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PubMed2001

Predictive value of latex agglutination test in serological screening for Toxoplasma gondii.

The predictive value of commercial latex agglutination kit (Toxo-Screen DA, bioMerieux) was assessed for use as screening test for Toxoplasma IgG antibody. The sensivity and specificity were also compared with those of the reference standard Sabin-Feldman dye test. Five hundred serum samples were collected from 200 blood donors and 100 each from pregnant women, kidney recipients and HIV infected persons. Eighty (16.0%) out of 500 subjects were positive for Toxoplama IgG antibody by Toxo-Screen DA (bioMerieux) compared with 57 (11.4%) by Sabin-Feldman dye test. The sensivity and specificity of Toxo-Screen DA (bioMerieux) were 100% and 94.8 % respectively which were similar to previous reports from the area of high prevalence of Toxoplasma infection. In present study the positive predictive value of Toxo-Screen DA (bioMerieux) was only 71.3%. The latex agglutination test should be considered as a screening test for Toxoplasma antibody, especially by small laboratories in remote area due to its availability, simplicity, sensitivity and specificity. However, because of its moderate positive predictive value, the test should be used with caution in screening immunocompromised patients and pregnant women living in areas with low prevalence of Toxoplasma infection. Since the number of false seropositive cases would be relatively higher than in a highly prevalent area, confirmation by the dye test would be needed.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparative evaluation of a latex agglutination test, two Elisa tests and a Western blot test for the serodiagnosis of human trichinellosis].

Serology is a helpful test for the diagnosis of human trichinellosis because clinical signs of this disease (fever and myalgias) are non specific. A lot of techniques have been studied but very few are commercialized and have been comparatively evaluated. We report here the performances of 4 commercially available kits: two Elisa tests, one western blot test & one latex agglutination test. The specificity and sensitivity of the different tests were assayed on 60 sera from patients with a proven trichinellosis and on 70 controls. The four tests had a 100% sensitivity. The specificity was of 98.6% for the western blot, of 93% for the latex agglutination test and of 87 & 77% for the two Elisa tests. Cross reactions are mainly observed in patients with other helminthic infections.

Blotting, Western↗

PubMed2002

Conventional tube agglutination with polyethylene glycol versus Red Cell Affinity Column Technology (ReACT): a comparison of antibody detection methods.

A procedure for antibody detection and identification that utilizes affinity microcolumns to isolate IgG antibodies in a gel matrix containing Protein G and Protein A was commercially available in recent years. We evaluated this method (ReACT, Red Cell Affinity Column Technology, Immucor Co., Norcross, GA) as an alternative to standard tube agglutination testing, in an effort to minimize subjectivity and increase consistency of antibody identification in our hospital blood banks. Although the ReACT kit was withdrawn from the market soon after completion of our study, the advantages and limitations of the procedure warrant consideration should a similar product be reintroduced. The performance of the ReACT method was compared to conventional antibody detection by a standard tube agglutination technique that uses polyethylene glycol (PEG) potentiator (Dominion Biologicals Ltd., Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada). Of 685 serum or plasma samples that were screened for antibodies, 96 samples were found by the PEG procedure to contain clinically significant (n = 70) and insignificant antibodies (n = 26). In contrast, 48 of the samples were found by the ReACT procedure to contain clinically significant (n = 39) and clinically insignificant antibodies (n = 9). For the ReACT method, the sensitivity was 48.8% (95% CI = 37.8%, 58.0%) and the specificity was 99.6% (95% CI = 97.5%, 99.9%), compared to the PEG procedure. While the ReACT microcolumn system was designed to limit detection of clinically insignificant antibodies, this study documents a loss of sensitivity for detection of clinically significant antibodies.

Blood Banking↗

PubMed1975

Involvement of complement and RA factor in non-specific agglutination of the latex reagent for HAA.

Heat inactivation of fresh sera reduced significantly the proportion of false-positive reactions when the latex agglutination test for the detection of HAA was used in a series of 454 sera, possibly because heating destroys the C'lq fraction of complement. Non-specific agglutination also occurred if RA factor was present in sera tested, a fact that has been previously reported. This rapid and simple test may be very convenient as a screening procedure, but all positive sera should be tested again by means of a more specific method, as well as for RA factor. Improvement of the reagent may result in the elimination of false-negative results, which were no-observed in this study but have been reported by others.

Complement C1↗

PubMed2000

Purification and Characterization of a Platelet Agglutinating Inhibiting Protein (Agkisacutacin) from Agkistrodon acutus Venom.

A platelet agglutinating inhibiting protein (agkisacutacin) was isolated from the venom of Agkistrodon acutus by DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow and size exclusion chromatography. The purified product was a 29 kD protein composed of two disulfide bond-linked polypeptide chains of molecular weight of 14 kD, 15 kD, respectively. It completely inhibited ristocetin-induced platelet agglutination with an IC(50) value of 18.5 mg/L. It also inhibited thrombin-induced platelet aggregation with an IC(50) value of 1.22 g/L, but it did not affect the platelet aggregation induced by collagen and ADP. No fibrinolytic activity, phospholipase A(2) activity, anticoagulant activity, haemorrhagic activity or lethal activity were detected in agkisacutacin. Therefore this protein may offer considerable therapeutic potential in treatment of platelet-rich thrombosis.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2002

[Evaluation of commercial usefulness for microparticle agglutination Serodia-Myco II test for serodiagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumonia infections].

The usefulness of Serodia-Myco II agglutination test (Fujirebio, Japan) for diagnosis of the M. pneumoniae infections was evaluated. A total of 66 serum samples obtained from patients with respiratory tract infections were tested by Serodia-Myco II test, complement fixation (CF) test, ELISA-IgG/-IgM, and by latex agglutination (LA) test prepared in our laboratory. Using CF test and ELISA as the reference tests, Serodia-Myco II test gave too many false positive results. This test in relation to CF test, ELISA-IgM, ELISA-IgG, and LA test showed a very high sensitivity, virtually 100%, with a low specificity, below 50%. It seems that oversensitivity of the Serodia-Myco II test is caused by too low cut off (40) value recommended by the manufacturer. The Serodia-Myco II test may be used in routine serodiagnosis of mycoplasmosis under condition that cut off value will be raised to 160 and the positive results of this test will be confirmed by the CF test or ELISA.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay↗

PubMed1959

Properties of influenza viruses A/Asia/57 and A-equi/Praha/56. I. Agglutination of red blood cells.

Studies of the biological properties of the A/Asia/57 influenza viruses and of the strain A-equi/Praha/56 have shown that these agglutinate not only chicken, guinea-pig and human erythrocytes but also erythrocytes of swine, calves and horses. The ability to agglutinate horse erythrocytes, in particular, is a characteristic of these strains and has not been observed in other influenza strains of type A, A1, B, C or Sendai or in strains of mumps or Newcastle disease viruses.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Latex agglutination test: a simple, rapid and practical method for bovine serum CRP determination.

A semi-quantitative latex agglutination test for bovine serum CRP levels has been established by mixing diluted serum (or diluted standard serum) with a 1% latex suspension containing 0.489 micron latex particles coated with affinity-purified antibody at a ratio of 20 micrograms/mg latex. The agglutination was performed on a glass slide in a moist chamber at room temperature with 45 min. incubation. This test is reliable, reproducible and the results correlate with those of the single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) test. The effect of low temperature storage on CRP concentration revealed a 30% degradation of CRP during 2 years storage at 4 degrees C. The possible role of EDTA addition to prevent a decrease in serum CRP concentration by freezing and thawing is also discussed.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of a latex agglutination test for the identification of Candida species in vaginal discharge.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of Candida vulvovaginitis using historical symptoms, pelvic examination findings, and results of traditional in-office laboratory tests is often inaccurate. Although Candida cultures can verify the diagnosis, they are not routinely used. METHODS: We prospectively compared the accuracy of a commercially available, in-office, rapid, latex agglutination test (CandidaSure) for the identification of Candida species with results from Candida culture. RESULTS: The sensitivity of the latex agglutination test was 66 percent and the specificity was 63 percent when compared with Candida culture results in patients with vaginal symptoms. When compared with a microscopic evaluation using potassium hydroxide (KOH), the CandidaSure test had greater sensitivity but a lower specificity. In 74 percent of cases with a positive KOH preparation, yeast forms were present on culture, and little was gained by adding the CandidaSure test in this situation. The addition of the CandidaSure test in those cases with a negative KOH preparation resulted in increased sensitivity but also increased the number of false-positive diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: The CandidaSure test has greater sensitivity than the KOH preparation, but it is less predictive of a positive culture. Because of this limitation, Candida should be documented by culture for any patient who has recurrent or persistent disease and a negative KOH slide.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Methicillin resistance detection in Staphylococcus aureus: comparison between conventional methods and MRSA-Screen latex agglutination technique].

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant pathogen that has emerged over the last four decades, causing both nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Rapid and accurate detection of methicillin resistance in S. aureus is important for the use of appropriate antimicrobial therapy and for the control of nosocomial spread of MRSA strains. We evaluated the efficiency of conventional methods for detection of methicillin resistance such as the disk diffusion, agar dilution, oxacillin agar screen test, and the latex agglutination test MRSA-Screen latex, in 100 isolates of S. aureus, 79 mecA positive and 21 mecA negative. The MRSA-Screen latex (Denka Seiken, Niigata, Japón), is a latex agglutination method that detects the presence of PLP-2a, product of mecA gene in S. aureus. The PCR of the mecA gene was used as the "gold standard" for the evaluation of the different methods tested. The percentages of sensitivity and specificity were as follows: disk difusión 97 and 100%, agar dilution 97 and 95%, oxacillin agar screen test 100 and 100%, and MRSA-Screen latex, 100 and 100 %. All methods presented high sensitivity and specificity, but MRSA-Screen latex had the advantage of giving a reliable result, equivalent to PCR, in only 15 minutes.

Bacterial Proteins↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Faecal occult blood testing: comparison of a latex agglutination test (Hemolex) and an immunoturbidimetric test (QuikRead FOB)].

UNLABELLED: Occult blood detection is the most prescribed faecal examination. AIM: To compare results obtained with the latex agglutination test Hémolex LA (Orion diagnostica, Finlande) with those given by an immuno-turbidimetric test which allows an automatic reading (QuikRead FOB, Orion diagnostica, Finlande). MATERIAL AND METHODS: this prospective study was carried out in 140 patients. The reference method was the latex agglutination test, Hemolex LA performed on stool extract obtained through weighting samples. On the base of the results, samples were separated into 2 groups: positive (n = 45) and negative (n = 95). As the QuikRead FOB test indicated a stool extract obtained through a sampling set, such an extraction was performed before Hemolex LA et QuikRead FOB testing. RESULTS: all the 95 samples from the negative group gave similar results with the 3 methods. In contrast, 12/45 of the positive samples gave conflicting results, 11 results were negative with the 2 tests performed on stool extract obtained via sampling set, 1 result was negative with the QuikRead FOB method only. DISCUSSION: analytical performance were similar with the 2 methods and discrepancies observed wi-thin the positive group were mainly related to the extraction method.

Humans↗

PubMed2003

Field evaluation of latex agglutination test for detecting urinary antigens in visceral leishmaniasis in Sudan.

A latex agglutination test to detect urinary antigens for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was studied. In 204 patients with suspected VL, KAtex had a sensitivity of 95.2% with good agreement with microscopy smears but poor agreement with 4 different serology tests. It was also positive in 2 confirmed VL cases co-infected with HIV. In all K4tex-positive confirmed cases actively followed up after treatment, the test became negative 1 month after completion of treatment. While IC4tex had a specificity of 100% in healthy endemic and non-endemic controls, the direct agglutination test (DAT) was positive in 14% of the KAtex-negative healthy endemic controls. KAtex is a simple addition to the diagnostics of VL particularly at field level and as a complementary test for the diagnosis of VL in smear-negative cases with positive DAT results.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Development and evaluation of a latex agglutination test for the rapid diagnosis of scrub typhus.

The purpose of this research was to develop a simple and rapid diagnostic test for scrub typhus using a latex agglutination test (LAT) to detect antibodies against Orientia tsutsugamushi. Five strains of O. tsutsugamushi were propagated in L929 cells. The rickettsiae were purified and concentrated with percoll density gradient centrifugation. A suitable concentration of O. tsutsugamushi soluble antigen was used to sensitize latex to prepare the latex antigen. The specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of the latex antigen were assessed. The LAT, indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFA), and Weil-Felix agglutination test (WF) were compared by testing 109 acute febrile illness cases and 100 confirmed non-scrub typhus cases (50 other febrile disease cases and 50 healthy controls). By using the IFA as the standard reference method, the overall sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the LAT were 89.1, 98.2, and 93.6%, respectively. By contrast, the sensitivity of the WF, compared with the IFA, was only 47.3%, while the specificity and accuracy were 92.6 and 69.7%, respectively. Thus, the LAT described here is another important alternative test for the diagnosis of scrub typhus.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMed2004

Latex agglutination test in the diagnosis of pyogenic meningitis.

Samples of cerebrospinal fluid (n=204) from pediatric patients with clinically suspected pyogenic meningitis were examined by direct microscopy, bacterial culture and Latex Agglutination Test (LAT). Latex Agglutination Test was done for detection of antigen of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b. Among 38 LAT positive cases, culture and/or gram stain was positive in only 20 cases and 18 cases were detected exclusively by LAT. Besides, LAT was useful in detecting the pre-treated cases as 11 out of 55 samples from pre-treated cases were positive by LAT in comparison to culture and/or Gram stain which detected only 4 of 55 cases. LAT is simple, rapid and more reliable test.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

[Clinical and epidemiological features of leptospirosis in Bolívar state, Venezuela. Comparison of diagnostic methods: LEPTO-Dipstick and plaque macroscopic agglutination test].

Leptospirosis is caused by numerous serovars of Leptospira interrogans. The infection is acquired through the contact of softened skin, mucous and conjunctive with the urine of animals and humans infected by animal carriers. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical and epidemiological features of leptospirosis in Bolívar state Venezuela and to compare the sensibility and specificity of the LEPTO-Dipstick, with the test of macroscopic agglutination in plate with the termorresistent antigen (TR). Thirty one sample of serums were processed of patients with leptospirosis clinic, admitted in the Hospital Universitario "Ruiz y Páez" of Ciudad Bolívar during 12 months. Detection IgM antibodies of anti-Leptospiras was carried out by means of LEPTO-Dipstick and antigen TR. The Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) was also, carried out. The general prevalence of leptospirosis in patients who attended the "Ruiz y Paez" Hospital was of 80.6% (n = 25) by means of the determination of the termorresistent antigen. The most frequent serovars identified in Bolívar State, were the serovars: icterohaemorrhagiae, copenhageni (21.3%), autummalis and australis (12.8%). TR antigen and LEPTO Dipstick had a sensibility of 80% and a specificity of 25%. The agreement between both methods was null (Kappa: -0.2). Bolívar state has a high leptospirosis prevalence and the infection should be discarded in those patients with long-term fever and risk factors for the illness.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

The use of latex agglutination for the diagnosis of acute human leptospirosis.

The authors evaluated a simple latex agglutination test for the serodiagnosis of acute human leptospirosis. A total of 380 serum samples from 85 confirmed leptospirosis patients and 202 non-leptospirosis patients were selected Using the selected cut-off value of weakly positive, the overall sensitivity and overall specificity of the test were 94.1% and 97.0% respectively. The weighted kappa value for agreement reading between two independent examiners was 0.82. When focused on the first sera obtained from the patients, the sensitivity of the test for acute infection sera was only 17.6%. The latex agglutination test is easy to perform with no need for training and no requirement of special equipment. The assay has a good sensitivity and specificity. This is an interesting alternative assay for serodiagnosis of acute human leptospirosis.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMed2006

[Attempts for aspirin monitoring with a new assay system, Ultegra Rapid Platelet Function Assay (RPFA), based on turbidimetric platelet agglutination of whole blood samples].

Platelet aggregation measured by the optical density method has been applied for the assessment of platelet functions. However, as the method has to use platelet-rich plasma, it requires centrifugation of blood samples, which takes a considerable period of time. Using whole blood as samples has advantage because there is no pre-treatment of samples before measurement of platelet functions. Additionally, it would be desirable to have a bedside assay that reflects hyper-function of platelets and can monitor inhibitory effects of anti-platelet drugs. Rapid Platelet Function Assay (RPFA) is a qualitative test to aid the detection of platelet dysfunction due to anti-platelet drug ingestion, which uses citrated whole blood for sample in point of care or laboratory settings. The RPFA is a turbidimetric analysis, based on an optical detection system which measures platelet agglutination as an increase in light transmission. The aim of this study is to assess the accuracy and reproducibility of RPFA and to determine whether RPFA can monitor the effects of anti-platelet drugs. During the first 30 minutes after blood collection, Aspirin Reaction Units (ARU) determined with RPFA gradually increased, and reached its plateau after 30 minutes. The ARU values remained almost constant thereafter until 6 hours after blood collection (Fig. 3). These findings suggest that platelet function is unstable immediately after blood collection. Therefore, in this study ARU measurement was performed 60 minutes after blood collection. The reproducibility of ARU is very good both before and after aspirin intake. Seven days after daily uptake aspirin, ARU was decreased as compared with the control (440.8 +/- 39.4 vs. 663.4 +/- 2.4 ARU). RPFA measurement provides rapid information on platelet function that mirrors turbidimetric platelet agglutination and reflects COX1-depedent platelet activity.

Aspirin↗

PubMed1991

[Comparison of latex agglutination and bacitracin-SXT methods used for the identification of 142 beta-hemolytic streptococci].

We compared the latex agglutination and bacitracin-SXT methods to identify Group A Streptococci (GAS) from throat cultures. In our study all 118 GAS strains identified by latex agglutination method were found susceptible to bacitracin, 115 were found resistant and 3 were susceptible to SXT. All beta hemolytic streptococci rather than GAS were found resistant to bacitracin. As a result bacitracin method is found valuable in rutin studies in GAS identification.

Bacitracin↗