of 93 per cent. It was concluded that, while cold exposure does not increase caloric expenditure significantly in obese individuals, exercising regularly in cool water may be beneficial as it may motivate obese people to exercise at higher intensity for thermal comfort and the water environment may help prevent injuries.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1987

Caloric regulation and patterns of food choice in a patchy environment: the value and cost of alternative foods.

Rats in a laboratory foraging paradigm had 24-hr-per-day access to a feeder where they could search, by completing a fixed number of bar presses, for an opportunity to eat one of a pair of foods differing in caloric density (2.5, 3, 3.5, or 4 kcal/g) and, in Experiment 2, the price of food pellets (10 to 50 bar presses per pellet). The rats could either accept the opportunity, and eat a meal, or reject it in favor of further search. Daily caloric intake was relatively constant. The rats always included both foods in their diet, but, for any particular food, the degree of inclusion in the diet and of acceptance of meal opportunities, the meal size, and the rate of eating were all functions not only of the price and caloric value of that food but also of the price and value of the alternately-available food. The patterns of intake for one food relative to those for the other available food were strongly correlated with the relative rate of calorie intake during consumption of that food compared to the other. Although the rats appeared to be sensitive to the local rates of calorie flow, they did not maximize daily calories consumed per time spent feeding.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1997

Dietary energy sources and colon cancer risk.

Because energy-contributing nutrients are highly correlated with total energy, the association with colon cancer from energy versus other components of energy-providing nutrients is often not clear. Dietary data from a population-based case-control study of colon cancer were analyzed in subjects from California, Utah, and Minnesota in 1991-1994 to assess the colon cancer risk associated with consumption of energy, fat, protein, and carbohydrate. After adjustment for long-term physical activity, total energy intake increased risk of colon cancer in men (odds ratio = 1.74, 95% confidence interval 1.14-2.67 for highest vs. lowest quartile) and in women (odds ratio = 1.70, 95% confidence interval 1.07-2.70). Various methods of analysis suggested that intakes of individual sources of energy (dietary fat, protein, and carbohydrate) were not associated with colon cancer risk after total energy intake was taken into account. People who consumed a high-calorie diet that was dense in fiber and calcium appeared to be at lower risk than people with the same caloric intake who consumed smaller amounts of dietary fiber and calcium. Individuals with a first-degree relative with colorectal cancer, especially those diagnosed at a younger age, were at a greater risk from a diet high in energy than were individuals without a family history of colorectal cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Dietary intake and nutritional status of older adult homeless women: a pilot study.

A pilot study was conducted to identify eating patterns, food sources, and nutritional problems among a limited population of older homeless women located in a large urban area. Most of these women's food came from shelter meals, and their food intake was inadequate for most nutrients. The availability of fruits, vegetables, dairy products, and whole grains was very limited. Foods high in saturated fats and simple carbohydrates provided most of their caloric intake. Although some women were obese, most were found to have low BMI and mid-arm muscle mass area measurements indicating low body fat stores and potential muscle wasting.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Dietary modulation of pancreatic carcinogenesis: calories and energy expenditure.

Physical activity (exercise) is a lifestyle factor that has received little attention with regard to its role in the etiology and/or prevention of cancer. These studies examined the effects of treadmill exercise on the early stages of pancreatic carcinogenesis initiated by azaserine in rats. Male Lewis rats were treated with azaserine at 2 weeks of age and weaned to experimental protocols at 3 weeks of age. Two experiments were undertaken; treadmill exercise began at 6 weeks of age (Experiment 1) or at 13 weeks of age (Experiment 2). Rats were exercised for 15-20 min/day and for 3-5 days/week. Treadmill speed and angle of incline were adjusted to afford a range of exercise intensities. The development of putative preneoplastic lesions of the pancreatic acinar cells (henceforth termed foci) was evaluated by quantitative stereological analysis using light microscopy. In Experiment 1, exercise resulted in a known paradoxical reduction in food intake by about 15% of the intake of the sedentary group fed ad libitum. The burden of azaserine-induced foci was decreased by approximately 37%, and this was attributed to the well known effects of reduced caloric intake in these young, rapidly growing rats. In Experiment 2, the higher intensity treadmill exercise group had an increased focal burden, compared to their sedentary pair-fed controls. Importantly, this enhancement occurred despite a reduction in food intake and body fat stores in this treadmill exercise group. These experiments demonstrate that exercise may suppress or promote carcinogenesis, depending upon the stage in the life cycle of the animal.

Aging↗
PubMed2002

Energy expenditure and caloric balance after burn: increased feeding leads to fat rather than lean mass accretion.

OBJECTIVE: Resting energy expenditure (REE) is commonly measured in critical illness to determine caloric "demands" and thus nutritive needs. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The purpose of this study was to 1) determine whether REE is associated with clinical outcomes and 2) determine whether an optimal caloric delivery rate based on REE exists to offset erosion of lean mass after burn. METHODS: From 1995 to 2001, REE was measured by indirect calorimetry in 250 survivors of 10 to 99%TBSA burns. Caloric intake and REE were correlated with muscle protein catabolism, length of stay, ventilator dependence, sepsis, and mortality. From 1998 to 2000, 42 patients (>60%TBSA burns) received continuous enteral nutrition at a spectrum of caloric balance between 1.0x REE kcal/d -1.8x REE kcal/d. Serial body composition was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Lean mass, fat mass, morbidity, and mortality were determined. RESULTS: REE/predicted basal metabolic rate correlated directly with burn size, sepsis, ventilator dependence, and muscle protein catabolism (P <.05). Declining REE correlated with mortality (P <.05). 2) Erosion of lean body mass was not attenuated by increased caloric balance, however, fat mass increased with caloric supply (P <.05). CONCLUSION: In surviving burned patients, caloric delivery beyond 1.2 x REE results in increased fat mass without changes in lean body mass. Declining energy expenditure appears to be a harbinger of mortality in severely burned patients.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1980

Caloric consequences of sugar solutions: a failure to obtain gustatory learning.

Rats decrease total caloric intake, sometimes to the point of starvation, when sugar solutions are offered in conjunction with a daily pellet meal. This phenomenon appears to be based on a tendency to behave as if overestimating the caloric value of simple sugars. In these experiments, rats were exposed to a variety of conditions that allowed the opportunity to monitor the taste and postingestive properties of sucrose or glucose solutions. Despite these repeated opportunities to learn the true caloric value of the solutions, the rats continued to exhibit the exaggerated response. The results suggest that the gustatory receptors that have evolved to detect the normally low concentrations of sugars in the natural environment may be inherently inaccurate in response to relatively high concentrations of pure sugars. Furthermore, the rat may be contraprepared to form the quantitative gustatory associations that would be necessary to correct this error tendency.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Increased energy expenditure in growing adolescents with Crohn's disease.

Undernutrition is considered to have a central role in the pathogenesis of growth retardation in Crohn's disease. This may occur as a consequence of inadequate food intake, increased energy expenditure, or both. Ten growing adolescents with inactive Crohn's disease were assessed with respect to anthropometric parameters and resting energy expenditure, measured by indirect calorimetry during remission, repeated in relapse (N = 5), and compared to that predicted from the Harris-Benedict formula. Mean energy intake was assessed with seven-day diaries in five patients and compared to recommended intake for age, sex, weight, and physical activity. Ten healthy, growing, age- and sex-matched adolescents served as controls. Nine patients with inactive Crohn's disease, who had ceased growing, were matched for disease site and duration and acted as disease controls. Patients and disease controls had lower body mass index (19.2 +/- 0.6; 20.9 +/- 0.7) than healthy controls (23.7 +/- 0.6; P < 0.001). Percent body fat was lower in patients (13.2 +/- 1.9%) compared to healthy controls (20.5 +/- 2.4%; P < 0.05) but not to disease controls (17.0 +/- 2.6%). Patients had higher resting energy expenditure per kilogram of fat-free mass than disease or healthy controls (36.9 +/- 5.1; 32.9 +/- 2.6; 30.9 +/- 2.1 kcal; P < 0.02). Measured resting energy expenditure in patients, but not in disease or healthy controls, was higher than the predicted (measured: predicted 1.15, 1.03, 0.9, respectively; P < 0.03). Energy intake in patients was 97% of recommended intake but the measured ratio of energy intake/resting energy expenditure was lower than the predicted ratio (1.49 vs 1.71; P < 0.05). During subsequent relapse in five patients resting energy expenditure was unchanged. In growing adolescents with inactive Crohn's disease, there is increased energy expenditure that is not accompanied by an increase in energy intake. Relapse of disease does not appear to increase resting energy expenditure further but may "divert" energy from growth to disease activity. This suggests that nutritional therapy should be directed towards increasing caloric intake to maximize growth potential.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Alprazolam increases food intake in humans.

The present study investigated the effect of alprazolam on the pattern of food intake in seven male participants living in a residential laboratory for 17 days. A wide selection of meals, snacks and beverages was freely available. Capsule administration occurred at 1300 and 1730 hours. Food intake on days when alprazolam (0.75 mg) was administered (days 2, 11) was compared to days when no capsule (days 1, 9) or placebo (days 3, 10) was administered. Alprazolam increased total caloric intake by approximately 975 kcal from a baseline of 2800 kcal. Alprazolam increased the number of eating occasions occurring in the evening (1700-2330 hour), without altering the size of eating occasions (kcal), or the proportion of total calories derived from carbohydrate, fat and protein. These data demonstrate alprazolam's robust effects on food intake in humans.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Nutritional status and growth in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

The specific cause of short stature in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) is unknown. One hypothesis links altered growth to inadequate dietary intake. In this study, nutritional status was assessed in 34 children with JRA (8 with systemic JRA, 14 with polyarticular JRA, and 12 with pauciarticular JRA) and 9 healthy controls using 3-day diet records, anthropometrics, and biochemical analyses. Differences in growth were found among the three types of JRA. One third of all subjects were at or below the 10th percentile in height for age (these being predominantly among the systemic and polyarticular groups). With few exceptions, the mean dietary intake for calories and essential nutrients was found to be adequate for each of the three groups. However, more than half of those with systemic JRA reportedly consumed less than the recommended caloric intake for their age and weight. No significant correlations were found linking dietary intake to growth percentiles in any of the groups studied. Biochemical abnormalities were found among the systemic and polyarticular groups. These abnormalities included low plasma levels of vitamins A and C, proteins (albumin, prealbumin, and retinol binding protein) and zinc; and increased levels of copper and glutathione peroxidase activity. Plasma selenium and vitamin E levels were unchanged. The discrepancy between intake and certain circulating nutrient levels may reflect alterations in the requirements, absorption, or use of these nutrients in the presence of chronic inflammation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Nutrient intakes of whites, blacks, and Mexican Americans in southeast Texas.

Ethnic groups in the United States exhibit different patterns of cardiovascular disease and cancer morbidity and mortality. This has, in part, been attributed to differences in dietary intake. However, there is limited comparative information available regarding the dietary patterns of whites, blacks, and Hispanics residing in the same geographic area. Selected nutrient intakes were obtained by an interviewer-administered 24-hr dietary recall from 231 white, 102 black, and 98 Mexican-American persons residing in the same communities in Southeast Texas. Mean caloric intakes were highest for whites, followed by Mexican Americans and blacks. Mexican Americans had carbohydrate intakes that were significantly higher, but total fat intakes that were significantly lower, than those of whites. Blacks of both sexes had the highest cholesterol intakes and black males had the highest saturated fat intakes. Neither was significantly higher than that of whites or Mexican Americans. Overall, the mean vitamin A and C values were highest for blacks and lowest for whites, although the differences were not statistically significant. Mean calcium and phosphorus intakes were significantly higher for whites compared with those for blacks and Mexican Americans. Blacks had significantly lower mean fiber values than whites or Mexican Americans. International ethnic differences in disease distribution have long been used to provide clues to etiologic factors. National ethnic differences in disease distribution related to dietary intake can further elucidate these causative and/or preventive factors. However, to do so will require additional attention to dietary methodology of the type presented here.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Enhancement of voluntary alcohol consumption in rats by clofibrate feeding.

Clofibrate is known to be an inducer of alcohol- and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. Therefore, male rats were offered increasing amounts of alcohol over a period of three months. Eventually they could choose between a 30% alcohol solution and tap water which was available ad lib. Animals were sacrificed after further 1 1/2 months of clofibrate feeding. Before clofibrate feeding voluntary intake of alcohol was 3.47 g/kg per day and increased up to 7.77 g/kg per day, i.e., by 123% within the clofibrate feeding period while the alcohol intake of controls increased from 3.84 to 4.88 g/kg per day, i.e., by only 27%. Food consumption increased in the clofibrate control group, whereas in the alcohol drinking clofibrate group the total caloric intake increase was due mainly to the enhancement of alcohol consumption. Relative liver weight was increased by clofibrate in the non-drinking as well as in the drinking group by 59%. Measurements of triglycerides and cholesterol exhibited changes typical for clofibrate in ethanol drinking and non-drinking animals. Probably the clofibrate-alcohol interaction results in accelerated ethanol metabolism and increased metabolic tolerance by induction of the ethanol detoxifying system in the liver.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed1994

Carbonated beverages, dietary calcium, the dietary calcium/phosphorus ratio, and bone fractures in girls and boys.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to explore the association between carbonated beverage consumption, as well as other nutritional intake, and the occurrence of bone fractures in girls (mean +/- SD) 14.3 yr +/- 1.8 and boys 14.6 yr +/- 1.6. METHODS: Food-frequency questionnaires and medical histories were obtained from 76 girls and 51 boys. Subjects were recruited from a swimming club and physicians' offices; their physical characteristics are representative of the normal adolescent population. RESULTS: The data show a strong association between cola beverage consumption and bone fractures in girls [the adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 3.59; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21, 10.75; p = 0.022]. High intake of dietary calcium was protective (adjusted OR = 0.284; 95% CI 0.087, 0.920; p = 0.036). No association between the non-cola drinks and bone fractures was found. In boys, only total caloric intake was associated with the risk of bone fractures; the association was inverse. CONCLUSION: The high consumption of carbonated beverages and the declining consumption of milk are of great public health significance for girls and women because of their proneness to osteoporosis in later life.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Optimal dietary therapy of long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.

Current dietary therapy for long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) or trifunctional protein (TFP) deficiency consists of fasting avoidance, and limiting long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) intake. This study reports the relationship of dietary intake and metabolic control as measured by plasma acylcarnitine and organic acid profiles in 10 children with LCHAD or TFP deficiency followed for 1 year. Subjects consumed an average of 11% of caloric intake as dietary LCFA, 11% as MCT, 12% as protein, and 66% as carbohydrate. Plasma levels of hydroxypalmitoleic acid, hydroxyoleic, and hydroxylinoleic carnitine esters positively correlated with total LCFA intake and negatively correlated with MCT intake suggesting that as dietary intake of LCFA decreases and MCT intake increases, there is a corresponding decrease in plasma hydroxyacylcarnitines. There was no correlation between plasma acylcarnitines and level of carnitine supplementation. Dietary intake of fat-soluble vitamins E and K was deficient. Dietary intake and plasma levels of essential fatty acids, linoleic and linolenic acid, were deficient. On this dietary regimen, the majority of subjects were healthy with no episodes of metabolic decompensation. Our data suggest that an LCHAD or TFP-deficient patient should adhere to a diet providing age-appropriate protein and limited LCFA intake (10% of total energy) while providing 10-20% of energy as MCT and a daily multi-vitamin and mineral (MVM) supplement that includes all of the fat-soluble vitamins. The diet should be supplemented with vegetable oils as part of the 10% total LCFA intake to provide essential fatty acids.

3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed1986

Bone mineral, serum calcium, and dietary intakes of mother/daughter pairs.

Data on factors potentially responsible for familial differences in the incidence of postmenopausal osteoporosis were obtained for 26 mother/daughter pairs. The factors were: bone mineral content of the radius (BMC); bone mineral content to bone width ratio (BMC/W); serum ionized (Ca++), ultrafiltrable (UF-Ca) and total calcium (T-Ca), ultrafiltrable and total magnesium, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D; and 7-day dietary intakes of selected nutrients. The BMC, BMC/W, and serum calcium fractions of the mothers were significantly correlated with those of the daughters. Although the BMC of the mothers was related to their caloric intakes, the interrelations between BMC and other variables of each group were not significant. Estimates of heritability, a measure of familial resemblance, were 0.724 for BMC; 0.570 for BMC/W; and 0.932, 0.916, and 0.668 for Ca++, UF-Ca, and T-Ca, respectively. Mothers with low BMC tended to have daughters with low BMC; there were also familial resemblances in serum calcium fractions.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Effects of intestinal bypass surgery on appetite, food intake, and body weight in obese and lean rats.

Jejunoileal bypass surgery or sham surgery was performed in female rats made obese with ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) knife cuts, and in lean control rats. After bypass surgery, the VMH rats underate and lost weight until they reached the body weight of the control sham rats, and they then maintained their weight at control levels. Bypass surgery in lean rats produced much smaller reductions in food intake and body weight. Both bypass groups initially consumed less of a sucrose solution and milk diet during 1 h/day tests, but their intakes returned to near normal levels during the second postoperative month. Reconnection of the intestinal tract in the VMH-bypass rats led to renewed hyperphagia and return to obese body weights. A second experiment revealed that bypass surgery reduces food intake and body weight in genetically obese (fatty) rats, but this effect is not as pronounced as that displayed by VMH rats. These results confirm recent clinical observations that reduced appetite and caloric intake are the major causes of the weight loss produced by intestinal bypass surgery.

Animals↗