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PubMed2004

The functional neuroanatomy of metrical stress evaluation of perceived and imagined spoken words.

We hypothesized that areas in the temporal lobe that have been implicated in the phonological processing of spoken words would also be activated during the generation and phonological processing of imagined speech. We tested this hypothesis using functional magnetic resonance imaging during a behaviorally controlled task of metrical stress evaluation. Subjects were presented with bisyllabic words and had to determine the alternation of strong and weak syllables. Thus, they were required to discriminate between weak-initial words and strong-initial words. In one condition, the stimuli were presented auditorily to the subjects (by headphones). In the other condition the stimuli were presented visually on a screen and subjects were asked to imagine hearing the word. Results showed activation of the supplementary motor area, inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area) and insula in both conditions. In the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and in the superior temporal sulcus (STS) strong activation was observed during the auditory (perceptual) condition. However, a region located in the posterior part of the STS/STG also responded during the imagery condition. No activation of this same region of the STS was observed during a control condition which also involved processing of visually presented words, but which required a semantic decision from the subject. We suggest that processing of metrical stress, with or without auditory input, relies in part on cortical interface systems located in the posterior part of STS/STG. These results corroborate behavioral evidence regarding phonological loop involvement in auditory-verbal imagery.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1996

Pharmacologic treatment of noncognitive symptoms of dementia.

Cognitive deterioration in dementia includes many changes besides memory disturbances, including agitation, delusions, hallucinations, anxiety, irritability, and aggressiveness. Antipsychotic drugs are often used to control behavioral symptoms, but their benefits are limited. Depression, which is common in dementia, is often associated with anxiety. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) improve mood and reduce anxiety while causing few side effects; they are also useful in managing irritability. Thus, the SSRIs should be considered the agents of choice for treating noncognitive symptoms associated with dementia. Neuroleptics should be used exclusively in patients with severe behavioral or psychotic symptoms, and only those agents without anticholinergic effects should be administered. Neuroleptics can be coadministered with SSRIs in patients who are extremely aggressive. Anxiolytics may also be effective for shortterm use. Future studies of drugs to treat the noncognitive symptoms of dementia should be placebo controlled and should evaluate the effects of those drugs on cognitive function.

Anxiety↗
PubMed2004

Is stimulus competition an acquisition deficit or a performance deficit?

Traditionally, blocking (X-outcome, followed by XY-outcome, resulting in attenuated conditioned responding to Y, relative to XY-outcome alone) has been explained in terms of the X-outcome association's preventing the acquisition of the Y-outcome association. This view is challenged by models that view stimulus competition as a deficit in the expression of the acquired Y-outcome association. Here, we provide evidence that blocking is a performance deficit in which the Y-outcome association, the to-be-blocked stimulus, can affect behavioral control by the blocking stimulus (i.e., attenuate responding to X). The results are discussed in terms of acquisition and performance models of stimulus competition.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Subjective feelings and vascular responses in reaction to reduced control over aversiveness.

Subjects were exposed to an aversive, modified Sidman avoidance procedure. One group had relative control over the aversiveness in that they could exercise an option for unlimited rest periods, and they could avoid electric shock by an appropriately fast-response rate on a monitoring task. The second group was yoked to subjects in Group I both with respect to rests and shocks, thereby producing decreased capability of behavioral control. The effects of this manipulation were evaluated by three types of dependent measures: vascular arousal (systolic and diastolic blood pressure), verbal reports of subjective feelings, and performance on a subsequent problem-solving task. The findings suggested motivational deficits along with reduced vascular arousal among the yoked subjects, a pattern of results which may clarify some of the alternative hypotheses pertinent to "learned helplessness".

Arousal↗
PubMed1976

Schedule induced behavior: a review of its generality, determinants and pharmacological data.

Adjunctive or schedule induced behavior can be defined as an increase in the frequency of occurrence of an unreinforced behavior in the presence of conditions requiring an intermittent reinforced response, compared with the frequency of that behavior when no intermittent response is required. Although recognition has been given to the occurrence of other schedule induced behaviors it has most frequently been studied as schedule induced polydipsia in a rat on a food delivery schedule. In the present paper recent work on other schedule induced behaviors is reviewed including behaviors occurring in conjunction with nonconsumatory schedule parameters. These range from wheel running in the rat to game playing and maze solving in humans. This paper is also concerned with the review of pharmacological variables including the effects of peripheral and central administration. It is concluded that there may be either quantitative or qualitative differences in drug effects when schedule induced drinking is compared with deprivation induced drinking. A general activation theory [61] that adjunctive behaviors is the result of an increase in the excitability of motor pathways which lead through the lateral hypothalamus can account for the data presented in this and earlier reviews but is too broad in its conception to make specific predictions about the relationships between schedule induced and schedule controlled behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Expression of intracellular progesterone receptors in rat brain during different reproductive states, and involvement in maternal behavior.

Progesterone is one of a complex of hormones which influences the occurrence of maternal behavior in rats. The present study provides information on progesterone's mechanism and possible neural site(s) of action with respect to maternal responsiveness. Progesterone can exert cellular effects by acting on membrane receptors or by acting on intracellular receptors. In the first experiment we show that RU 486 can antagonize progesterone's inhibitory effect on maternal behavior. Since RU 486 acts as an antagonist to progesterone's action at its intracellular receptor, these results support the involvement of that receptor in maternal behavior control. The second experiment employs immunocytochemical techniques to detect the number of cells in various forebrain regions which contain intracellular progesterone receptors during different reproductive states. The number of cells which contained progesterone receptors was higher toward the end of pregnancy (progesterone is presumably exerting its effects on maternal behavior at this time) when compared to either early pregnancy or lactation in the following forebrain regions: anteroventral periventricular nucleus of the preoptic area; medial preoptic area; ventral part of the bed nucleus of stria terminalis; ventrolateral division of the ventromedial nucleus; arcuate nucleus; anterior paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus; and medial amygdala. The possible involvement of these regions as a site or sites where progesterone might exert its effects on maternal behavior is discussed.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Cognitive motivations associated with screening mammography in Cyprus.

BACKGROUND: This study examined the relationship between cognitive motivations, demographic characteristics, related preventive health behaviors, and intention to obtain a first screening mammogram among Greek Cypriot women. METHODS: This cross-sectional study took place at the outpatient clinics of the General Hospital of Nicosia during the fall of 1999. The participants were 293 women asymptomatic of breast cancer and with no previous mammographic experience. The Theory of Planned Behavior in conjunction with the construct of self-efficacy was used in the development of the questionnaire. The assessment also included demographic information, practice of other preventive health behaviors, and knowledge of breast cancer screening. RESULTS: Self-efficacy was the most significant determinant of initial screening mammography, followed by normative beliefs associated with the physician, family and close friends, and perceived behavioral control beliefs related to barriers to obtaining a mammogram. Educational level, time of last clinical breast examination, and status of breast self-examination were also strongly implicated in the explanation of initial screening mammography. CONCLUSIONS: Insights into specific salient motivational cognitions and certain demographic characteristics or related preventive health behaviors are crucial to the development and implementation of effective intervention strategies.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Behavioral effects of naloxone and nalorphine preceding and following morphine maintenance in the rhesus monkey.

The effects of morphine, naloxone, and nalorphine on responding maintained under a variable-interval schedule of food presentation were assessed in rhesus monkeys before and after successive periods of daily morphine maintenance (15.0 mg/kg/day SC). Withdrawal from morphine dependence was accomplished gradually following the first two maintenance periods and abruptly following the third period. Schedule-controlled responding was disrupted when morphine maintenance was abruptly discontinued but not when the maintenance dosage was gradually reduced to zero. Tolerance to the acute effects of IV morphine on responding developed during morphine maintenance and dissipated after daily injections were discontinued. The effects of IV naloxone and IV nalorphine following each period of morphine maintenance were generally similar to their effects in initial determinations. These data indicate that tolerance-producing regimens of repeated daily injections with morphine do not necessarily produce enduring changes in the effects of opiate antagonists on schedule-controlled behavior. Additionally, gradual withdrawal from morphine maintenance can minimize the behavioral disruptions that attend abrupt abstinence.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Sudden infant deaths: arousal as a survival mechanism.

The mechanisms responsible for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) are still largely unknown. To explain what factors contribute to the deaths, we suggest a model: the '3 S model for SIDS' that includes 'sicknesses', 'stages of development' and 'surroundings': (1) 'sicknesses' refers to infectious diseases or other medical condition. (2) 'Stages of development' relates to the maturation of vital systems including respiratory, neurovegetative or sleep-wake behavioral controls. (3) 'Surroundings' refers to environmental conditions that enhance the deficiency of cardiorespiratory, vegetative and/or arousal controls. Such conditions were identified by epidemiological studies and include the following main risk factors: the prone body position during sleep, high environmental temperature, maternal smoking or sleep deprivation. An infant could be at higher risk for SIDS because of a deficiency in breathing and cardiac autonomic controls during sleep, inducing repeated episodes of hypoxia and hypoxemia. The risk is increased when the infant has a lower propensity to arouse from sleep and so, to autoresuscitate. The accident has a greater probability to occur when an infection, or an unfavorable environmental factor aggravates the immature cardiorespiratory and sleep/wake behaviors of the infant. The clinical findings could be related to the changes reported in the brainstems of SIDS victims.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Assessment of body composition in ballett dancers: correlation among anthropometric measurements, bio-electrical impedance analysis, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Ballet dancers tend to restrict caloric intake and/or to use inappropriate compensatory behavior (e.g. self-induced vomiting, use of laxatives) in order to maintain a low body weight. Therefore careful assessment of body composition and determination of minimal body weight for maintenance of a desirable percent fat may reduce unnecessary weight loss and decrease the use of a potentially dangerous weight-control behavior. The purpose of this study was to determine body fat in a homogenous group of 59 adolescent, female ballet dancers (age range 14-17 y). Body composition was assessed using three different techniques: skinfold thickness measurements, bio-electrical impedance analysis (BIA), and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Percent body fat and the sum of skinfold thickness were calculated from measurements of four sites (i.e. triceps, biceps, subscapular, and suprailiac). All eumenorrheic dancers were examined in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle whereas amenorrheic dancers (or pre-menarcheal) at random. Significant positive correlations were found between skinfold measurements and assessments of body fat by BIA (r=0.48, p<0.001); and between skinfold measurements and assessments of body fat by DXA (r=0.80, p<0.00001). Assessment of body fat by BIA was significantly correlated with assessment of body fat by DXA (r=0.63, p<0.001). The correlation coefficient of percent body fat by skinfolds with DXA (r=0.8, p<0.00001) was significantly higher than the correlation coefficient of body fat by BIA with body fat DXA (p<0.01). In addition the agreement between measurements of body fat by DXA and skinfolds was higher than measurements of body fat by DXA and BIA. This study demonstrates that a simple, inexpensive, field-based method such as skinfold measurements can be successfully used to determine body fat in a homogeneous group of female ballet dancers. This may help to determine a minimal body weight of female dancers based on their percent body fat and as a result may reduce excessive weight loss and prevent the use of a risky weight-reducing behavior.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2005

Relationship of perceived physical self-concept and physical activity level and sex among young children.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between level of physical activity and perceived physical self-concept of young children. The sample comprised 364 children from Slovenia, aged 6.4 yr. (SD = 0.3), of which 179 were boys and 185 girls. Parents and teachers reported children's physical activity using the Harro questionnaire. We divided children into Low and High Activity groups based on their mean scores. The children completed Stein's Children's Physical Self-concept Scale, which assesses Global Physical Self-concept and the subdomains of Physical Performance, Physical Appearance, and Weight Control behavior. Two-way analysis of variance with both sex and physical activity levels, and their interaction were used to examine differences in Physical Self-concept. There were significant differences between the Low and High Activity groups on scores for global Physical Self-concept Scale, Physical Performance, and Weight Control, on which children from the High Activity group scored higher; whereas on the subscale Physical Appearance, there were no significant differences. There were no significant sex differences on the Physical Self-concept Scale. The most important conclusion of this research indicates the theoretical assumptions that Physical Activity and perceived Physical Self-concept are related. Direction of the relationship remains unclarified.

Body Constitution↗
PubMed1999

Sociodemographic and personal characteristics of adolescents engaged in weight loss and weight/muscle gain behaviors: who is doing what?

BACKGROUND: Prevalence rates of behaviors aimed at weight loss and weight/muscle gain among adolescents were examined across sociodemographic and personal anthropometric variables to provide insight into these behaviors and identify high-risk subgroups. METHODS: A statewide representative sample of 7th, 9th, and 11th grade public school students from Connecticut completed a classroom-administered survey on adolescent health in 1995-1996. The study sample in the present analysis included 9,118 adolescents. RESULTS: The most frequently reported weight control behavior was exercise followed by dieting. Disordered eating (vomiting, diet pills, laxatives, or diuretics) over the previous week was reported by 7.4% of the girls and 3.1% of the boys. Steroids were used by 0.5% of the girls and 2.3% of the boys. Girls in the highest BMI category were at greatest risk for disordered eating behaviors while boys in the lowest BMI category were at greatest risk for steroid use. African American and Hispanic girls were less likely than Caucasians to diet and exercise, but were more likely to report behaviors aimed at weight gain. Relatively high rates of disordered eating behaviors were reported by African American and Hispanic boys. Older girls reported slightly more dieting and disordered eating and less exercise than younger girls. Youth from low socioeconomic backgrounds were at greater risk for disordered eating than youth from high socioeconomic backgrounds. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest a need to widen our scope of thinking with regard to who is concerned with their body shape/size and at risk for engaging in potentially dangerous behaviors aimed at either weight loss or muscle gain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Time course of transient behavioral depression and persistent behavioral sensitization in relation to regional brain monoamine concentrations during amphetamine withdrawal in rats.

This experiment was designed to characterize the withdrawal syndrome produced by discontiuation of treatment with escalating, non-neurotoxic doses of d-amphetamine (AMPH). AMPH withdrawal was associated with both transient and persistent changes in behavior and postmortem brain tissue catecholamine concentrations. During the first week of withdrawal rats showed a significant decrease in spontaneous nocturnal locomotor activity. This behavioral depression was most pronounced on the first 2 days after the discontinuation of AMPH pretreatment, was still evident after 1 week, but had dissipated by 4 weeks. Behavioral depression was not due to a simple motor deficit, because AMPH-pretreated animals showed a normal large increase in locomotion when the lights initially went out, but they did not sustain relatively high levels of locomotor activity throughout the night, or show the early morning rise in activity characteristic of controls. Behavioral depression was associated with the transient decrease in the concentration of norepinephrine (NE) in the hypothalamus, and a transient decrease in the ability of an AMPH challenge to alter dopamine (DA) concentrations in the caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens. AMPH pretreatment also produced persistent changes in brain and behavior. The persistent effects of AMPH were not evident in spontaneous locomotor activity, but were revealed by a subsequent challenge injection of AMPH. AMPH pretreated animals were markedly hyper-responsive to the stereotypy-producing effects of an AMPH challenge. This behavioral sensitization was not fully developed until 2 weeks after the discontinuation of AMPH pretreatment, but then persisted undiminished for at least 1 year. It is suggested that the transient changes in brain and behavior described here may represent an animal analogue of the "distress syndrome" seen in humans during AMPH withdrawal, which is associated with symptoms of depression and alterations in catecholamine function. On the other hand, persistent behavioral sensitization may be analogous to the enduring hypersensitivity to the psychotogenic effects of AMPH seen in former AMPH addicts.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed2005

Behavioral, biochemical and histological studies in a model of pilocarpine-induced spontaneous recurrent seizures.

Although the presence of profound cognitive disturbances in lithium-pilocarpine-induced spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) has been well documented, much less is known about changes in emotional behavior, in this model of temporal lobe epilepsy. To that end, a lithium-pilocarpine model of SRS was used to evaluate behavior of experimental animals (SRS, non-SRS and saline-treated rats) in different tests of anxiety (open field test, fear conditioning freezing and footshock-induced ultrasonic vocalization). Flinch-jump test, allowing determination of pain threshold, was employed to confirm specificity of data from anxiety tests. Moreover, neurotransmitters' (dopamine, serotonin and their metabolites) concentration was measured in selected brain structures involved in emotional and motor processing (hippocampus, frontal cortex and striatum). Finally, different brain structures were examined histologically in order to determine structures likely to be involved in behavioral changes. It was found that SRS rats, tested in a seizure free period, revealed an increase in motor activity, and a decrease in fear-related reactions (a freezing response to the aversively conditioned context, and a spontaneous, emotion-related ultrasonic vocalization). No changes in the pain threshold were present. The activity of dopamine and serotonin systems in examined brain structures remained unchanged. The neuropathological effects were widespread and involved a loss of neurons, proliferation of astroglial cells and the presence of activated ramified and ameboid microglial cells in the hippocampus proper, piriform cortex, amygdala and lateral posterior thalamic nuclei. The obtained results suggest a prevalence of disinhibitory effects on behavior in SRS rats, as shown by the results of contextual fear and aversive vocalization tests (i.e. a release of rat behavior controlled by fear). It is conceivable that the lesions to the limbic structures involved in the origin of emotions; the hippocampus, amygdala, and piriform cortex, may underlie changes in anxiety reactions in SRS rats. These results indicate that lithium-pilocarpine-induced SRS are also accompanied by profound alteration of animal emotional behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Haloperidol for sedation of disruptive emergency patients.

Agitated, threatening, or violent behavior often jeopardizes the patient with self-inflicted injury or delays medical evaluation and treatment. Patient cooperation with therapy can be achieved using haloperidol by the IM, IV, or oral route. The safety and efficacy of haloperidol in the emergency department setting was examined. Haloperidol was administered to 136 patients to control behavior. Eighty-eight received the drug in the ED; 18 of these 88 were critical patients receiving the drug during resuscitation. Forty-eight of the 136 were crisis intervention center patients. Ninety patients were acutely intoxicated with ethanol. Twenty-three patients had head trauma; 20 of these also were inebriated. Various other drugs were responsible for the behavior of 15 patients. Acute psychosis was involved in 40 cases. Thirty-one patients were thought to have a personality disorder. The route of administration of haloperidol was intramuscular in 110, IV in 19, and oral in seven patients. Disruptive behavior was alleviated within 30 minutes in 113 of 136 (83%) patients. Effect was judged suboptimal in 20 of 136 (15%), and no effect was noted in three of 136 (2%) patients. Four complications (3%) were noted, three minor and one more serious episode of hypotension in a critical patient. Haloperidol is a safe and efficacious drug for use with disruptive patients in the emergency setting. It is a useful tool for management of agitation of diverse etiologies.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2004

Contrasting effects of dopamine and glutamate receptor antagonist injection in the nucleus accumbens suggest a neural mechanism underlying cue-evoked goal-directed behavior.

Discriminative stimuli (DSs) inform animals that reward can be obtained contingent on the performance of a specific behavior. Such stimuli reinstate drug-seeking behavior, evoke dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and excite and inhibit specific subpopulations of NAc neurons. Here we show in rats that DSs can reinstate food-seeking behavior. In addition, we compare the effects of injecting dopamine receptor antagonists into the NAc with those of general NAc inactivation on the performance of a DS task. Selective antagonism of D1 receptors reduced responding to the DS and increased the latency to respond, whereas general inactivation of NAc neuronal activity increased the latency to respond to the DS and increased behaviors extraneous to the task, such as responding in the absence of cues and responding on the inactive lever. Based on these results and our previous findings that NAc neuronal responses to DSs are dependent on the ventral tegmental area, we propose a model for the functional role of NAc neurons in controlling behavioral responses to reward-predictive stimuli.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The role of interpretation processes and parental discussion in the media's effects on adolescents' use of alcohol.

OBJECTIVE: The process that connects media use with alcohol-related beliefs and behaviors has not been well documented. To address this issue, we examined adolescents' viewing patterns, beliefs about alcohol and media messages, and parental discussion of media messages in the context of a theoretical model of message interpretation processes. Measures included the degree to which adolescents found portrayals desirable, realistic, and similar to their own lives; the degree to which they wanted to be like (identify with) the portrayals; and the degree to which they associated positive outcomes with drinking alcohol (expectancies). DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Two public high schools in the California central coastal area that include a diverse population in terms of ethnic origin, income level, and education level. PARTICIPANTS: Ninth-grade students (n = 252) and 12th-grade students (n = 326). OUTCOME MEASURES: Students reported the number of days within the past week watching various genres of television content, along with perceptions of realism of content, desirability of portrayals, identification with portrayals, expectancies toward alcohol use, personal norms for alcohol use, desire for products with alcohol logos, current alcohol use, frequency of parental reinforcement, and counter-reinforcement of television messages. Associations were examined via hierarchical multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: Effects of media exposure on drinking behavior, controlling for grade level, ethnicity, gender, household income, and education levels were primarily positive and indirect, operating through a number of intervening beliefs, especially expectancies (beta =.59; r(2) =.33). Direct associations, primarily with exposure to late-night talk shows (beta =.12; r(2) =.01), were small. Parental discussion also affected behavior indirectly, operating through expectancies, identification, and perceived realism. The appeal of products with alcohol logos, which was higher among the younger students (t = 3.44) and predicted by expectancies (beta =. 37; r(2) =.13), sports viewing (beta =.17; r(2) =.03) and late-night talk shows (beta =.10; r(2) =.01), predicted actual drinking behavior (beta =.22; r(2) =.04). Drinking behavior was higher among the older students (t = -2.515). CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents make drinking decisions using a progressive, logical decision-making process that can be overwhelmed by wishful thinking. The potential risk of frequent exposure to persuasive alcohol portrayals via late-night talk shows, sports, music videos, and prime-time television for underage drinking is moderated by parental reinforcement and counter-reinforcement of messages. Interventions need to acknowledge and counter the appeal of desirable and seemingly realistic alcohol portrayals in the media and alert parents to their potential for unintended adverse effects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Initial sociometric impressions of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and comparison boys: predictions from social behaviors and from nonbehavioral variables.

This study systematically compared the influence of naturalistic social behaviors and nonbehavioral variables on the development of peer status in 49 previously unfamiliar boys, aged 6-12 years, who attended a summer research program. Twenty-five boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and 24 comparison boys participated. Physical attractiveness, motor competence, intelligence, and academic achievement constituted the nonbehavioral variables; social behaviors included noncompliance, aggression, prosocial actions, and isolation, measured by live observations of classroom and playground interactions. As early as the first day of interaction, ADHD and comparison boys displayed clear differences in social behaviors, and the ADHD youngsters were overwhelmingly rejected. Whereas prosocial behavior independently predicted friendship ratings during the first week, the magnitude of prediction was small. In contrast, the boys' aggression (or noncompliance) strongly predicted negative nominations, even with nonbehavioral factors, group status (ADHD versus comparison), and other social behaviors controlled statistically. Implications for understanding and remediating negative peer reputations are discussed.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗