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Results for “longitudinal changes”

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PubMed2005

Aging and cardiovascular reactivity to stress: longitudinal evidence for changes in stress reactivity.

Although age differences in cardiovascular function are well documented, little research has provided longitudinal evidence for age-related changes in cardiovascular reactivity to stress. In this study, the authors report such data from a follow-up of their prior work (B. N. Uchino, D. Uno, J. Holt-Lunstad, & J. B. Flinders, 1999) with participants between the ages of 30 to 70 (n=108, mean follow-up=10 months, range=7 to 16 months). Results revealed longitudinal evidence for an age-related increase in systolic blood-pressure reactivity and parasympathetic withdrawal to acute stress. The implications of these findings are discussed in light of the increased cardiovascular disease risk with age, as well as the links between aging, emotions, and physiology.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

A longitudinal study of the changes in the static accommodation response.

The results are described of a 10-year study of the longitudinal changes in the static response of an individual subject during the approach to absolute presbyopia. The amplitude of accommodation declines linearly with age. A new finding is that the magnitude of the slope of the linear portion of the response/stimulus curve also reduces with age, as does the level of tonic accommodation.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1989

A longitudinal study of changes in frequency and technical standard of endodontic treatment in a Swedish population.

Longitudinal studies of endodontic treatment are rare. The purpose of this investigation was to study changes in frequency, technical standard and treatment need in a Swedish population with an interval of 5-7 years. The number of endodontically treated teeth in the population increased while the number of periradicular radiolucencies was at about the same level at the second examination. The number of radiolucencies found in endodontically treated teeth was reduced while it was increased in untreated teeth. The number of root fillings ending less than or equal to 2 mm from the apex of the tooth as well as fillings with a proper seal had increased at the second examination, but still only 40.2% ended less than or equal to 2 mm from the apex of the tooth and 59.1% of the root fillings were judged to have a proper seal. It was concluded that a great need for endodontic treatment existed in the population examined. A slight improvement in the quality of the treatment was evident at the second examination. However, the technical standard was still poor and obviously affected the outcome of the treatment. It is the opinion of the authors that endodontic treatment methods should be simplified as much as possible in an effort to improve the technical quality of the treatment. The prognosis of endodontic treatment would then improve as well.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Longitudinal analysis of change in sports performance of women between ages 30 and 75: a comparison between peak and leisure sports participation].

The paper considers motor development in women aged 30 to 75 years. The present research examines performance changes in several track and field disciplines comparing senior master athletes and competitors on a mass sport level. The change itself and its acceleration is expressed by the linear and the coefficients of quadratic polynomials fitted to the original and the z-transformed data. Correlation-, regression- and cluster analysis as well as Manova were conducted with the coefficients and the original data from 585 and 224 repeated measurement series. Significant differences were found for the original data and the change parameters: 1) Between the two groups considered longitudinally and cross-sectionally, 2) within both groups concerning several disciplines and age groups considered longitudinally and cross-sectionally. Further research will be conducted with additional methods to support the present findings. The most important issue will be to investigate the interaction between the observed pattern and external variables concerning training effort, lifestyle, state of health, life events and personality traits gathered from the group at the mass sport level.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Socioeconomic disparities in health change in a longitudinal study of US adults: the role of health-risk behaviors.

This study investigated the hypothesis that socioeconomic differences in health status change can largely be explained by the higher prevalence of individual health-risk behaviors among those of lower socioeconomic position. Data were from the Americans' Changing Lives study, a longitudinal survey of 3,617 adults representative of the US non-institutionalized population in 1986. The authors examined associations between income and education in 1986, and physical functioning and self-rated health in 1994, adjusted for baseline health status, using a multinomial logistic regression framework that considered mortality and survey nonresponse as competing risks. Covariates included age, sex, race, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and Body Mass Index. Both income and education were strong predictors of poor health outcomes. The four health-risk behaviors under study statistically explained only a modest portion of the socioeconomic differences in health at follow-up. For example, after adjustment for baseline health status, those in the lowest income group at baseline had odds of moderate/severe functional impairment in 1994 of 2.11 (95% C.I.: 1.40, 3.20) in an unadjusted model and 1.89 (95% C.I.: 1.23, 2.89) in a model adjusted for health-risk behaviors. The results suggest that the higher prevalence of major health-risk behaviors among those in lower socioeconomic strata is not the dominant mediating mechanism that can explain socioeconomic disparities in health status among US adults.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Longitudinal findings from the normative aging study: 1. Does mental health change with age?

Longitudinal changes in self-reported symptoms were investigated using the Cornell Medical Index (CMI) in a sample of 2,041 men. The average man completed 5 CMIs (range = 2-8) over 17 (range = 2-25) years. Using a two-stage growth model, we first regressed symptoms against time on study for each man. The average slope of physical symptoms showed a moderate increase over time, but the average slope of psychological symptoms showed little change. Next, individual differences in change were examined using age at entry as an explanatory variable. Age accounted for 50% of the variance in physical symptoms at entry and 7% of the variance in slopes, but explained neither baseline level nor change in psychological symptoms. Rather, a U-shaped curve described the relation between age and psychological symptom change. These results, in concert with a developmental perspective, may help reconcile conflicting findings on aging and mental health.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

A longitudinal study of changing attitudes to work among nursing trainees in two British general hospitals.

This paper presents some findings of a longitudinal study of nursing trainees in two British general hospitals concerning changes in attitudes to their work conditions, and compares the results with those of a cross-sectional study of the attitudes of trainees and qualified staff in the same two hospitals. Supporting the findings of previous research, the longitudinal study suggested that trainees become less attracted to work conditions during the course of training, and the cross-sectional study suggested that these changes would probably be reversed if and when trainees were taken on as qualified nurses. Since the widest gaps in attitudes between qualified staff and trainees reflected trainees' more unfavourable attitudes towards their influence over work tasks, opportunities to voice criticisms and to voice opinions, the findings are seen as evidence of a status gap between trainees' expected and achieved work autonomy.

Attitude↗
PubMed1993

A three-year longitudinal assessment of changes in office activities following the introduction of microcomputers into a multinational bank.

A longitudinal assessment of the introduction of new office technologies into a multinational bank was conducted using both task diaries and semi-structured interviews. Task diaries were administered prior to the introduction of microcomputers, several months after the introduction and several years later. Semi-structured interviews were completed after the second task diary. The assessment provides evidence of how offices adapt to changing electronic tookits. The assessment provides ergonomists with a usable list of task activities and the effects on task variability of the adoption of microcomputers into the work routine. It shows that when support staff are asked to use a new computer they must choose what other tasks to cut back on, which has consequences for the overall work process. Overtime increased 170% after the introduction of the computer. In a culture where professional staff have high expectations of support staff this has consequences for working relationships in terms of perceptions of the computer's utility. Support staff and professional staff differ in perceptions of control, time-saving and ability to make corrections. The assessment demonstrates the importance of multiple measurement instruments in tracking the effects of technological change on the work process. In conclusion, it is noted that the introduction of new technologies into the office must be considered in the broader office context to avoid the unintended consequences often reported in other case studies.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Measuring change in controlled longitudinal studies.

This paper examines the implications of the correlational structure of repeated measurements for three indices of change that can be used to evaluate treatment effects in longitudinal studies with scheduled assessment times and fixed total duration. The generalized least squares (GLS) regression of repeated measurements on time, which is usually reserved for complex mixed model solutions, takes the correlational structure of the repeated measurements into account, whereas simple gain scores and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression calculations do not. Nevertheless, the GLS solution is equivalent to OLS under conditions of compound symmetry and is equivalent to the analysis of simple gain scores in the presence of an autoregressive (order 1) correlational structure. The understanding of these relationships is important with regard to the frequently heard criticisms of the simpler definitions of treatment response in repeated measurement designs.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

The shape of change in psychotherapy: longitudinal assessment of personal problems.

We propose 4 parameters that describe the course of change in the subjective intensity of personal problems during psychotherapy: (a) the problem's initial severity; (b) its rate of change (deterioration or improvement); (c) its instability (day-to-day variability in intensity); and (d) its curve (change in the rate of change during treatment). We constructed indexes of these parameters for 10 individualized personal problems rated 3 times per week by each of 40 clients (most were diagnosed as depressed) over the course of their 16-session treatment and associated assessment periods. Initial severity predicted problems' reported salience to clients. The rate of change parameter was correlated (across clients) with traditional pretreatment to posttreatment outcome measures. Instability was high, and problems dealing with tension symptoms and mood were more unstable than were problems dealing with relationships or self-esteem. Cutting across problem content were large individual differences among clients in the patterns of change.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Changes in astigmatism between the ages of 1 and 4 years: a longitudinal study.

Changes in astigmatism during development were studied in 299 infants with astigmatism as they grew from 1 to 4 years of age. All consecutive cases of 1-year-old infants with an astigmatism of 1.0 D or more in at least one eye found at an ophthalmic screening survey were selected for follow-up. The cycloplegic refraction was longitudinally followed at yearly intervals. During development there was no decrease in the degree of hypermetropia, but there was a significant decrease in the incidence and amount of astigmatism during the test period. The most pronounced decrease in magnitude and incidence of astigmatism occurred between the first and second year of life. The majority of astigmatic eyes of the 1-year-old infants had a horizontal curvature greater than the vertical (plus cylinder axis of 180 degrees), and no changes of the axis of the astigmatism were noted during the following years.

Aging↗
PubMed1985

Longitudinal monitoring of changes in individual smoking habit over 13-year period among adults.

The purpose of the longitudinal monitoring of smoking habits among adults was to define demographic and social characteristics which may contribute to the persistence of smoking and to evaluate the effectiveness of the preventive programs undertaken by the mass media. The data has been collected during the follow-up epidemiological study on chronic nonspecific chest diseases in Cracow, Poland. In total the material covered a sample of 2965 persons who were interviewed three times over 1968-81 period. In the analysis the prevalence rates, incidence and cessation rates have been taken into consideration. The results obtained in the study confirm the decline in the prevalence of smoking habit among men but among females increased substantially in the younger birth cohorts. Incidence rate of smoking in females was higher than in men but cessation rates were very similar. The striking was the fact that the prevalence of smokers in the youngest age group in university graduates was about three times higher in women than in men. The results call for more knowledge about the psychosocial factors that may contribute to the initiation of smoking and more effective strategies applied to deter the onset of smoking.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Age-specific change of prevalence of metabolic syndrome: longitudinal observation of large Japanese cohort.

To examine real age-related changes in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, we studied longitudinal changes in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a single cohort of individuals. The participants included 112,960 Japanese (70,996 men, 14-94 years and 41,946 women, 17-85 years), who had received annual examinations between 1989 and 2004. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the Japan Metabolic Syndrome Criteria Study Group and the US National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) guidelines. Overweight was defined as BMI>or=25 kg/m(2). Longitudinal changes indicated a birth cohort effect in the prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome with a lower or higher prevalence in the younger birth cohort than in the older for females or males, respectively. The estimation of the age-specific prevalence of metabolic syndrome demonstrated that in males, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome increased up to 50 decades of life for the Japanese and 60 decades of life for the NCEP criteria. In females, the prevalence increased with age up to 80 years old for both criteria. The estimated secular trends suggested that the prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome decreased in females and increased in males during study periods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Weight change and lung function: implications for workplace surveillance studies.

This study evaluated the relationship between weight change and longitudinal measurement of lung function among 361 men providing at least five pulmonary function tests. The men in this study were participants in a workplace pulmonary surveillance program for subjects with exposure to refractory ceramic fibers (RCFs). Occupational and environmental studies are generally designed to evaluate factors suspected of causing excess decline in lung function. Failure to adequately account for all significant factors may lead to erroneous conclusions regarding change in lung function. This study utilized two different statistical models to evaluate longitudinal changes in a cohort of RCF workers. What was unique to this study was the modeling of longitudinally measured initial weight, weight change, and longitudinal exposure before and during the period of observation. Results showed a strong relationship between weight gain and longitudinal loss in lung function that approximated forced vital capacity declines of 16 mL for every kilogram of weight gain per year in both models. This value is comparable or greater in magnitude and significance to other factors known to be inversely related to lung function, such as age and pack-years smoking to time of initial testing. In conclusion, weight gain was found to have a significant impact on longitudinal change in lung function. Therefore, weight gain becomes a very important variable that requires consideration whenever longitudinal studies of pulmonary function are conducted.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

A longitudinal study of changes in body composition and basal metabolism in physically active elderly men.

Ageing in the elderly is usually characterised by loss of fat-free mass (FFM) and reduction in basal metabolic rate (BMR). These age-related changes probably vary in rate, timing and extent between subjects in response to differences in leisure or occupational physical activity, disease and several other factors. Information on rates of change in BMR and FFM is limited by study design (most published work is cross-sectional rather than longitudinal), and possibly by methodology (use of imprecise and/or biased methods for assessment of changes in body composition). In the present study BMR and body composition were first measured in 22 physically active elderly men (mean age 62) in good health and measurements were repeated 6.5 years later. Changes in BMR, FFM and percentage body fat were small and not statistically significant over the time period (paired t, P > 0.05). The study suggests that physically active elderly men in good health in this age range can show very small age-related declines in BMR and FFM.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Marital status changes and body weight changes: a US longitudinal analysis.

The role of spouse is associated with better health. The dynamics of spousal roles can be represented by marital trajectories that may remain stable or may change by entry into marriage, dissolution of marriage, or death of a spouse. Body weight is an important health-related characteristic that has been found to have mixed relationships with marital status. This analysis examined changes in marital status and body weight in 9043 adults in the US National Health and Nutrition Epidemiological Follow-up Survey (NHEFS), a longitudinal national study that interviewed and measured adults in a baseline assessment and reassessed them again in a follow-up approximately 10 years later. Men's and women's weights were differently associated with marital changes. Women who were unmarried at baseline and married at follow-up had greater weight change than those who were married at both times. Analysis of weight loss and weight gain separately revealed that sociodemographic variables, including marital change, were more predictive of variation in weight loss than weight gain. Unmarried women who married gained more weight than women married at both times. Men who remained divorced/separated and men who became widowed lost more weight than men married at both baseline and follow-up. These findings suggest that changes in social roles, such as entering or leaving marriage, influence physical characteristics such as body weight.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Radiographic quantification of alveolar bone level changes. Predictors of longitudinal bone loss.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the relative importance of a set of predictors for the radiographic change in alveolar bone level over 2 years in a group of 180 subjects and to assess the fit of the applied multivariate model. The included predictors were age, sex, initial bone level, type of initial lesion, tooth type, proximal tooth surface, calculus, and the presence of metal crowns or proximal fillings. The multivariate method of choice was multiple classification analysis. The results indicated that in descending order tooth type, initial bone level, and age were the most important predictors. Sex, calculus, and crown and filling margins also showed significant direct effects (beta) on longitudinal bone loss (p less than 0.05). However, their relative importance was far less than that of tooth type, initial bone level, and age. Proximal side showed no significant direct effect. Using seven predictors, the applied multivariate model explained 20% of the variance in longitudinal bone loss.

Adolescent↗