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PubMed2006

Prevalence of Giardia intestinalis infection in household cats of Tohoku district in Japan.

Fecal samples obtained from 600 household cats (244 males and 356 females) kept in 3 prefectures of Tohoku district in Japan were examined for Giardia intestinalis antigen, using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. G. intestinalis antigen was detected in 40% of the fecal specimens. The factors such as the age, life style or environmental condition of cats could be significantly related to the positive rate of G. intestinalis antigen. In contrast, the investigative district, appearance of feces, sex, breed or origin produced no significant difference in the positive rate. The present results suggest that G. intestinalis infection is widely spread in household cats of Tohoku district.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Virological and bacteriological research on the etiology of gastroenteritis in newborn calves].

Virologic and bacteriologic studies were carried out of samples taken from calves with clinical gastroenteritis and from calves that died at the age of 2 to 10 days. A total of 199 samples were investigated of calves on 48 cattle-breeding farms. In 69 of the cases (34.2 per cent) strains of Escherichia coli were isolated, prevailing being those of the O8, O9, O15, O21, O26, O55, and O78 serogroups. Three of the strains isolated from fecal samples of clinically affected calves possessed the K99 antigen. The indirect immunosorbent method was employed, with 113 samples (56.8 per cent) identifying rotaviruses, and via the indirect immunofluorescence method in 26.6 per cent of the post mortem samples the virus of the mucosal disease was identified. On individual farms with records of the disease most often mixed infections of E. coli and rotaviruses were found. In order to organize effective prophylaxis and control complex bacteriologic and virologic investigations should be carried out with higher number of clinical and post mortem samples.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Long-term dynamic of fecal corticosterone and its ecological and social correlates in males of great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus Licht.). Non-invasive approach in studies of stress in natural populations].

The relationship between fecal corticosterone concentrations and characteristics of the environment and population demography were studied in adult male gerbils (Rhombomys opimus Licht.) at the southern border of Kyzylkum desert (Reserve "Ecocentre Dzeiran", Bukhara region, Republic Uzbekistan) in spring and fall seasons from 1999 to 2004. We extracted hormones from air-dried fecal samples and analyzed their concentrations by radioimmunoassay (Gerlinskaya et al., 1993). An analysis for year-specific relationships between hormone concentrations and environmental variables of temperature and precipitation using Pearson's r statistic revealed that corticosterone concentrations correlated positively with total precipitation in January and February and negatively with precipitation during March and April. There was also a significant negative relationship between fecal corticosterone and the number of hot days in March (>20 degrees C). Demographic variables that characterized population densities (percent of burrow systems occupied, mean and maximum number of burrow systems/1 ha, number of females in the burrow system) correlated positively with corticosterone concentrations in feces in the beginning of spring, but these relationships were small compared with mean concentrations of corticosterone for the entire spring season that were strongly and positively correlated with number of gerbils, including all pups emerged, in burrow systems owned by one male (within its home range). In contrast, correlation coefficients of corticosterone concentrations with characteristics of feeding resources in the spring were low and negative. In the long-term perspective (interannual comparison), mortality among adult males was highly negatively correlated with mean corticosterone concentrations in the beginning of spring, which is within the period of maximum reproductive effort and potential stress. Body mass was independent of corticosterone concentrations in males in either the beginning of spring, or during the whole spring. In the fall, mean concentrations of fecal corticosterone in males was positively correlated with the number of days from June to October with mean daily temperatures exceeding 30 degrees C, and with percent of burrow systems where at least one adult, > or = 1 year old gerbil had survived. Mortality from fall to spring of the next year and the fall body mass did not correlate with concentrations of corticosterone in feces collected in the fall. When we analyzed corticosterone concentrations in spring seasons of all years combined using a stepwise regression analysis of a sampling of individual males (we analyzed residuals after withdrawal of year effect) on a set of variables representing habitat resources, distances between nearest neighbor males, and variables representing group demography we found low R2 values not exceeding 0.17. Within the six-year period, concentrations of corticosterone in the spring related negatively with abundance of annual herbs and positively with number of females in a male's social group. When only years of high density were analyzed, fecal corticosterone concentrations in males in the spring were again negatively determined by abundance of herbs, as well as by the nearest neighbor distance, and positively determined by the number of females within a male's home range. At the beginning of spring the only determinants were distance to the nearest neighbor male and number of females. In years of low density none of the variables were found to affect corticosterone levels during the whole spring, while in the beginning of spring only partial regression coefficients of abundance of herbs were negative and significant. Stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed positive dependence (P = 0.05) of disappearance of adult males during summer drought on concentrations of fecal corticosterone in the spring, but only when burrow systems with at least one adult (male or female) surviving after the summer were considered. Our results provide evidence ground for the assumption that in a desert rodent with non-regular population fluctuations such as the great gerbil, density may be more suppressed by external factors and not by density dependent mortality mediated by stress. Density dependent increases of stress caused by intense reproductive effort occurred when feeding and climatic conditions were favorable to compensate for negative effects on survival. However, in individual gerbils mortality mediated by stress can take place because we found higher stress in the beginning of spring in males, which did not occur in the population after the summer drought.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Oral bacteriotherapy as maintenance treatment in patients with chronic pouchitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Pouchitis is the major long-term complication after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. Most patients have relapsing disease, and no maintenance treatment study has been performed. We evaluated the efficacy of a probiotic preparation (VSL#3) containing 5 x 10(11) per gram of viable lyophilized bacteria of 4 strains of lactobacilli, 3 strains of bifidobacteria, and 1 strain of Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus compared with placebo in maintenance of remission of chronic pouchitis. METHODS: Forty patients in clinical and endoscopic remission were randomized to receive either VSL#3, 6 g/day, or an identical placebo for 9 months. Patients were assessed clinically every month and endoscopically and histologically every 2 months or in the case of a relapse. Fecal samples were collected for stool culture before and after antibiotic treatment and each month during maintenance treatment. RESULTS: Three patients (15%) in the VSL#3 group had relapses within the 9-month follow-up period, compared with 20 (100%) in the placebo group (P < 0.001). Fecal concentration of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, and S. thermophilus increased significantly from baseline levels only in the VSL#3-treated group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that oral administration of this new probiotic preparation is effective in preventing flare-ups of chronic pouchitis.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Seasonal analysis of semen characteristics, serum testosterone and fecal androgens in the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), margay (L. wiedii) and tigrina (L. tigrinus).

Captive adult male ocelots (Leopardus pardalis, n = 3), margays (L. wiedii, n = 3) and tigrinas (L. tigrinus, n = 4) in two locations in southern Brazil were studied for 14 consecutive months to evaluate the effect of season on testicular function. Reproductive evaluations, including testicular measurements, electroejaculation and blood collection were conducted monthly. Fecal samples were collected weekly for androgen metabolite analysis to assess testicular steroidogenic activity. Ocelots had the highest number of motile spermatozoa in the ejaculate (114.7+/-15.8 x 10(6); P < 0.05), the highest percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa (82.4+/-1.2%; P < 0.05) and the highest concentration of fecal androgens (1.71 vs. 0.14 microg/g; P < 0.05). Margays and tigrinas had lower numbers of motile spermatozoa (23.4+/-2.8 x 10(6), 74.2+/-8.9 x 10(6), respectively), lower percentages of morphologically normal spermatozoa (57.4+/-2.8, 59.2+/-3.5%, respectively), and lower fecal androgen concentrations (0.15+/-0.01, 0.23+/-0.01 microg/g, respectively). Serum testosterone concentrations were similar among the three species. Fecal androgen concentrations were not affected by season, with the exception of the ocelot where concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) in the summer. Ejaculates were collected throughout the year; however, peaks in average sperm production were observed during the summer for all species. In summary, this study has identified several species differences in male testicular traits among ocelots, margays and tigrinas. Results of longitudinal reproductive assessments suggest males of each species are capable of breeding throughout the year.

Androgens↗
PubMed2003

Subtyping of foodborne and environmental isolates of Escherichia coli by multiplex-PCR, rep-PCR, PFGE, ribotyping and AFLP.

A total of 54 isolates were characterized by multiplex-PCR for toxin genes and genotyped using several DNA fingerprinting methods: using repetitive extragenic palindromes (REP) and Box primers (rep-PCR), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and ribotyping. The known-pathogenic strains tested were from food and clinical samples (34 strains) and included serovars O157:H7, O111:H8, O111:H11, O91:H21 and O55:H7. Two type cultures, Escherichia coli K12 (ATCC 29425) and DUP-101 (ATCC 51739), were included as known non-pathogenic strains and an additional 17 previously unclassified isolates from animal fecal samples. Comparisons of genomic DNA fingerprint patterns using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) cluster analysis of Jaccard similarity indices indicated that all methods tested showed a greater similarity between the E. coli O157:H7 strains than to other isolates. On the basis of these studies, we propose that AFLP, REP-PCR, Box-PCR and ribotyping techniques can all be used for discriminating O157:H7 isolates and are preferred for large-scale screening because of the speed and ease of the methods. The PFGE method is the best to discriminate between subtypes of O157:H7 associated with specific outbreak investigations; however, it is more time consuming and unnecessary if subtyping is not required. There are differences between the dendrograms generated from each method and the relationship between the other strains analyzed. However, the fingerprint profiles of the O157:H7 isolates were virtually identical using REP-PCR and Box-PCR enabling easy distinction of the group. Thus, these typing methods have the potential to aid investigators in identifying the source of an outbreak to prevent or control further spread of E. coli O157:H7.

Bacterial Toxins↗
PubMed1998

Fecal alpha-1-antitrypsin excretion in children with diarrhea.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the concentration and immunoelectrophoretic characterization of alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) excreted in random fecal samples in children with acute and chronic diarrhea and in control groups. METHODS: Thirty-two children with diarrhea and 23 healthy children were evaluated. The concentration and characterization of AAT were determined by radial immunodiffusion and crossed immunoelectrophoresis, respectively. RESULTS: The increase in the concentration of fecal AAT was more than the upper limit for the control group (1.25 mg/g of dry stool mass) in the patients with chronic infectious diarrhea and in 52% of those with chronic non-infectious diarrhea but not in those with acute diarrhea, infectious or non-infectious. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis showed two forms of fecal AAT in both sick and healthy children. The alterations in the concentration of fecal AAT did not correlate with the immunoelectrophoretic pattern of AAT. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the determination of fecal AAT could give clinically useful information about the difference between infectious and non-infectious diarrhea and the activity of characterizing disease with diarrhea.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1982

Bile acid transformation by the intestinal flora and cholesterol saturation in bile. Effects of Streptococcus faecium administration.

In 8 normal subjects the daily administration for 30 days of at least 750 X 10(6) Streptococcus faecium, a bacteria producing substances acting against Clostridia and other intestinal microorganisms reduced the cholesterol saturation and the molar percentage of deoxycholic acid (DCA) in bile. The percentage of cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (DCA) increased significantly in feces, whereas lithocholic acid (LCA) decreased from 49.2 to 40.5%. In vitro fecal samples of subjects taking S. faecium transformed more slowly CA to DCA and CDCA to LCA. Moreover, 7-ketolithocholic seems an intermediate step in the biotransformation of CDCA to LCA. During SF administration, the anaerobic bacteria count of feces decreases, whereas aerobic bacteria increase; the changes of fecal flora may reduce the degradation of primary bile acids influencing the bile acid composition in both the bile and the intestine.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Efficacy of ceftiofur for treatment of experimental salmonellosis in neonatal calves.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate therapeutic efficacy of a high extralabel dose of ceftiofur for treatment of experimental salmonellosis in neonatal calves. ANIMALS: Forty-two 1- to 4-day-old Holstein bull calves. PROCEDURE: 36 calves were orally challenged with Salmonella enteritica serovar Typhimurium (6.5 x 10(8) colony-forming units). Six additional calves were retained as nonmedicated nonchallenged control calves. Four days following Salmonella challenge, surviving calves were randomly allocated to ceftiofur-treated (5 mg/kg, IM, q 24 h) or nonmedicated control groups. Calves assigned to the treated group were medicated daily for 5 days starting on day 4 after challenge. Calves were monitored for 18 days following Salmonella challenge. Outcome assessments included clinical parameters (attitude, appetite, fecal characteristics, and rectal temperature), mortality rate, and quantitative Salmonella culture of fecal samples, mesenteric lymph nodes, and cecal contents. RESULTS: Ceftiofur treatment was associated with a significant decrease in rectal temperature and diarrhea. Three of 15 medicated calves and 4 of 14 non-medicated calves died or were euthanatized between days 4 and 18. A significant decrease in fecal shedding of Salmonella organisms was observed in treated calves, compared with nonmedicated calves. Salmonella organisms were isolated from all 10 non-medicated calves at necropsy, whereas no Salmonella organisms were isolated from 5 of 12 medicated calves. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Treatment of salmonellosis in neonatal calves with a high extralabel dose of ceftiofur (5 mg/kg, IM, q 24 h) promotes animal welfare, reduces fecal shedding of Salmonella organisms, and may promote clearance of Salmonella infections when plasma ceftiofur concentrations are maintained above minimal inhibitory concentrations.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Detection of bovine coronavirus and type A rotavirus in neonatal calf diarrhea and winter dysentery of cattle in Quebec: evaluation of three diagnostic methods.

The use of direct electron microscopy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and protein A-gold immunoelectron microscopy for the identification of bovine coronavirus and type A rotavirus were examined. Two hundred and forty-nine samples from diarrheic calves and winter dysenteric cattle from seven geographic areas in Quebec were examined for the presence of viruses by direct electron microscopy of negatively stained preparations. In addition, all the samples were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and a random selection of 47 samples were also analyzed by protein A-gold immunoelectron microscopy. Thirty-nine percent of samples examined by direct electron microscopy contained viral particles; bovine coronavirus and type A rotavirus were the most common viruses involved. Overall agreement between any two of the methods used compared favorably with results obtained by others using similar methods. The presence of coronavirus and rotavirus in fecal samples obtained from neonatal calves and the presence of coronavirus in samples from winter dysenteric adult cattle suggested their etiological roles in the respective diseases. Furthermore, results from protein A-gold immunoelectron microscopy of coronavirus-like particles implied that a different coronavirus or some other viruses might be involved in these diseases. Finally, the efficiency of direct electron microscopy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and protein A-gold immunoelectron microscopy as diagnostic tools is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Digital rectal fecal occult blood screening during gynecologic examination.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of digital rectal fecal occult blood screening during pelvic examination. STUDY DESIGN: We reviewed the data for 232 consecutive women who underwent digital rectal fecal occult blood screening during routine pelvic examination and who had had at least 1-year of follow-up visits: 59% of the women were followed for gynecologic cancer, and 41% of the women were followed for benign gynecologic disease. The median age was 62 years. Patients with positive digital rectal fecal occult blood screening were sent for gastroenterologic examination. RESULTS: Sixteen of 232 patients (7%) had a positive digital rectal fecal occult blood screening result. On gastroenterologic examination, 5 of the 16 patients (31%) were found to have disease (2 polyps, 1 diverticular disease, 2 radiation proctitis). At 1-year follow-up, no patient had colon cancer. CONCLUSION: Until better compliance can be obtained with home stool sample fecal occult blood testing, we recommend a larger study of digital rectal fecal occult blood screening during gynecologic examination to verify our results.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Fn-type chicory inulin hydrolysate has a prebiotic effect in humans.

The partial enzymatic hydrolysis of chicory inulin (GFn; 2 < or =n < or =60) yields an oligofructose preparation that is composed of both GFn-type and Fn-type oligosaccharides (2 < or =n < or =7; 2 < or =m < or =7), where G is glucose, F is fructose, and n is the number of beta(2-->1) bound fructose moieties. Human studies have shown that feeding GFn-type oligomers significantly modifies the composition of the fecal microflora especially by increasing the number of bifidobacteria. The experiments reported here were used to test the hypothesis that the Fn-type molecules have the same property. During a controlled feeding study, 8 volunteers (5 females and 3 males) consumed 8 g/d of an Fn-rich product for up to 5 wk. Fecal samples were collected and analyzed for total anaerobes, bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, bacteroides, coliforms and Clostridium perfringens. Both 2 and 5 wk of oligofructose feeding resulted in a selective increase in bifidobacteria (P<0.01). In addition, a daily intake of 8 g of the Fn-type oligofructose preparation reduced fecal pH and caused little intestinal discomfort.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Metabolism of [14C]gemopatrilat after oral administration to rats, dogs, and humans.

This study describes the pharmacokinetic parameters of gemopatrilat, a potent vasopeptidase inhibitor, in humans and the comparative biotransformation of the compound in rats, dogs, and humans after administration of a single oral dose of [14C]gemopatrilat. Gemopatrilat was rapidly absorbed in humans with an oral bioavailability of 49%. Within 5 h after dose, the mean concentrations of gemopatrilat were less than 1% of the mean Cmax values. The total area under the first-moment time curve extrapolated to infinity [AUC(INF)] value for gemopatrilat was only 2% of the AUC(INF) of radioactivity in plasma. Gemopatrilat showed a large apparent steady-state volume of distribution (2500 liters) and a prolonged terminal-phase decline in plasma concentration. These results are consistent with the idea that the free sulfhydryl group of gemopatrilat forms reversible disulfide linkages with plasma and tissue proteins and is thus eliminated from the body at a very slow rate. Approximately half of the drug-related radioactivity in 1-h plasma samples from rat, dog, and human was reduced chemically with dithiothreitol to gemopatrilat, suggesting that disulfide linkage occurred in all species. In addition, metabolites formed through S-methylation and amide hydrolysis were also detected in rat, dog, and human plasma. No gemopatrilat was detected in urine and fecal samples from all three species, indicating that the compound is extensively metabolized in vivo. The major metabolites identified in human urine and feces were also present in rat and dog. These data suggest that the metabolism of gemopatrilat in all three species were qualitatively very similar.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1996

Nested polymerase chain reaction for detection of low levels of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens in animal feces and meat.

A rapid and sensitive method for detecting enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens in animal feces and meat is described. The method consists of a combination of nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with enrichment culture of the sample. In the PCR, two pairs of oligonucleotide primers homologous to the C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) gene were used: the first primer pair amplified a 425-bp fragment and the second one amplified a 199-bp fragment within the fragment amplified by the first PCR. When the specificity and sensitivity of nested PCR in the detection of the CPE gene of isolated C. perfringens were compared with those of the single PCR, the former amplified specifically the 199-bp fragment and the sensitivity was about 10(3)-fold higher that that of the latter. The nested PCR combined with enrichment culture was applied to detecting the CPE gene in samples inoculated artificially with enterotoxigenic C. perfringens. This method detected within 22-26 hr the CPE gene in samples of animal feces and meat inoculated with fewer than 10(1) CFU/g of enterotoxigenic C. perfringens. When the method was applied to detection of indigenous enterotoxigenic C. perfringens in cattle feces, pig feces, beef and pork, C. perfringens was found in one case (10%) of 10 cattle fecal samples, and the PCR-amplified product corresponded to the fragment of the CPE gene in restriction endonucleases digestion pattern.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy of azithromycin dihydrate in treatment of cryptosporidiosis in naturally infected dairy calves.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of azithromycin treatment of cryptosporidiosis in naturally infected calves under field conditions. Fifty Holstein calves with cryptosporidiosis infection were divided into 5 groups: 1 group (10 calves) was unmedicated and served as the control group and was given distilled water only, whereas the other groups (10 animals per group) were medicated orally with azithromycin at the doses of 500 (group 1), 1,000 (group 2), 1,500 (group 3), and 2,000 mg (group 4) PO once daily for 7 days. The animals were examined clinically and fecal samples were collected on the 1st (inclusion day), 7th, 14th, and 21st days of the study. Drug efficacy was assessed by evaluating diarrhea, oocyst shedding, and weight gains from days 1 to 21 (4 assessments). Significant differences were observed in reductions of oocyst shedding (P < .05) and the fecal diarrhea incidence (P < .05) in groups 3 and 4 when compared with groups 1 and 2 and the control group. Weight gain of medicated calves was significantly higher than that of the unmedicated calves throughout the study (P < .05). The drug significantly suppressed oocyst shedding and resulted in significant improvements in clinical signs. Therefore, this suppression may have significant effect on the reduction of environmental contamination by cryptosporidial oocysts. From the economic point view, authors suggest that the most effective dose of azithromycin for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis in calves should be at 1,500 mg/d for 7 days.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Glucuronidation as a major metabolic clearance pathway of 14c-labeled muraglitazar in humans: metabolic profiles in subjects with or without bile collection.

The metabolism and disposition of 14C-labeled muraglitazar (Pargluva), a novel dual alpha/gamma peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activator, was investigated in eight healthy male subjects with and without bile collection (groups 1 and 2) after a single 20-mg oral dose. Bile samples were collected for 3 to 8 h after dosing from group 2 subjects in addition to the urine and feces collection. In plasma, the parent compound was the major component, and circulating metabolites, including several glucuronide conjugates, were minor components at all time points. The exposure to parent drug (Cmax and area under the plasma concentration versus time curve) in subjects with bile collection was generally lower than that in subjects without bile collection. The major portion of the radioactive dose was recovered in feces (91% for group 1 and 51% for group 2). In addition, 40% of the dose was recovered in the bile from group 2 subjects. In this 3- to 8-h bile, the glucuronide of muraglitazar (M13, 15% of dose) and the glucuronides of its oxidative metabolites (M17a,b,c, M18a,b,c, and M20, together, 16% of dose) accounted for approximately 80% of the biliary radioactivity; muraglitazar and its O-demethylated metabolite (M15) each accounted for approximately 4% of the dose. In contrast, fecal samples only contained muraglitazar and its oxidative metabolites, suggesting hydrolysis of biliary glucuronides in the intestine before fecal excretion. Thus, the subjects with and without bile collection showed different metabolic profiles of muraglitazar after oral administration, and glucuronidation was not observed as a major pathway of metabolic clearance from subjects with the conventional urine and fecal collection, but was found as a major elimination pathway from subjects with bile collection.

Bile↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of detection methods for adenovirus from enteric clinical specimens.

Fecal samples submitted for virus examination over July 1990 to June 1991 from children < 3 years of age were examined by electron microscopy (EM), virus culture (VC), and enzyme immunoassay [EIA, group-reactive and adenovirus (Ad) 40/41 specific; Cambridge BioScience] to compare the detection rate of adenovirus from pediatric fecal specimens. Ad isolates of serotypes 1-7 grown in HEp-2 or primary rhesus monkey kidney cells were identified by neutralization. Graham 293 cell cultures were used only when specimens were found to be positive for Ad by EM, type-specific Ad40/41 EIA, and for isolates not identified by neutralization. Ads grown in 293 cells were identified by DNA restriction endonuclease analysis. Of the 1187 specimens examined, 105 (9%) were found to be positive for Ad. VC detected 93, while 12 additional positives were detected by EM or EIA. The relative sensitivity of VC, EIA, and EM for the 105 specimens was 89% (93), 45% (47), and 35% (37), respectively. Among the 105 positive specimens, enteric Ad, nonenteric Ad, and untypeable Ad were 28% (29), 65% (68), and 7% (8), respectively. Of 37 EM positives, 62% (23) were enteric Ad; 27% (10) were nonenteric including serotypes 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, and 31, with 4, 1, 1, 2, 1, and 1 isolates of each type positive, respectively; and 11% (4) were detectable only by EM. Five isolates were identified as variant of Ad 2(3), Ad 3(1) and Ad 31(1). Over a 1-year period, a single Ad41 variant strain was the most frequently detected enteric Ad in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMed2004

Effect of 2-deoxy-d-glucose induced stress on Salmonella choleraesuis shedding and persistence in swine.

A glucose analog, 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG), previously shown in swine to induce many of the hallmark parameters of stress, was administered to Salmonella choleraesuis carrier-swine and the effects on Salmonella fecal shedding and tissue colonization were evaluated. Initially, pigs were divided into two groups, one that received 1 x 10 (6) S. choleraesuis and one group that received saline. At 3 or 6 weeks post inoculation (PI), half of each group received an injection of 2DG and the other half received saline. Throughout the study, individual fecal samples were collected and quantitatively cultured for Salmonella, tonsil and nasal swabs were qualitatively cultured, clinical signs were monitored, temperatures were measured and whole blood collected. Pigs were necropsied 8-18 days after 2DG treatment. The experimental stress induced by 2DG was not sufficient to cause recrudescence of Salmonella fecal shedding even when tissues were culture positive for Salmonella. In addition, persistent shedding was not affected by 2DG administration. Although the complex set of parameters that constitute the stress phenomenon is still relatively unknown, it is now apparent that the stressful event(s) sufficient to trigger Salmonella recrudescence involves more than just increased blood glucose, increased cortisol, and inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation.

Animals↗