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PubMed1999

Self-reported alcohol-associated symptoms and drinking behavior in three ALDH2 genotypes among Japanese university students.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol abuse is one of the most serious health problems among young adults. Nearly half of the Japanese population is sensitive to alcohol due to a genetic polymorphism in low K(m) aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2). In the present study, we investigated the effects of the ALDH2 genotype on both self-reported alcohol-associated symptoms and alcohol drinking behavior among Japanese university students. METHODS: The study subjects were 423 (389 males and 34 females) university students in a medical university. The subjects completed a questionnaire regarding self-reported alcohol-associated symptoms and alcohol drinking behavior. The ALDH2 genotype was determined through digestion of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products by a restriction enzyme Ksp632I. The frequency of alcohol-associated symptoms generally increased in the order ALDH2*1/*1, ALDH2*1/*2, ALDH2*2/*2 among males. The frequency of those who drink > or = 5 days/week was less than 10% in all genotype groups. However, the frequency of those who drink 1-4 days/week was significantly higher in ALDH2*1/*1 than that in ALDH2*1/*2 and in ALDH2*2/*2. A similar tendency also was observed in females. Mean amounts of alcohol consumption per occasion in the three ALDH2 genotypes stratified by drinking frequency generally increased significantly in the order ALDH2*2/*2, ALDH2*1/*2, ALDH2*1/*1 in both sexes. The proportion of binge drinkers defined by those who drink ethanol of > or = 75 ml per occasion on average also increased in the order ALDH2*2/*2 (0.0%), ALDH2*1/*2 (9.8%), ALDH2*1/*1 (22.1%) among male drinkers (> or = 1 day/month). CONCLUSIONS: We for the first time demonstrated clear associations between the ALDH2 genotype, self-reported alcohol-associated symptoms, and alcohol drinking behavior among Japanese university students.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Forebrain lesions differentially affect drinking elicited by dipsogenic challenges and injections of muscimol into the median raphe nucleus.

Injections of muscimol into the median raphe nucleus (MR) elicit intense drinking in normally hydrated rats. To determine whether this response is dependent on forebrain systems mediating other aspects of water intake, the authors examined the effects of lesions of the subfornical organ (SFO), median preoptic nucleus (MnPO), lateral preoptic area (LPO), or lateral hypothalamus (LH) on the drinking. Lesions of the SFO or LH attenuated muscimol-elicited drinking, whereas lesions of the MnPO or LPO increased water intake after the treatment. All of the lesion groups showed a deficit in drinking to injections of polyethylene glycol and at least one of the doses of hypertonic saline. Only the SFO- and LH-lesioned groups showed a suppression of drinking to systemic injections of angiotensin II, suggesting that the drinking elicited by intra-MR injections of muscimol may involve changes in the central circuits mediating angiotensin-induced drinking.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Executive cognitive function and heavy drinking behavior among college students.

Executive cognitive functions (ECFs) seem important for motivating change and self-regulation of problem drinking. Evidence for executive cognitive deficits have been found among heavy-drinking college students. Although college students who abuse alcohol often experience a variety of negative consequences related to their drinking behavior, executive cognitive dysfunction may interfere with recognizing consequences and responding skillfully to avoid future harm. Fifty college students with drinking problems completed assessments of ECFs. Greater negative drinking consequences and short-term memory function significantly predicted greater awareness of drinking problems. ECF may be an important factor for motivation to change drinking behavior among college students.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Drinking or abstaining at age 14? A genetic epidemiological study.

BACKGROUND: Regular drinking by age 14 years is a significant risk factor for alcoholism, and genetically informative data suggest that whether a young adolescent abstains or drinks is largely attributable to familial (or other shared) environmental factors. METHODS: Three consecutive birth cohorts of Finnish twins, enrolled into a longitudinal study at age 11 to 12 years, completed a follow-up questionnaire within 3 months of their 14th birthdays. The sample included 1380 twin sisters and 1330 twin brothers at age 14, and at that age, 35.4% reported using alcohol. Genetic analyses (model-fitting of twin pair data) and epidemiological analyses (logistical regressions of data from individual twins) were conducted to examine predictive factors of drinking versus abstinence at age 14. RESULTS: Polychoric correlations were substantial across all same-sex twin pairs but were lower for brother-sister twins, suggesting significant influences of common environments, with some sex-specific effects. Common environmental effects were equivalent in male and female adolescents and accounted for 76% of the total variation in abstinence/drinking. Logistical regression analyses among 2206 individual twins with complete data on risk-relevant measures at both baseline and follow-up identified significant predictors of drinking or abstaining at age 14, including female sex, twin sibling of the opposite sex, accelerated pubertal development, and the twins' assessments, made at age 12, of reduced parental monitoring and a less supportive home atmosphere; drinking at age 14 was also predicted by behaviors rated by the twins' classroom teachers 2 years earlier, increasing with rated behavioral problems but decreasing with rated emotional problems. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that environmental factors shared by twin siblings account for most of the variance in abstaining or drinking at age 14. We identify predictors of drinking in the adolescent twins' home environments and in their dispositional behaviors, sibling interactions, and pubertal timing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Behavior of drinking alcoholic beverages among junior and senior high school students in the area covered with Wakkanai Health Center of Hokkaido, Japan].

We conducted a survey on behavior of drinking alcoholic beverages among students in November, 2000 in the area covered with Wakkanai Health Center of Hokkaido, Japan. A questionnaire was completed by 743 junior high school students (88.9% of the study subjects) and 791 senior high school students (76.3% of the study subjects). As a result, the proportion of the students who drank more than once per month was higher in this area than in other places of Japan. For example, 90.2% and 87.9% in the male and female senior high school students of the third grade drank more than once per month. Their frequent drinking was not related to their early onset of drinking. They often drank alone or only with their friends. Frequent drinkers among the students tended to get alcohol beverages from various roots, including face-to-face salespersons in package stores, convenience stores, or bars. Frequent drinkers among the students tended to have more experienced the problems associated with drinking such as blackout and vomiting. A large proportion of the students in this area had relatively poor knowledge about harmfulness of drinking. It has been suggested that people in this area are permissive to drinking among youngsters, as compared to other places in Japan. We think that it is indispensable to communicate or educate harmfulness of drinking during adolescence for students as well as for their parents, especially, in this area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Problem drinking patterns among African Americans: the impacts of reports of discrimination, perceptions of prejudice, and "risky" coping strategies.

This research builds on a series of recent studies that have reported independent effects of personal experiences of racial discrimination on poor mental health outcomes. We suggest that for one mental health outcome, problem drinking, discrimination experiences have an impact not only via abridged socioeconomic attainment and the frustrations associated with institutionally limited opportunity structures, but also by directly increasing the likelihood of problem drinking. Moreover, we argue that personal experiences with discrimination help to foster a set of beliefs about the utility of drinking as a means of reducing stress that in the alcohol literature is referred to as "escapist" drinking. Escapist drinking is proposed as an intervening mechanism that is associated with a higher probability of alcohol-related mental health problems. Using data from the 1999-2000 National Survey of Black Workers, we find that, independent of socioeconomic attainment, personal reports of discriminatory experiences have direct influences on problem drinking. Consistent with our hypotheses, we also find that the effects of personal reports of discrimination are at least partially mediated by the endorsement of beliefs that drinking provides an effective coping mechanism. We conclude that racial impacts on mental health outcomes reflect more than the "simple" effects of constrained socioeconomic attainment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Alcohol drinking behaviors among Turkish high school students.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, behavioral patterns and correlates of regular alcohol drinking in high school students. This cross-sectional study involved the completion of a modified version of "Health Behavior in School Age Children" (HBSC 1997/1998) questionnaire by 4,153 grade 9-11 students from 26 randomly selected high schools in Istanbul. Chi-square test, Spearman correlation test and forward stepwise multiple logistic regression model were used for statistical analyses as appropriate. Overall, 61% of students were experimental drinkers, and 46% of the students were current drinkers. There was a significant difference between female and male students with respect to reporting current alcohol drinking at grade 9 and 11 (p > 0.05 for each comparison). Regular drinking was reported by 6% of students. Male students were more likely than female students to report regular drinking at each grade (p < 0.01 for each comparison). Nineteen percent of the students reported that they had been really drunk at least once during their lifetime. Malestudents were more likely than female students to report an occasion of drunkenness at each grade (p < 0.05 for each comparison). All types of drinking behavior rates tended to increase across grades for both genders (p < 0.05 for each comparison). In logistic regression analysis the following were all independently associated with regular drinking: being in grade 11, smoking cigarettes currently, lifetime drug use, bullying others, being sexually active, playing computer games > or = 4 h/week, exercising < or = 1 h/week, spending > or = four evenings with friends, at ease in talking to same gender friends, tiredness in the morning, perceived as good-looking/beautiful, higher educational level of the mother and perceived poor academic achievement. The results of this study showed that alcohol consumption is prevalent among high school students. There is therefore a need for school-based alcohol prevention programs which also deal with family and peer influences on drinking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Relationship between alcohol drinking and alcohol-related health problems.

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between drinking environment, attitudes and situation and alcohol-related health problems. METHODS: A sample of 2327 respondents was randomly collected from Wuhan, Hubei Province in China by a face-to-face interview. The structural equation modeling analysis was performed for the data collected. RESULTS: Both parents' drinking behaviors and respondents' drinking situation strongly impacted the alcohol-related problems and diseases. Friends' or peers' drinking behaviors influenced the respondents' drinking attitudes and behaviors. Males experienced more alcohol-related problems and diseases than females. CONCLUSIONS: Comparatively, parents' drinking behaviors exert the most significant influence on drinkers. Therefore, it is beneficial to restrict parents' drinking behaviors for the offsprings and the whole society, and an intensive professional education in early motherhood is also necessary for Chinese women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Alcohol drinking behaviors--physiological and sociomedical factors].

Alcohol drinking behavior is usually studied from two perspectives, factors leading to drinking behavior and the behavioral effects of alcohol drinking. Many detailed medicolegal, pharmacological and psychiatric studies have been conducted on the behavioral effects of alcohol drinking. Few studies have considered the biological aspects of a desire for alcohol. However, these issues can not be ignored. The role of genetic, environmental and nutritional factors in alcohol preference has extensively debated. Recently, biochemical, physiological and pharmacological studies have also been performed to elucidate the mechanism of the desire for alcohol. In this study, the biological aspects of drinking behavior and alcohol preference have been studied using inbred strains of mice as an animal model on alcoholism. In addition, factors affecting drinking behavior of human beings are discussed based on the results obtained from a medico-legal study of alcohol-related cases. 1. Alcohol preference in several animal species The alcohol preference expressed as a ratio (%) of the volume taken (water and 10% (v/v) alcohol solution), was not constant in several animal species. The preference ratio was observed to be 2.7 +/- 0.7, 3.7 +/- 0.8, 22.0 +/- 19.8 and 39.6 +/- 5.4 in male inbred strains of SAMP2, DBA/2cr, B10.Br/Sg and C57BL/6J mice respectively, and 10.7 +/- 7.6, 15.9 +/- 13.6, 31.3 +/- 22.6 and 32.4 +/- 16.7 in male Donryu, DA, Wistar and Buffalo rats respectively, and 91.3 +/- 9.1 in male Golden hamster, and 2.1 +/- 0.3 in Hartley guinea pigs. Rabbits and Japanese monkeys do not demonstrate high alcohol preference. By comparison, the alcohol preference of a Japanese people was estimated to be approximately 11-35% on the basis of data obtained by questionnaire. 2. Development of alcohol dependence and withdrawal by voluntary alcohol intake in mice Eight strains of male mice, C57BL, C3H, SWM, SW, KK, KSB, KR and DBA, were offered a choice of water or 10% sake solution (sake containing 10% alcohol). Both young (3 months of age) and old (8 months of age) groups were studied simultaneously. The degree of intoxication was measured by recording the drinking behavior on a pulse recorder, by measuring gas-chromatographically the blood alcohol concentration, by taking depth electroencephalogram readings and so on. Intoxication, shown by lack of coordination such as grossly impaired gait, was observed only in the older mice of a strain with a moderate natural alcohol preference such as C3H, SWM, SW, KK and KSB.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1987

Heavy alcohol drinking and related symptoms in a population study of urban men.

An age-stratified random sample of 228 men was selected from the urban districts of Solna and Sundbyberg in Stockholm. Two hundred of these men (90%) underwent a health survey comprising a general medical examination, taking of a medical and social history, blood and urine tests, roentgenography of the heart and lungs, ECG, electroneurography and computed tomography of the brain. The purpose of the present study was to determine alcohol consumption levels and their correlation with symptoms of heavy drinking and with age. The subjects were collected according to a rectangular age distribution, with age ranges of 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59 and 60-65 years. Quartiles were used in order to obtain homogeneous strata and to group the sample concerning alcohol consumption. Two measures of alcohol consumption were used--the amount of alcohol consumed in the previous week in g of absolute alcohol per day, and the typical peak consumption in the last six months. Three symptoms related to heavy drinking were studied: (1) inability to cut down or stop drinking, referred to here as subjective, relative loss of control over drinking; (2) morning shakes and malaise relieved by drinking, termed morning drinks; (3) amnesia induced by alcohol, referred to as blackouts. Ten per cent of the men had all three alcohol symptoms and 52% had no alcohol symptoms at all. Twenty-nine per cent had lost control over the amount they drank. Blackouts were noted for 33% and morning drinks for 25%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Development and maintenance of morphine tolerance and dependence in the rat by scheduled access to morphine drinking solutions.

Rats were housed on a cabinet designed to control their access to water or morphine solutions. They were trained to drink all of their fluid as morphine solutions or tap water during 5-minute access periods scheduled at 2 A.M., 8 A.M., 2 P.M. and 8 P.M. On this schedule, the morphine drinking rats consumed an average of 29, 27, 21 and 23% of their total daily fluid during the four respective access periods. The rats that had access to the 0.05% morphine solution drank an average of 53 mg/kg/day of morphine. Separate groups of rats were tested for morphine tolerance and dependence at 4-day intervals. Tolerance to the analgesic effect of challenge doses of morphine (3, 6 and 9 mg/kg) was first detected after 10 days of morphine drinking and reached a plateau after 18 days. Withdrawal scores for rats injected with 0.3 or 3 mg/kg of naloxone reached a plateau between 14 and 18 days of morphine drinking, whereas the scores of rats given 0.03 mg/kg were still increasing after 26 days of drinking. Plasma levels of morphine ranged between 167 and 300 ng/ml in blood samples collected 1 hour after each access period on the 18th day of morphine drinking. Six hours after the 8 A.M. access period, the levels of morphine in the plasma had decreased to 50% of the levels detected at 1 hour after the access period. Ninety percent of the rats accepted the morphine solutions and drank regularly for the 26 days the solutions were offered. They remained healthy throughout this period and, except for the fact that they gained 11% less body weight over the 26 days, they were visibly indistinguishable from the water drinking control rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Thermogenic drinking: mediation by osmoreceptor and angiotensin II pathways.

Exposure of rats to air at 5 C for 1-12 days is accompanied by a relative dehydration in spite of the continued presence of water. Dehydration during exposure to cold was manifested by: 1) a reduction in the ratio of water/food ingested; 2) an increase in the ratio of urine excreted/water ingested; 3) an increased evaporative water loss; 4) an increased serum osmolality and chloride concentration; and 5) a striking thirst and ingestion of water after transfer from cold to air at 26 C. Drinking began within 15 min and lasted approximately 1 h. Thermogenic drinking persisted for at least 120 days of exposure to cold. It was not thwarted by preventing access to water for either 1 or 2 h after transfer to warm air, but either intragastric or intraperitoneal administration of a water load equal to 3% of body weight inhibited water intake after transfer. These characteristics of thermogenic drinking are similar to those observed after 24 h of dehydration at 26 C; they also suggest that the cold-exposed rat is dehydrated relative to controls. These results suggest that osmoreceptors may play a role in the induction of thermogenic drinking. However, angiotensin II receptors may also play a role. Thermogenic drinking was inhibited by a beta 2-adrenergic, but not a beta 1-adrenergic, antagonist as well as by captopril, an inhibitor of the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Further, plasma renin activity increased fourfold within 15 min after removal from cold. This suggests that an additional component involved in thermogenic drinking is the angiotensin II receptor. The extent to which thermogenic drinking is mediated by each pathway is unknown and will require additional studies.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1984

Ethnicity and drinking in northern California: a comparison among whites, blacks and Hispanics.

This research reports the drinking patterns and alcohol problems in three ethnic groups of the U.S. population: Whites, Blacks and Hispanics. Respondents were sampled randomly from the general population of three counties of the San Francisco Bay Area, in northern California. Both Black and Hispanic females have higher rates of abstention than White females, but at the aggregate level male's drinking patterns are similar across ethnic groups. However, among males the patterning of drinking and the prevalence of alcohol problems by age change dramatically according to ethnicity. Among White males drinking and problems decrease abruptly from the twenties to the thirties, as has been traditionally found in the U.S. general population. Among Black males the trend is exactly the opposite of that for Whites, while among Hispanic males there also is a decrease but not quite so large as that for Whites, and the frequency of heavy drinking and problems is always higher than for the other two groups. The types of problem reported by respondents do not vary by ethnicity but the sociodemographic correlates of both number of drinks consumed per month and number of alcohol problems do differ among the ethnic groups. Both Hispanics and Blacks have more liberal attitudes toward alcohol use than Whites. These results suggest that Whites, Blacks and Hispanics each have a characteristic way of using alcoholic beverages. The less restrictive views towards alcohol use in the Black and Hispanic culture, as well as the different patterning of drinking and problems by age, are of importance for prevention: Whites, Blacks and Hispanics have different groups of people at risk for developing alcohol problems and prevention should be planned accordingly.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Alcohol, tobacco, diet, mate drinking, and esophageal cancer in Argentina.

To study the role of hot mate drinking, alcohol, tobacco, and diet in esophageal cancer, a case-control study including 131 cases and 262 hospital controls was carried out in La Plata, Argentina. In multivariate analyses, statistically significant increases in risk were detected for alcohol, tobacco, and some dietary factors but not for hot mate drinking. A strong dose-response relationship was observed with the amount of alcohol consumed daily but not with the number of cigarettes smoked. The odds ratio for those drinking more than 200 ml of ethanol/day compared to nondrinkers was 5.7 (95% confidence interval, 2.2-15.2). An increased risk was also observed for those eating barbecued meat more than once a week (odds ratio, 2.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-4.8) as compared to those eating it less than once a week, and a reduction in risk was associated with daily consumption of nonbarbecued beef as compared to those eating it less than daily. Concerning mate drinking, the only variable that showed an effect was the temperature at which mate is drunk. Those who reported drinking mate hot or very hot as compared to those drinking it warm had an increase in risk (odds ratio, 1.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-2.9). Our findings strengthen the evidence for an important role of alcohol and tobacco in esophageal carcinogenesis but do not provide strong support for a role of hot mate drinking.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Why, where and with whom do Israeli teenagers drink? To whom do they turn for help with alcohol problems?

This article describes preferred sources of support after having drinking problems, reasons for drinking and the social context of drinking of 1458 Israeli adolescents in the North of Israel in winter 1992. The article analyses the results by gender, grade and place of living (large city, small or developing town, kibbutz, religious settlement). Most teenagers drink with same-age friends, their preferred location of drinking is the pub and enjoyment is their most prevalent reason for drinking. The majority of the sample chose parents as the main source of support in cases of having problems with alcohol. The study provides pointers towards environmental approaches in the prevention of problem drinking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Effect of drinking water fluoridation on hearing of patients with otosclerosis in a low fluoride area: a follow-up study.

Fluorine content in bone samples taken from the middle ears of otosclerotic patients was determined. Otosclerotic stapes footplate was found to have a significantly higher content of fluorine than skeletal bone from the meatus. Fluorine contents in footplate and meatal wall samples of otosclerotic patients drinking fluoridated water were slightly higher than those of patients drinking low-fluoride water. In the clinical part of the study, hearing levels of 280 patients with otosclerosis living in an area with low-fluoride water were assessed. In 344 operated ears, the preoperative and long-term postoperative air conduction and bone conduction thresholds of patients drinking fluoridated water did not differ significantly from those of patients drinking low-fluoride water. After a mean follow-up period of 9.6 years, air conduction thresholds of non-operated ears in patients drinking fluoride-poor water were found to be significantly worse than those of patients drinking fluoridated tap water, likewise there were significant differences in bone conduction thresholds at 2 and 4 kHz. Thus, fluoridation of drinking water has a beneficial effect on non-operated otosclerotic ears but has no significant effect on hearing levels of operated ears.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Perceptions of risks of drinking and boating among Massachusetts boaters.

OBJECTIVES: Public policy has treated drinking and boating as though it were analogous to drinking and driving. Accordingly, recent Federal and state laws to prevent drinking and boating have focused solely on alcohol use by the boat operator. This study was designed to determine boaters' knowledge about the epidemiology of boating fatalities and how boaters perceive the risks of drinking and boating. METHODS: In the summer of 1995, the authors conducted a survey by mail of a random sample of 600 owners of boats registered in Massachusetts. RESULTS: Survey results indicated that boaters believe passengers can safely drink more than operators. Respondents also thought that people on boats at rest can safely drink more than people on boats underway. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study could be helpful in designing future boating safety campaigns by identifying gaps in knowledge about about the risks of drinking and boating for both operators and passengers.

Accidents↗
PubMed1996

[An investigation of the factors influencing serum pepsinogen levels--sex, age, smoking, drinking].

BACKGROUND: Until now, the influence of sex, age, smoking, drinking on serum pepsinogen levels has been assessed by single regression analysis. However, the influence of those factors on pepsinogen levels should be assessed exactly by multiple regression analyses. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 891 subjects were collected from by questionnaire and serum tests. Analyses were done with serum pepsinogen I (PG I), pepsinogen II (PG II) and pepsinogen I/II ratio (PG I/II) as a criterion variable and as categorized explanatory variables, sex, age, current or past smoking habit, and current drinking habit. And analyses are done by Mann-Whitney U test, correlation coefficient, single regression method, multiple regression method. RESULTS: PG I level is significantly higher in men than in women by Mann-Whitney U test. But the effect of sex factor is not remarkable by multiple regression analyses. PG II level increased and PG I/II level decreased with progression of age by all analyses methods. Current or past smoking elevates PG I level by Mann-Whitney U test, but current smoking dose and past smoking amount showed no dose-dependent associations with PG I level. Current drinking elevates PG I level by Mann-Whitney U test, but current drinking dose showed no dose-dependent associations with PG I. However, the effects of current smoking and current drinking to serum PG levels is not so large by multiple regression analyses. CONCLUSION: The effects of sex, current smoking and current drinking to serum PG levels are not remarkable by multiple regression analyses. Significantly, PG II level increased and PG I/II level decreased with progression of age. Therefore it may not be necessary to consider the effects of sex, smoking habit and drinking habit when serum pepsinogen levels are used as markers for gastric cancer.

Adult↗