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PubMed1992

Comparative studies on hydatidosis in farm animals in Egypt.

A survey on the frequency of hydatid disease in animals slaughtered in Cairo abattoir revealed that the percentage in camels, sheep, pigs, cows and buffaloes attained 31.0%, 1.33%, 4.62%, 0.0% and 0.0% respectively. In camels and pigs the lungs were the main predilection sites of hydatid cysts, while in sheep the liver was the most infested organ. The wall thickness of the cysts was different according to the host species and the location of the cyst. The parasitic membrane of the cysts collected from camels consisted of two layers, an outer layer rich with mucopolysaccharides, and an inner germinal layer; some of its cells were rich with glycogen others were charged with lipids; the latter were mainly concentrated at the origin of the brood capsule. Hydatid cysts from camels showed a large number of calcareous bodies which stained deeply with both von Kossa stain and alcian blue stain. The majority of the examined cysts from sheep showed non-fertile germinal membranes. The most characteristic feature observed in the cysts collected from pigs was the presence of large amounts of fat droplets.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Molecular characterization of Egyptian human and anima Echinococcus granulosus isolates by RAPD-PCR technique.

Five primers of known, but arbitrary nucleotide sequence (OPH-03, OPH-05, OPH-12, OPH-15, OPH-18) were used to detect genetic variability in Egyptian human, camel and pig E. granulosus isolates. OPH-03, OPH-05 & OPH-15 proved useful as genetic markers of strain variation, while OPH-12 and OPH-18 allowed distinction at the genus level i.e. diversified from Cysticercus tenuicollis. OPH-03 was the most effective giving sharp distinct banding pattern and the least values of similarity coefficients. Some variations were detected within E. granulosus isolates from the same host. The level of heterogeneity was low in three of the human isolates, camel and pig strains. Individual variation was detectable within other 3 human isolates. Human and camel isolates were the most related pair, having similar patterns and the highest similarity coefficients. The study implies that human cases in Egypt are of the camel/dog strain, and camels are important hosts for the transmission of human hydatidosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Hydatidosis among man and animals in Assiut and Aswan Governorates.

A survey for hydatidosis among the slaughtered animals at Assiut and Aswan abattoirs, over one year showed that hydatid cyst camels was 107 (7.67%) out of 1395, but no infection in cattle and buffaloes. The lung was more involved than liver in camels. The fertile hydatid cysts in camels were 60.41% and 54.23% in Assiut and Aswan Governorates respectively. The hydatid cysts recorded in Assiut and Aswan Gs during Summer (15.78%, 6.34%) or Autumn (12.0%, 7.83%) was higher than during Winter (10.58%, 3.03%) or Spring (10.52%, 5.18%). Fresh fertile hydatid cysts protoscolices were recovered from lungs of infected camels, slaughtered at Bani-Adi (Assiut) abattoir were orally given to experimental dogs. All dogs developed Echinococcus worms mainly in the small intestine proximal third. The levels of echinococcosis by IHAT were estimated in 100 patients with acute & chronic hepatic diseases in Assiut and in Aswan Gs, showed 5 (10.0%) positive reactions.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2006

A Con A- purified hydatid glycoprotein fraction effectively diagnoses human hydatidosis.

Diagnosis and quantification of Echinococcus granulosus infection in man and animal hosts are centralized to feasible control. This study included 93 serum samples, 25 sure positive hydatid cases confirmed surgically, 7 suspected cases diagnosed by indirect haemagglutination IHA and 41 cases other parasitic infections (15 S. mansoni, 8 Fasciola, 7 Ascaris, 5 H. nana & 6 Ancylostoma) diagnosed by microscopic examination and were negative by ELISA and/or IHA for anti-hydatid antibody. Twenty negative serum samples served as healthy controls. Six types of hydatid fluid antigens (crude, host-free & Con-A purified) of human and camel origin were subjected to electrophoretic separation (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting (EITB). The anti-hydatid IgG was detected in sera of the different groups for evaluation of sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic efficacy of each type of antigens. Detection of circulating hydatid antigen (CAg) was performed using anti rabbit hyperimmune sera raised against Con-A purified either human or camel hydatid antigen. SDS-PAGE revealed several bands ranging from 55-185 kDa with 10 kDa band shared by all antigens. The specific bands revealed by EITB for Con-A purified camel and human antigens were at 80, 110 & 55, 110 kDa respectively. ELISA highest sensitivity (96.9%) was by using host-free Con-A purified glycoprotein fraction of human hydatid antigen. Highest specificity (98.4%) was recorded upon use of either Con-A purified camel or human antigen with 94.5% & 97.7% diagnostic efficacy respectively. Detection of circulating antigen by polyclonal antibodies against Con-A purified human hydatid antigen revealed 91.8% specificity.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Hydatidosis granulosus in Egyptian slaughtered animals in the years 2000-2005.

Hydatidosis was investigated among camels, sheep, goats, and pigs in Egyptian official abattoirs, from August 2000 to August 2005, and among cows and buffaloes were in Mansoura official abattoirs, in the year 2005. One hundred randomly chosen animals of each species were subjected to serologic and histopathologic examinations for infections. The overall five years hydatidosis prevalence was 2.53%, 0.3% & 0.68% in camels, sheep & goats, and pigs respectively. The 2005 year prevalence in cows and buffaloes was 6.4% in Mansoura. There was a significant difference between animals regarding liver infection, but the difference was highly significant for lung infection. A highly significant difference in hydatid cysts size was between pigs and other animals species (p< 0.000) and a significant difference between macroscopic findings in pigs and camels (p=0.018). A high significant difference was between histopathology in all animals species except pigs and sheep & goats (p=0.089). IHAT showed highly significant difference between camels and other animals species (p<0.000). A significant histopathologic positive correlation was between positive IHAT and fertility (Pearson correlation =0.148, p=0.003). The results were photographed and discussed.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1990

[Seroepidemiologic studies of the detection of antibodies to Brucella, Chlamydia, Leptospira, BVD/MD virus, IBR/IPV virus and enzootic bovine leukosis virus (EBL) in dromedary mares (Camelus dromedarius)].

Camels which are bred for the purpose of racing were tested serologically for 6 different animal diseases. The group were split into racing and breeding camels. The following results were achieved: Brucellosis, breeding camels 2%, racing camels 6.6%; Chlamydiosis 24%, 15%; Leptospirosis 2.5%, 5.6%; BVD/MD 9.2%, 3.6%. No antibodies were detected against IBR/IPV- and EBL-virus. The results are discussed under an epidemiological point of view.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Differences in the post-translational processing of beta-endorphin in rat anterior and intermediate pituitary.

The immunoactive beta-endorphin-related material in extracts of rat anterior and intermediate/posterior pituitary was separated by ion exchange chromatography on sulfopropyl-Sephadex (Zakarian, S., and Smyth, D. G. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76, 5972-5976). The profile of beta-endorphin immunoactivity in rat anterior pituitary was distinctly different from that found in intermediate/posterior pituitary. In the rat anterior pituitary, most of the immunoactivity co-migrated with synthetic camel beta-endorphin(1-31); in the intermediate/posterior pituitary, only about 10% of the immunoactivity co-migrated with camel beta-endorphin(1-31). In rat anterior pituitary cell suspensions incubated with [3H]tyrosine for 6 h or 48 h, material co-migrating with camel beta-endorphin(1-31) was the major final posttranslational product related to beta-endorphin. This material was reanalyzed by chromatography on sulfopropyl-Sephadex, analyzed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 in 6 M guanidine HCl, and digested with pronase and trypsin. In every analysis, the major peak of [3H]tyrosine-labeled anterior pituitary beta-endorphin was indistinguishable from camel beta-endorphin(1-31).

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Cartoon characters as tobacco warning labels.

BACKGROUND: Multiple studies have indicated that the Joe Camel advertising campaign has been successful in marketing tobacco to children and adolescents, whereas other studies have reported that current tobacco warning messages are ineffective. OBJECTIVE: To determine the importance and believability of familiar and novel tobacco warning messages with and without cartoons that were modeled after Joe Camel. DESIGN: Children and adolescents (N = 580) in Chicago, Ill, public schools were surveyed to determine the believability and importance of 3 cartoon tobacco warnings modeled after Joe Camel developed with the messages "Smoking Causes Lung Cancer, Heart Disease, Emphysema, and May Complicate Pregnancy" or "Smoking Kills" and the same 2 messages without cartoons. RESULTS: Respondents rated all 3 cartoons significantly more believable than the plain condition regardless of the message (P<.05). Furthermore, respondents rated the "Smoking Causes Lung Cancer, Heart Disease, Emphysema, and May Complicate Pregnancy" warning significantly more believable and important than the "Smoking Kills" message across all 4 cartoon conditions (walrus, penguin, bear, and no cartoon) (P<.01). Selected demographic groups found particular cartoon and warning messages more believable and/or important than others. CONCLUSIONS: The finding that cartoon tobacco warnings are more believable than plain warnings suggests that it may be desirable to include cartoons in future tobacco warning labels. The lower ratings of believability and importance of the "Smoking Kills" warning is a concern because similar warnings have recently been implemented in at least 2 countries (Australia and Canada) and have been considered for implementation in the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000;154:1230-1236.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Tick infestations on livestock in the Yemen Arab Republic and their potential as vectors of livestock diseases.

A survey of ticks on cattle, camels, sheep, goats and donkeys in four different geographical locations of the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR) was carried out to provide more information on the possible risk of tick-borne diseases to imported exotic cattle included in the YAR's plans for livestock development. The most abundant ticks were Hyalomma spp. particularly on camels. Ticks found on cattle included Hyalomma spp., Amblyomma variegatum, Boophilus annulatus and Rhipicephalus spp. In general with the exception of camels tick burdens on all species of domestic livestock were very low. Two hundred and ninety eight serum samples from miscellaneous adult cattle throughout the country were negative to a test for Anaplasma marginale antibodies. It is speculated that tick burdens in the YAR are too low for significant disease transmission and the implications of the findings are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Mastitis in Camelus dromedarius in Saudi Arabia.

The correlation between camels' milk samples collected from abnormal inflamed udders and samples positive in the California Mastitis Test (CMT) was +0.803 (P less than 0.01). The bacterial count ranges of milk samples differed significantly (P less than 0.05) for those with a negative CMT and those with a positive CMT. Infection with many but not all bacterial species was associated with positive CMT results. The highest percentage of camel milk samples was included in the bacterial count range of 3.0 x 10(2) to 3.0 x 10(3) cfu/ml rather than in the greater than 3.0 x 10(3) cfu/ml range for most of the bacterial species. The most predominant bacterial isolates were Micrococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp. and Corynebacterium spp. followed by eight other flora. Chloramphenicol was the most effective antimicrobial agent of six tested against 118 bacterial isolates. Preliminary observations are made on chemotherapy of mastitis cases in camels.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Inclusion of cetaceans within the order Artiodactyla based on phylogenetic analysis of pancreatic ribonuclease genes.

Mammalian secretory ribonucleases (RNases 1) form a family of extensively studied homologous proteins that were already used for phylogenetic analyses at the protein sequence level previously. In this paper we report the determination of six ribonuclease gene sequences of Artiodactyla and two of Cetacea. These sequences have been used with ruminant homologues in phylogenetic analyses that supported a group including hippopotamus and toothed whales, a group of ruminant pancreatic and brain-type ribonucleases, and a group of tylopod sequences containing the Arabian camel pancreatic ribonuclease gene and Arabian and Bactrian camel and alpaca RNase 1 genes of unknown function. In all analyses the pig was the first diverging artiodactyl. This DNA-based tree is compatible to published trees derived from a number of other genes. The differences to those trees obtained with ribonuclease protein sequences can be explained by the influence of convergence of pancreatic RNases from hippopotamus, camel, and ruminants and by taking into account the information from third codon positions in the DNA-based analyses. The evolution of sequence features of ribonucleases such as the distribution of positively charged amino acids and of potential glycosylation sites is described with regard to increased double-stranded RNA cleavage that is observed in several cetacean and artiodactyl RNases which may have no role in ruminant or ruminant-like digestion.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1983

The pathogenesis of experimental Haemonchus longistipes infection in goats.

Goats are highly susceptible to Haemonchus longistipes and could therefore serve as an inexpensive model to study camel haemonchosis. The course of the disease in goats is similar to that in camels and to H. contortus infection in sheep and goats. Unlike the age-dependency of camel haemonchosis, however, the severity of H. longistipes infection in goats is dose-dependent and varies from mild to hyperacute.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma (brucei) evansi in small east African goats.

Trypanosoma evansi is the cause of surra, a camel disease which is the most important single cause of economic losses in camel rearing areas. Sheep and goats herded with camels are the most likely hosts for T evansi. Upon intravenous infections goats developed erratic parasitaemia, lost weight and their packed cell volume dropped significantly (P < 0.001). Trypanosomes were demonstrated by direct microscopy in extravascular locations such as synovial, peritoneal and cerebrospinal fluids and also in lymph by subinoculations into mice. The carcases were emaciated and pale. Histologically there was lymphatic tissue hyperplasia, muscular atrophy and nephrotic changes. Two animals had necrotic foci in the liver, kidneys, lymph nodes, spleen and lungs and also bronchopneumonia. Histologically there was depopulation of lymphocytes in lymphatic tissues, destruction of hepatocytes in the liver with infiltration by inflammatory cells in the liver, lymph nodes, spleen and the kidneys.

Africa, Eastern↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Purification and characterization of luteinizing hormone from the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius).

Luteinizing hormone (LH) has been purified from 150 dromedary pituitaries and its partial physicochemical, biological and immunological characterization has been achieved. Purification of the hormone was monitored by a porcine LH radioreceptor assay (RRA). In this system, the final camLH preparation exhibited an activity 0.6-fold that of highly purified porcine LH. The acid half-dissociation of camLH at equilibrium was observed at pH 4.2. A homologous camLH RRA was developed using the testicular plasma membrane fraction from prepubertal camels and radioiodinated, highly-purified camLH. Pituitary and chorionic gonadotropins (CG) from several mammalian species were compared to camLH in this system. The equine gonadotropins eLH and eCG were shown to be 6 times less potent in the camel RRA than in the porcine RRA, whereas the LH from other species exhibited similar activities in both systems. This particularity of camel LH receptors offers a new tool for the study of structural features of gonatropin interactions with their receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Lens aldo-keto reductase of Camelus dromedarius: purification and properties.

Aldo-keto reductase has been purified 13,000-fold from the lens of the camel (Camelus dromedarius) to a specific activity of 85 U/mg protein. The enzyme is a monomeric protein, exhibiting a Mr = 40,000 upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. Camel lens aldo-keto reductase shows a broad substrate specificity, which is strictly dependent on NADPH, and is insensitive to inhibition by Sorbinil and valproate. Aldoses with a carbon chain with more than four residues, as well as glucuronate, are not reduced by the enzyme. On the basis of substrate specificity and sensitivity to inhibition, camel lens aldo-keto reductase appears to be distinct from the so far described aldose, aldehyde and carbonyl reductases.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1987

Purine salvage as metabolite and energy saving mechanism in Camelus dromedarius: the recovery of guanine.

The preservation of purine ring as purine bases appears to be a common feature of camel liver. Hepatic guanine appears to be actively converted into GMP in the camel rather than further degraded. The limiting step of guanine degradation appears to be the lack of hepatic guanase activity. Higher purine bases over uric acid ratios were found in camel urine with respect to those of zebu.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Comparison of camelpox viruses isolated in Dubai.

Between October 1993 and March 1994, outbreaks of pox-like exanthemas were observed in several camel raising farms in Dubai. Scabs from twenty camels with either local or generalized lesions were examined, seven of them had previously been vaccinated with a modified live camelpox virus vaccine. Inspection of scabs by electron microscopy confirmed an infection with orthopox viruses (OPV) in 10 animals and with parapox virus in one camel. Investigation of the scabs by polymerase chain reaction and dot blot assay revealed the presence of OPV in 15 or 13 samples, respectively. OPV could be isolated in cell culture in 14 cases. Restriction enzyme profiles characterized all isolates as camelpox virus. Their DNA patterns were virtually identical displaying only slight variations in the terminal fragments. In contrast, the vaccine strain showed a distinct restriction enzyme profile, indicating that it was not involved in the infections.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Comparing smoking behaviors and exposures from flavored and unflavored cigarettes.

Cigarettes with flavors such as mocha and citrus have been introduced in growing numbers. Besides their potential marketing appeal to nonsmokers, there is concern that flavors might mask smoke harshness, making inhalation easier. This pilot study evaluates differences in puff topography and cigarette ratings among 20 college student smokers smoking Camel Light (10mg Tar, 0.9 mg nicotine, 35% filter ventilation) and Camel Exotic Blend cigarettes (11 mg Tar, 0.9 mg nicotine, 23% filter ventilation). Carbon monoxide boost was measured by assessing alveolar carbon monoxide (CO) levels before and after smoking each cigarette. Participants also rated each cigarette on characteristics such as strength, irritation, and taste. We found that participants took smaller puffs on the Exotic Blend versus Camel Light (42 mL vs. 48 mL, p<0.001), but there was no reliable difference in total smoke volume (613.9 mL vs. 630.7 mL, p=0.79) or CO boost (6.2 ppm vs. 6.2 ppm, p=0.90). Exotic Blend cigarettes were rated as more different from the participant's usual brand, but otherwise the taste ratings did not differ. Overall, these preliminary data suggest that adding flavors to cigarettes may not significantly impact how they are smoked by current smokers.

Adolescent↗