Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “AFFECT”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,405 records · Page 78Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

A novel functional polymorphism within the promoter of the serotonin transporter gene: possible role in susceptibility to affective disorders.

The serotonin transporter (5-HTT) is a candidate locus for aetiological involvement in affective disorders. Biochemical studies in suicides and depressed patients suggest that 5-HT uptake function is frequently reduced in affective illness. Furthermore, 5-HTT is targeted by widely used antidepressant drugs such as fluoxetine. We have performed an association study of a short variant of the 5-HTT-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR), which restricts transcriptional activity of the 5-HTT promoter leading to low functional expression of the 5-HTT, in 454 patients with bipolar or unipolar affective disorder and 570 controls, derived from three European Centres (London, Milan and Würzburg). In all three centres, the frequency of the low activity allele was higher in patients than in controls (50% vs 45% in London, 45% vs 43% in Milan, 47% vs 40% in Würzburg). Although these differences were not individually significant, a stratified analysis of all three samples gave a significant overall odds ratio of 1.23 (95% confidence interval 1.02-1.49, P = 0.03). The excess of the homozygous low-activity genotype among the patients was even greater (odds ratio 1.53, 95% confidence interval 1.04-2.23, P = 0.02), suggesting partial recessively of the low-activity allele. Given the functional role of 5-HTT, our findings suggest that 5-HTTLPR-dependent variation in functional 5-HTT expression is a potential genetic susceptibility factor for affective disorders. If this finding is replicated, further work on genetic variants with low 5-HTT activity may facilitate the differential diagnosis of affective disorders, the assessment of suicidal behaviour, and the prediction of good clinical response to antidepressants.

Alleles↗
PubMed1997

Regional variation in nonmedical factors affecting family physicians' decisions about referral for consultation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is regional variation in environmental (non-medical) factors affecting referral decisions of family physicians (FPs). DESIGN: Cross-sectional interview survey. SETTING: Nova Scotia. PARTICIPANTS: A random sample of 125 FPs grouped into 1 of 5 functionally defined geographic regions of Nova Scotia (25 in each group). Groupings were based on access to general hospital beds through active staff hospital appointments or to specialist consultants in the community, or both. Participants were personally interviewed on site. No physician refused an interview. In 9 cases the physician indicated that he or she did not fit the profile of the assigned group; the physician was excluded from the study and the next doctor on the list was substituted. OUTCOME MEASURES: The questionnaire was designed to test several hypotheses about factors known to potentially influence decisions about referral. Geographic differences in factors affecting referral and in decisions about 5 hypothetical cases were assessed with the use of significance tests for proportions that were sensitive to specific orders across groups. RESULTS: Three factors affecting referral showed unequivocal variation across the 5 groups. Access to hospital facilities and remoteness from specialist care, leading to local styles of practice or treatment policies, and the FP's relationship with specialist consultants appeared to be important nonmedical factors affecting referral decisions. For similar case scenarios the physicians living in rural areas would refer only half as often overall as those living in urban areas with tertiary care hospitals; for some cases, such as a severe asthma attack, the difference was more than 7-fold. CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences in nonmedical factors affecting referral, and in referral decisions about hypothetical cases, were found between the groups of FPs. Differences in access to resources, creating local styles of practice, appeared to explain most of the variation. The results may account for previously observed differences in actual rates of referral for these particular groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Xq28-linked noncompaction of the left ventricular myocardium: prenatal diagnosis and pathologic analysis of affected individuals.

Isolated noncompaction of the left ventricular myocardium (INVM) is characterized by the presence of numerous prominent trabeculations and deep intertrabecular recesses within the left ventricle, sometimes also affecting the right ventricle and interventricular septum. Familial occurrence of this disorder was described previously. We present a family in which 6 affected individuals demonstrated X-linked recessive inheritance of this trait. Affected relatives presented postnatally with left ventricular failure and arrhythmias, associated with the pathognomonic echocardiographic findings of INVM. The usual findings of Barth syndrome (neutropenia, growth retardation, elevated urinary organic acids, low carnitine levels, and mitochondrial abnormalities) were either absent or found inconsistently. Fetal echocardiograms obtained between 24-30 weeks of gestation in 3 of the affected males showed a dilated left ventricle in one heart, but were not otherwise diagnostic of INVM in any of the cases. Four of the affected individuals died during infancy, one is in cardiac failure at age 8 months, and one is alive following cardiac transplant at age 9 months. The hearts from infants who died or underwent transplantation appeared, on gross examination, to be enlarged, with coarse, deep ventricular trabeculations and prominent endocardial fibroelastosis. Histologically, there were loosely organized fascicles of myocytes in subepicardial and midmyocardial zones of both ventricles, and the myocytes showed thin, often angulated fibers with prominent central clearing and reduced numbers of filaments. Markedly elongated mitochondria were present in some ventricular myocytes from one specimen, but this finding was not reproducible. Genetic linkage analysis has localized INVM to the Xq28 region, where other myopathies with cardiac involvement have been located.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Analysis and meta-analysis of two serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms in bipolar and unipolar affective disorders.

The serotonin transporter is a compelling candidate gene to examine in bipolar and unipolar affective disorder, since drugs that specifically inhibit the serotonin transporter can successfully treat depression. Previous association studies of a VNTR polymorphism in intron 2 and a functional insertion/deletion polymorphism in the promoter of this gene have produced conflicting results. The present study examined allele and genotype frequencies for both of these polymorphisms and resulting haplotypes in 87 English Caucasian bipolar patients, 125 English Caucasian unipolar affective disorder patients, and 174 controls. No significant associations were detected when these unipolar or bipolar cases were compared either separately or as a pooled "affective disorder" group to the controls. A meta-analysis of over 1,400 individuals of European Caucasian origin was then performed, comprising 772 controls, 375 bipolar and 299 unipolar patients for the VNTR polymorphism, and 739 controls, 392 bipolar and 275 unipolar patients for the promoter polymorphism. A significant association of promoter allele 2 was shown with bipolar (estimated odds ratio 1.21; 95% confidence interval 1.00-1.45), unipolar (OR 1.23; 95% CI 1.01-1.42), and combined bipolar + unipolar groups (OR 1.22; 95% CI 1.04-1.42). There was no demonstrable allelic association of the VNTR polymorphism with affective disorder: for the combined bipolar + unipolar group the odds ratios for VNTR alleles 9 and 10, compared with the common allele 12 were 1.05 (95% CI 0.56-1.95) and 0.90 (95% CI 0.77-1.05). These results suggest that the promoter allele 2, which has previously been shown to result in lower levels of serotonin transporter transcription, may be associated with affective disorder risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Bipolar affective disorder partially cosegregates with a balanced t(9;11)(p24;q23.1) chromosomal translocation in a small pedigree.

Analysis of an extended pedigree in which a balanced t(9;11)(p24;q23.1) translocation was found to cosegregate with bipolar affective disorder revealed that five of 11 translocation carriers had bipolar affective disorder and one carrier had unipolar depression. There were no affected individuals in the pedigree without the balanced translocation. We hypothesized that gene(s) or gene regulatory regions disrupted by the translocation might be contributing to the bipolar affective disorder in a dominant fashion. To test this hypothesis, we isolated the derivative chromosome 9 and derivative chromosome 11 in somatic cell hybrids and identified the nearest flanking markers on chromosome 9 (D9S230 and D9S2011E/HRFX3) and chromosome 11 (EST00652 and CRYA2). YAC contigs were constructed in the region of flanking markers for both chromosomes 9 and 11. Chromosome 11 breakpoint was localized within an 8-kb region in a small insert (100 kb) YAC. Chromosome 9 breakpoint was localized within approximately 2 Mb region. Several genes and ESTs including EST00652, CRYA2, DRD2, 5HTR3 on chromosome 11 and VLDLR and SLC1A1 on chromosome 9 were mapped within the vicinity of the breakpoint but were shown not to be disrupted by the translocation breakpoint. Although several possibilities exist regarding the role of the balanced translocation in developing bipolar affective disorder in this pedigree, including a chance cosegregation, identification of a disrupted gene or gene regulatory region with the help of physical mapping resources described in this study may help to identify the presence of a susceptibility gene for this disorder.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1998

TNF-alpha convertase enzyme from human arthritis-affected cartilage: isolation of cDNA by differential display, expression of the active enzyme, and regulation of TNF-alpha.

A snake venom-like protease isolated by a differential display screen between normal and osteoarthritis (OA)-affected cartilage (designated as cSVP) has a cDNA sequence identical to TNF-alpha convertase enzyme (TACE). TACE shows the presence of an unknown prodomain, a cysteine switch, a catalytic domain, a zinc binding region, a disintegrin region, an EGF-like domain, a transmembrane domain, and a unique cytoplasmic region. A TACE construct harboring the signal + prodomain + catalytic region (TACE-SPCdeltaDETCy), expressed in baculovirus could cleave preferentially (approximately 12-fold) the TNF-specific peptide over the matrix metalloproteases peptide in vitro. This recombinant protein also cleaved the natural substrate GST-ProTNF-alpha to TNF-alpha (17 kDa) in vitro. The mRNA for TACE, which is broadly distributed and differentially expressed in a variety of human tissues, is up-regulated in arthritis-affected cartilage, but not normal cartilage. OA-affected cartilage also expressed TNF-alpha mRNA that was not detected in normal cartilage. The OA-affected cartilage (in explant assays) spontaneously released TNF-alpha and IL-8 in ex vivo conditions. Addition of TNF-alphaR fused to IgG Fc fragment (TNF-alphaR:Fc) in the presence or absence of soluble IL-1R (with which it acted additively) significantly attenuated the spontaneous/autocrine release of articular IL-8 in this assay. These experiments demonstrate a functional paracrine/autocrine role of TNF-alpha in OA-affected cartilage that may depend, in part, on up-regulated levels of chondrocyte-derived TACE.

ADAM Proteins↗
PubMed2000

Emotion, plasticity, context, and regulation: perspectives from affective neuroscience.

The authors present an overview of the neural bases of emotion. They underscore the role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala in 2 broad approach- and withdrawal-related emotion systems. Components and measures of affective style are identified. Emphasis is given to affective chronometry and a role for the PFC in this process is proposed. Plasticity in the central circuitry of emotion is considered, and implications of data showing experience-induced changes in the hippocampus for understanding psychopathology and stress-related symptoms are discussed. Two key forms of affective plasticity are described--context and regulation. A role for the hippocampus in context-dependent normal and dysfunctional emotional responding is proposed. Finally, implications of these data for understanding the impact on neural circuitry of interventions to promote positive affect and on mechanisms that govern health and disease are considered.

Affect↗
PubMed1981

Parental patterns of affective style and the development of schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

Measures of parental affective style of communication, based on direct family discussions, were obtained for a sample of 52 families of disturbed but nonpsychotic adolescents. When the variations of both parents on the measure for two different measurement contexts were combined, an accurate prediction of subsequent psychiatric status at follow-up occurred. Adolescents with at least one parent who consistently displayed a pathological affective style of communication in both a dyadic and triadic discussion developed schizophrenia-spectrum disorders as young adults. Conversely, adolescents with at least one parent who was consistently benign in affective style had healthier outcomes. Finally, more serious young adult psychopathology was noted where both parents were inconsistent in their affective style from dyadic to triadic interaction. Methodological implications for family interaction research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Affective state and acceptance of dentures in elderly patients.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between the affective state and acceptance of dentures by elderly patients. SETTING: Dental Outpatient clinics and a residential home for the elderly. Bialystok, Poland. DESIGN: Cross sectional survey of denture wearers. SUBJECTS: One hundred and forty one patients between the ages of 60-94. INTERVENTION: A semi-structured interview, which focused on the patient's self-evaluation of their affective state, and a clinical examination. RESULTS: There was a trend for the negative affects (irritability, boredom, anger, loneliness, helplessness) to relate to denture intolerance and for the positive affects (joy, peace, usefulness) to relate to denture acceptance. CONCLUSIONS: Anger related significantly to intolerance of upper and lower dentures. The relationship of age and gender to the acceptance of dentures in the present sample was not significant.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Childhood adversities as risk factors for alexithymia and other aspects of affect dysregulation in adulthood.

BACKGROUND: Affect regulation is assumed to be a biologically based function that can become disrupted by inadequate parenting and by traumatic experiences. We studied the relation between the perceived parental parenting style, and sexual and physical abuse, with alexithymia, dissociation, anxiety and depression. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study psychiatric outpatients were administered a structured interview on childhood physical and sexual abuse and they completed a number of questionnaires about the parenting styles of their parents, and about alexithymia, dissociation and mood pathology. RESULTS: Maternal and paternal parenting styles were moderately correlated with alexithymia and depression. The paternal parenting style was also correlated with dissociation. Optimal parenting of one of the parents had a buffering effect on the degree of alexithymia, but not on the severity of other forms of affect dysregulation. The effect of sexual or physical abuse did not add to that of parental parenting style in terms of predicting affect dysregulation. However, a positively perceived maternal parenting style was found to have a buffering effect in terms of the degree of alexithymia, if sexual abuse had also taken place. CONCLUSIONS: Perceived parenting does appear to be of some significance in the development of alexithymia. Optimal parenting of one of the parents may protect against the development of alexithymia when the parenting of the other parent is perceived as non-optimal. However, it is likely that other factors besides parental care and sexual or physical abuse play an important role in the development of an adequate affect regulation.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Schizophrenic reasoning about affect-laden material.

Drug-free schizophrenic patients (N equals 74) and nonpsychotic subjects (N equals 206) were given a test of affect-laden and affectively neutral multiple choice analogy items. The two subtests were matched on several psychometric characteristics that determine the power of the test to distinguish the more able from the less able normal subjects. Neither newly admitted schizophrenic nor long-term chronic schizophrenic patients performed differently on the affective subtest than on the neutral subtest. The many published findings of a cognitive deficit in schizophrenia in response to affect-laden stimuli can probably be attributed to the inappropriate use of unmatched tested.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Erythrocyte soluble catechol-O-methyl transferase activity in primary affective disorder. A clinical and genetic study.

Erythrocyte catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) activity was studied in 53 patients with primary affective disorders and 38 controls and in selected relatives. Patients with affective disorders tended to have higher activity levels than normals, after correcting for sex differences. The COMT activity was positively correlated between relatives and is heritable. Within families, elevation of COMT activity distingushed healthy relatives from probands and ill relatives. This suggests that COMT activity elevation and affective illness do not show independent assortment and implies that COMT activity identifies genetic vulnerability to affective order.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1978

Excretion of MHPG in normal subjects: implications for biological classification of affective disorders.

Exretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) was measured repeatedly in 17 normal subjects. The amount of MHPG excreted over a 24-hour period was fairly stable over a period of three consecutive 24-hour samplings, but stability was rather poor over subsequent periods of several weeks, suggesting that execretory patterns are not traits. A normal range of MHPG excretion was estimated to be 900 to 3,500 micrograms/24 hr. This range covers the majority of persons with affective disorders whose excretion patterns have been measured, although comparisons of absolute values between laboratories must be made cautiously. Further, substantial changes within this range may occur in normal subjects with no accompanying change in affect. A slight but definite diurnal pattern of excretion was found, with a peak at the period of 1600 to 1800 hours. No clear relationship to MHPG excretion to state of physical activity, recent consumption of foods or beverages, or prevailing affective state was defined in those subjects living under normal conditions. While MHPG excretion may yet prove useful for categorizing depressed patients and predicting response to drugs, any inferences drawn regarding the pathogenesis of affective disorders must be guarded.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Parental communication deviance and affective style. Predictors of subsequent schizophrenia spectrum disorders in vulnerable adolescents.

In an attempt to assess the contributory role of family factors to the development of schizophrenia-like disorders, measures of parental communication deviance and affective styles of communication were obtained for a sample of families of disturbed but nonpsychotic adolescents. Outcome was assessed five years later. Absence of a pathologic affective style was associated with a benign outcome, but neither parental variable alone allowed precise identification of the schizophrenia-spectrum cases. However, an index using a combination of both variables was statistically predictive of subsequent psychiatric status at follow-up. Thus, adolescents whose parents had both a pathologic affective style of communication and a high level of communication deviance had schizophrenia-like disorders develop in young adulthood. Adolescents of parents who had both lower levels of communication deviance and a benign affective style had offspring with healthier outcomes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Preliminary data on the metabolic brain pattern of patients with winter seasonal affective disorder.

The brain metabolic pattern of patients with winter seasonal affective disorder with and without light treatment was determined by positron emission tomography. Compared with controls, patients with seasonal affective disorder with and without light treatment had globally lower metabolic rates, relatively lower superior medial frontal cortex rates, and somewhat higher basal ganglia rates. Patients receiving light treatment had a relatively higher rate in an occipital region of interest containing the primary visual cortex. Patients without light treatment had relatively higher metabolic rates in right parietal and medial orbitofrontal cortex and lower rates in the left parietal cortex. Patients not receiving light treatment had a hemispheric metabolic asymmetry (left greater than right) for the midprefrontal cortex located 67 mm above the canthomeatal line. The right side of this region, previously found reduced in manic-depressive illness and schizophrenia, was decreased primarily in patients with seasonal affective disorder with fewer atypical depressive symptoms. These "abnormal" prefrontal and parietal cortex regions appeared highly "coupled" in the patients with seasonal affective disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Two short versions of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List.

In an attempt to fulfill the original purpose of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL), two shorter versions were devised. One version was simply a subset of the original items. A second version provided one 6-point semantic differential scale for each of the subscales of the standard MAACL. Concurrent validity was assessed for three separate college student populations and one drug patient population. Also, construct validity was assessed for both versions by measuring changes in negative affect during a single Induced Anxiety session. Correlations between the standard and subset version for total negative affect ranged between .49 and .99. Correlations between the standard and semantic differential versions for total negative affect ranged between .53 and .81.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Fetal programming of temperamental negative affectivity among children born healthy at term.

The fetal programming hypothesis suggests that an adverse in utero environment, reflected in small body size at birth, has life-long effects on different physiological systems that may affect both health and behavior. We explored whether fetal growth was associated with biologically based temperamental outcomes (negative affectivity scales, the CBQ) among 5(1/2)-year-old children (n = 416) born healthy at term (gestational weeks 37-42). In line with the hypotheses, small body size at birth (thinness measured by ponderal index, kg/m(3)) was related to increased negative affectivity and its subscales: anger-, discomfort-, and sadness-proneness in childhood. Longer length at birth was predictive of higher levels of child anger- and sadness-proneness. Length of gestation moderated the associations of weight and length at birth with negative affectivity. The results suggest that the biological basis of temperament may be subjected to antenatal environmental influences, and that the mechanisms, proposed to be related to fetal glucocorticoid environment, may operate even within the normal range of term birth.

Affect↗
PubMed1989

Genetic analysis of the affective disorders: summary of GAW5.

Participants in the Affective Disorders component of Genetic Analysis Workshop 5 had access to five distributed data sets: 1) 187 families from the Collaborative Depression Study, 2) 202 families ascertained as part of the NIMH Family Studies on Affective Disorders, 3) a compilation of 46 pedigrees informative for X-linked markers, 4) HLA typing on 116 kindreds from the Toronto-Rochester Depression Study, and 5) 81 members of an Old Order Amish pedigree demonstrating linkage to markers on chromosome 11p. These databases are each summarized after a brief account is given of the genetics of the affective disorders and commonly used diagnoses. The emphasis of the Workshop was methodologic, with contributions divided evenly between linkage and nonlinkage applications. Contributions are summarized under four substantive areas: regressive logistic models, segregation and other familial analyses, methodologic considerations in linkage analysis, and the relationship between HLA and affective disorders.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗