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At least 1,405 records · Page 78Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

[Ultrastructural characteristics of Sertoli cells of the vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus rotundus, Geoffrey, 1810)].

This paper deals with the ultrastructural study of mature vampire bat Sertoli cells and their relationships with the different stages of testicular germ cells. In vampire bat seminiferous epithelium there are different types of junctional specializations among Sertoli cells and among Sertoli cells and different germ cells, with special emphasis to tight junctions and to junctions like as desmosomes. Ectoplasmic junctions through the Sertoli cells, including the smooth ER, are observed. These cellular interactions and their cytophysiological roles are discussed. Also are related some ultrastructural peculiarities of the Sertoli cell nucleus, nucleolus, cytoplasmic organelles and lipidic inclusions.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

GABA shapes a topographic organization of response latency in the mustache bat's inferior colliculus.

Many neurons in the auditory forebrain of the mustache bat act as coincidence detectors for signals separated in time by up to 20 msec. Differences in path lengths cannot adequately explain how the nervous system delays one signal relative to the other to such a large degree. Several researchers have proposed that an inhibitory mechanism might account for long delays, but it has not been known where these delays are created. Previous studies, using a variety of mammals, have reported that the inferior colliculus contains some cells with much longer latencies than those of cells in lower auditory centers, suggesting that the inferior colliculus might be the site where long delays are generated. We characterized the latencies of cells in the 60 kHz contour of the mustache bat inferior colliculus and examined how GABAergic inhibition affected the latencies of those cells. Evaluations of the influence of GABA were made by documenting changes in response latency that occurred when GABAergic inputs were reversibly blocked by iontophoretic application of the GABAA antagonist bicuculline. Prior to bicuculline application, latencies varied over a wide range among the population of cells and we observed a pattern of latency changes with dorsoventral location. The pattern was that the population of neurons in the dorsal regions of the inferior colliculus had a wide range of latencies while the population in more ventral regions had progressively narrower latency ranges. Thus, while some cells at each depth had comparably short latencies, the average latency of the population at a given depth was long in the dorsal inferior colliculus and became progressively shorter ventrally. The same characteristic distribution of latencies and pattern of latency changes with depth were observed for cells that had different aural preferences, different rate-intensity functions, and different discharge patterns, suggesting that latency is an important organizational feature of the inferior colliculus. Bicuculline substantially shortened latency in about half of the cells studied, and it dramatically altered the pattern of latency changes with depth. These results suggest that GABA normally lengthens response latencies and creates a dorsoventral grading of delays in the inferior colliculus. This wide range of latencies could provide the large latency differences necessary for the coincidence detectors in the medial geniculate body tuned to signals separated by up to 20 msec.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Directional sensitivity of inferior collicular neurons of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, to sounds delivered from selected horizontal and vertical angles.

Under free field stimulation conditions, directional sensitivity of 336 inferior collicular (IC) neurons of 6 Eptesicus fuscus was studied by recording the minimum threshold (MT) and number of impulses of each neuron to a best frequency (BF) sound delivered from selected horizontal and vertical angles. An auditory response center was determined for each neuron by delivering a BF sound from a specific point of the bat's frontal auditory space. At the response center, the neuron had maximal directional sensitivity and lowest MT. Auditory response centers of all 336 IC neurons studied were located in the contralateral frontal auditory space and they shifted from lateral angles toward the midline with increasing BF. Sound direction affected the sharpness of frequency tuning (i.e. Q10-dB value) but not the BF and overall shape of the frequency threshold curve of a neuron. Sound direction also affected the MTs, number of impulses and intensity-rate functions but not the discharge patterns of IC neurons. High BF neurons generally had sharper directional sensitivity than low BF neurons. Bending downward the pinna contralateral to the recording site increased a neuron's MT and shifted its response center downward and toward the midline of the bat's frontal auditory space. The effect of pinna bending on a neuron's MT and impulse directional curves can be explained on the basis of variation of its auditory response area and its MT.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1993

Baseball batting. An electromyographic study.

The muscle firing pattern in 12 muscles throughout the lower extremity, trunk, and upper extremity during the batting swing is described in this study. The two hamstring muscles studied and the gluteal muscle had a similar pattern of high muscle activity during pre-swing and early swing, and then rapidly diminished. The vastus medialis demonstrated peak activity between 95 and 110% maximum muscle test (MMT) throughout the swing phases and follow-through. The erector spinae demonstrated activity from 85 to 185% MMT during the swing phases. The abdominal obliques showed greater than 100% MMT during the swing phases and follow-through. The supraspinatus and serratus anterior showed relatively low muscle activity (less than 40% MMT). These results show that batting is a sequence of coordinated muscle activity, beginning with the hip, followed by the trunk, and terminating with the arms. Power in the swing is initiated in the hip, and therefore exercises that emphasize such strength development are indicated. The maintained, high muscle activity in the trunk muscles indicates a need for back and abdominal stabilization and rotation exercises. The relatively low level of activity in the four scapulohumeral muscles tested indicated that emphasis should be placed on the trunk and hip muscles for a batter's strengthening program.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed1995

Biomarkers of exposure to organic solvents from glues used in table tennis bats.

In nine samples of the glues used to glue rubber onto the table tennis bats, benzene, toluene, xylene, trichloroethene (TRI) and tetrachloroethene (TETRA) were determined by head-space gas chromatography. The analyses demonstrated the presence of benzene (1.8-4.8% (w/w)), toluene (0.32-33.90% (w/w)) and TRI (0.0006-0.280% (w/w)) in seven samples and of toluene only (22.50-67.20% (w/w)) in two samples. Xylene and TETRA were not detected in any of the glue samples analysed. Benzene, toluene and TRI in blood, as a measure of body burden, were determined in four table tennis players (aged 11-14 years) and five volunteers (aged 26-38 years). They were at the same level as in the general population. The aim of the study was to draw attention to the possibility of exposure to organic solvents from glues used in table tennis bats, particularly as it is very often a question of child exposure.

Adhesives↗
PubMed1995

Histopathology of the stomach lesion caused by Physaloptera brevivaginata (Nematoda:Physalopteridae) in bats in Spain.

Physaloptera brevivaginata has been found parasitising the stomach of two species of bats of the family Vespertilionidae, Myotis myotis and Myotis blythii, in Spain. A comparative study of the prevalences and mean intensities of parasitism by this physalopterid revealed no statistically significant differences between the two hosts. Likewise, no relationship was found between parasite intensity and host body weight. The histopathological study of the stomach lesion revealed destruction of the mucosa, with degeneration of the gastric glands, loss of the muscularis mucosae and focal necrosis at the points where the cephalic extremities of both sexes of this nematode attach to the mucosa. The present paper is the first study of gastric pathology caused by an adult physalopterid in bats.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Genomic characterization of M and S RNA segments of hantaviruses isolated from bats.

Genomic analysis of three Hantaan-like virus isolates from bats was performed. Cleavage patterns of reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products and nucleotide sequences of G2 region of M RNA segment and N protein region of S RNA segment of the isolates were compared to that of Hantaan 76-118 strain. Genomic characteristics of the bat isolates were identical to that of Hantaan virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Coccidia from bats (Chiroptera) of the world: a new Eimeria species in Pipistrellus javanicus from Japan.

Fecal samples from 56 Japanese bats representing 6 species in 2 families were examined for coccidian oocysts. Two of the 56 (< 4%) were infected with coccidia; however, only 1 animal was infected with sufficient numbers of sporulated oocysts to allow the description of a new species of Eimeria. Sporulated oocysts (n = 150) of this new species are subspheroidal, 20.3 x 18.1 (16-25 x 14-21) microns, with ellipsoidal sporocysts 10.6 x 6.6 (8-12 x 5-8) microns; this species occurred in 1 of 4 (25%) pipistrelles, Pipistrellus javanicus (Gray, 1838) (Vespertilionidae). Oocysts of another coccidium, also an Eimeria sp., were found in 1 of 3 (33%) horseshoe bats, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (Schreber, 1774) (Rhinolophidae), but only 2 sporulated oocysts were seen, which is not enough to describe a new species.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The morphology of the intestine of the entomophagous longfingered bat, Miniopterus inflatus: mucosal topography and possible landmarks.

The intestinal tract of the longfingered bat, Miniopterus inflatus, was studied macroscopically, with the light microscope and the scanning electron microscope. The intestine comprised a small mass of coiled loops contained in a rather small abdominal cavity. Macroscopically, the stomach was of the simple type and the intestine was a short convoluted tube whose diameter decreased craniocaudally. A caecum, an appendix and a colon were absent and the only portion of the large intestine observed was a short rectum grossly identifiable only on the account of its greater diameter. Microscopically, a small initial part of the intestine bordering the pylorus was characterized by numerous pits of variable sizes and shapes. This segment preceeded the ridge-like, transversely oriented villi that occupied the rest of the foregut. These villi were tallest in the proximal parts of the foregut and decreased in height caudally, ceasing completely at the junction between the small intestine and the rectum. Goblet cells were few in the cranial part of the intestine and increased caudally, reaching a maximum in the rectum. Intestinal glands were abundant in the region between the villi but Brunner's glands were absent in the submucosa. Generally the intestine of Miniopterus resembles that of the other bats which have been studied but showed structural details suggestive of an increased digestive and absorptive efficiency.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The relationship between spermatozoa and epithelium of the female genital tract during sperm storage in the greater yellow bats (Scotophilus heathi): the light and electronmicroscopic observations.

The present paper describes the relationship between spermatozoa and the epithelium of the female genital tract during sperm storage in greater yellow bats, Scotophilus heathi. All the female bats collected from mid-January till ovulation in early March showed the presence of spermatozoa with their heads orientated towards the epithelial lining of the female genital tract. During this period, the epithelial cells of the uterine horn showed extensive endoplasmic reticulum (ER), numerous mitochondria and well developed Golgi complexes. In females inseminated during December, the spermatozoa were not arranged linearly and showed signs of degeneration. During December, the uterine epithelial cells contained only a few small mitochondria and less developed rough ER. The leucocytes and Langerhans cells were frequently seen in the epithelial lining during the course of sperm storage especially at the site of phagocytised sperm heads.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Connections among functional areas in the mustached bat auditory cortex.

Connections among functional areas in the mustached bat's auditory cortex were examined by placing anatomical tracers in physiologically defined locations. We identified at least two and probably three channels connecting the various areas. One channel is formed by interconnections among areas containing neurons sensitive to frequency-modulated components (FMs) of the pulse and echo. These neurons are tuned to echo delay, a cue for target range, and thus define a ranging channel. An additional one or two channels are formed by interconnections among areas that contain neurons sensitive to the constant frequency components (CFs) of echoes. These neurons are of two main types: either sensitive to CFs of both pulse and echo (CF/CF neurons) or sensitive to a pulse FM and echo CF (FM-CF neurons). There was only a weak connection between the largest area of each type, suggesting they lie in different channels. Connections among areas in the ranging channel and echo CF-sensitive channel(s) were weak. Thus, the interconnections among functional areas in the mustached bat's auditory cortex define parallel channels for processing different types of biosonar information. Most corticocortical connections were patchy, in a manner suggestive of a columnar organization. The average width of the patches was approximately 360 microm. Based on the sizes of the functional areas, we estimate the auditory cortex contains a total of approximately 150 columns. Individual areas contain from as many as approximately 20 to as few as 1-4 columns. Each area had abundant projections outside of the auditory cortex. Connections within the cortex included the frontal, anterior cingulate, retrosplenial and perirhinal cortices, and the claustrum. Subcortical targets included the amygdyla, auditory thalamus, pons, pretectum, superior and inferior colliculi, and central gray. Projections within the cortex were of modest strength compared with several of the subcortical projections. Thus, the auditory areas themselves are the primary source of cortically processed biosonar information to the rest of the brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Histochemical observations on the adrenal gland of bat Vesperugo pipistrellus (Dobson).

The presence of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (delta 5-3 beta-HSDH), 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 11beta-HSDH), 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSDH) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) has been histochemically demonstrated in the zona glomerulosa, fasciculata and reticularis and also in the cortical cells that are found interspersed in the medulla of the adrenal gland of the bat, Vesperugo pipistrellus. The present study indicates that the adrenal cortex of the bat is capable of synthesizing corticosteroids and also sex steroids.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1976

[Use of biological antiseptic tampon (BAT) for treatment of infected wounds and fistulas after abdominal surgery].

In the paper, based on the experience with the treatment of 42 patients having extensive purulent wounds and fistulas, the use of a biologial antiseptic tampon (BAT) for treatment of persistantly unhealing wounds and fistulas after various abdominal operations is discussed. The mechanism of BAT therapeutic effect, the method of its application and the results of treatment are described.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1998

Cryptosporidiosis in a bat (Eptesicus fuscus).

Cryptosporidial infection was diagnosed histologically in the small intestine of a big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) from Oregon. This is the first report of cryptosporidiosis in a bat.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

The genome sequence of Natterer's Bat, Myotis nattereri (Kuhl, 1817) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae).

We present a genome assembly from an individual male Myotis nattereri (Natterer's Bat; Chordata; Mammalia; Chiroptera; Vespertilionidae). The assembly contains two haplotypes with total lengths of 2 138.58 megabases and 1 932.61 megabases. Most of haplotype 1 (98.98%) is scaffolded into 23 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the X and Y sex chromosomes. Haplotype 2 was assembled to scaffold level. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled, with a length of 17.27 kilobases. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 19 245 protein-coding genes. This assembly was generated as part of the Darwin Tree of Life project, which produces genomes for eukaryotic species found in Britain and Ireland.

Chiroptera↗
PubMed1954

Transmission of rabies by bats in Latin America.

This article reviews the literature dealing with the role of haematophagous bats in the spread of rabies among cattle in Latin America since 1911, when the association between Desmodontidae and rabies epizootics in Brazil was first suspected. Efforts to control the problem by destruction of the vectors and vaccination of bovines are described, and the suitability of chick-embryo vaccine is considered.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Distribution of GABAA, GABAB, and glycine receptors in the central auditory system of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus.

Quantitative autoradiographic techniques were used to compare the distribution of GABAA, GABAB, and glycine receptors in the subcortical auditory pathway of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus. For GABAA receptors, the ligand used was 35S-t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS) for GABAB receptors, 3H-GABA was used as a ligand in the presence of isoguvacine to block binding to GABAA sites; for glycine, the ligand used was 3H-strychnine. In the subcortical auditory nuclei there appears to be at least a partial complementarity in the distribution of GABAA receptors labeled with 35S-TBPS and glycine receptors labeled with 3H-strychnine, GABAA receptors were concentrated mainly in the inferior colliculus (IC) and medial geniculate nucleus, whereas glycine receptors were concentrated mainly in nuclei below the level of the IC. Within the IC, there was a graded spatial distribution of 35S-TBPS binding; the most dense labeling was in the dorsomedial region, but very sparse labeling was observed in the ventrolateral region. There was also a graded spatial distribution of 3H-strychnine binding. The most dense labeling was in the ventral and lateral regions and the weakest labeling was in the dorsomedial region. Thus, in the IC, the distribution of 35S-TBPS was complementary to that of 3H-strychnine. GABAB receptors were distributed at a low level throughout the subcortical auditory nuclei, but were most prominent in the dorsomedial part of the IC.

Animals↗