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PubMed2004

What a difference a diet makes: towards an understanding of differences between restrained dieters and restrained nondieters.

Restrained eaters who are and are not dieting to lose weight have shown opposite eating regulation patterns in past research. To better understand these differences, restraint theory and the Three-Factor Model of Dieting was used to generate differential predictions about the mean and variability of restrained dieters (RDs) and restrained nondieters (RNDs) on the eating inventory Cognitive Restraint (CR) scale and the Restraint Scale (RS). Unrestrained nondieters served as a reference group. Eighty normal-weight female college students completed the CR, RS, and a measure of weight cycling. RDs, relative to RNDs, obtained higher and more homogeneous scores on the Cognitive Restraint, and higher and more heterogeneous scores on the RS. A post hoc analysis found that RDs had a much greater weight cycling history than RNDs. These findings are most consistent with the Three-Factor Model of Dieting, but also point to needed revisions both in this model and in traditional restraint theory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Back care programs for health promotion-representative user profiles and correlates of participation in Germany.

BACKGROUND: In response to the growing incidence of back pain, there is an increasing emphasis on individualized preventive measures such as back care programs. The purpose of the present study was to investigate representative participation rates and their correlates in the German general population. METHODS: The first National Health Survey was carried out in the Federal Republic of Germany from the period of October 1997 to March 1999. It comprised a representative, cross-sectional study of the population with a total sample of 6,159 participants between the ages of 18 and 79. RESULTS: Approximately one in six Germans (16%) has ever participated in a back care program. For 6% of the total, participation took place within the past year. After making adjustments for subjective back pain in the multiple analyses, the 1-year participation rate was significantly lower in men, full-time-workers, one-member households, and those with an unhealthy lifestyle (physically inactive subjects with an unhealthy diet and poorly developed preventive behavior patterns). CONCLUSIONS: The user profile for back care programs on a nationwide scale indicates that genuine needs are not being met and the target group is not being reached. A "preaching to the converted" phenomenon is evident, as indicated by the fact that the user group is made up of individuals who already have a healthy lifestyle and few risks, while the population group most likely to develop back pain is significantly less likely to participate in preventive back care programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Induction of hepatocyte proliferation after partial hepatectomy is accompanied by a markedly reduced expression of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-2.

Expression of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT)-2 in rat hepatoma cells caused an increase in the time for cell division from 18 to 50 h [Cui et al. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 24531-24533]. We investigated whether or not a similar inverse relationship might exist for liver proliferation in vivo. Thus, partial hepatectomized rats were used to investigate the expression of PEMT2 during liver regeneration. Enhanced biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine after partial hepatectomy was due to increased activity and amount of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase. On the other hand the total activity of PEMT was markedly decreased during the first days of rat liver regeneration. Maximal decrease of total PEMT activity (45%) and loss of PEMT2 protein (90%) coincided with maximal DNA synthesis and CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase activity 24 h after partial hepatectomy in both male and female rats. Supplementing dietary choline in the diets of female rats shifted this pattern from 24 h to 36 h after partial hepatectomy, whereas the pattern in male rats was not affected. Northern blot studies showed that the amount of PEMT2 mRNA was decreased accordingly, suggesting regulation of the amount and activity of PEMT2 at a pre-translational level. Thus, our data show a reciprocal regulation of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase and PEMT2 at the level of gene expression in regenerating rat liver. These results implicate PEMT2 in the regulation of hepatocyte cell growth in a physiologically relevant model.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Association between trans fatty acid intake and 10-year risk of coronary heart disease in the Zutphen Elderly Study: a prospective population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Evidence on the relation between trans fatty acid intake and coronary heart disease is limited. We investigated this relation in a Dutch population with a fairly high trans fatty acid intake, including trans fatty acids from partly hydrogenated fish oils. METHODS: We prospectively studied 667 men of the Zutphen Elderly Study aged 64-84 years and free of coronary heart disease at baseline. We used dietary surveys to establish the participants' food consumption patterns. Information on risk factors and diet was obtained in 1985, 1990, and 1995. After 10 years of follow-up from 1985-95, there were 98 cases of fatal or non-fatal coronary heart disease. FINDINGS: Between 1985 and 1995, average trans fatty acid intake decreased from 4.3% to 1.9% of energy. After adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking, and dietary covariates, trans fatty acid intake at baseline was positively associated with the 10-year risk of coronary heart disease. The relative risk for a difference of 2% of energy in trans fatty acid intake at baseline was 1.28 (95% CI 1.01-1.61). INTERPRETATION: A high intake of trans fatty acids (all types of isomers) contributes to the risk of coronary heart disease. The substantial decrease in trans fatty acid intake, mainly due to industrial lowering of trans contents in Dutch edible fats, could therefore have had a large public-health impact.

Aged↗
PubMed1971

Atherosclerosis and vitamin C.

Following the chance observation that the author's serum-cholesterol could be varied between 140 and 230 mg. per 100 ml. by increasing the vitamin-C intake or by lowering it, a study was undertaken in healthy individuals and in patients with atherosclerosis. In healthy people under the age of 25, cholesterol levels tended to fall when 1 g. of vitamin C per day was added to an otherwise normal diet. In older people, no consistent pattern of serum-cholesterol change was seen, but in patients with a history of atherosclerosis, most of whom were on clofibrate and/or anticoagulants, the serum-cholesterol increased in the weeks when vitamin-C supplements increased in the weeks when vitamin-C supplements were given. It is suggested that this rise in serum-cholesterol is caused by mobilisation of the arterial cholesterol.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Changes in ultrasound appearance of the internal female genital organs during treatment for eating disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To confirm that changes of the internal female genital organs in patients with eating disorders can be detected with ultrasound and that successive normalization can be followed during treatment. STUDY DESIGN: Thirty-five women with the diagnoses of eating disorders were examined with ultrasound while undergoing psychiatric treatment. The endometrial thickness and ovarian volume were measured. The sonographic picture of the ovaries was classified in four classes. RESULTS: Bulimics had changes of their ovaries in spite being of normal weight. After psychiatric treatment and a normal diet, the ovaries and the bleeding pattern normalized without a change in body weight. In anorectics, undetectable ovaries or ovaries without follicles were associated with low body mass index (BMI), but multifollicular ovaries or presence of a dominant follicle and ovarian volume had no clear relation to BMI. The endometrial thickness correlated with BMI. CONCLUSION: Ovarian morphology appeared more important than ovarian size. Changes of the ovaries appeared more related to eating patterns than to BMI. Eating disorders should be considered in women with bleeding disorders. Ultrasound examination can contribute to the differential diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

A comparison of dietary behaviour in Central England and a French Mediterranean region.

UNLABELLED: BJECTIVEe: The investigation involves comparison of dietary behaviour between UK and Mediterranean France by characterizing the pattern of the current French Mediterranean diet compared with the current British diet. DESIGN: The findings of two dietary surveys, one in the UK and one in France, are compared. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used in both countries. Questions on food frequency were used to assess dietary behaviour, which were regrouped in the French survey to correspond with UK groupings. Dietary indices were constructed to describe dietary behaviour in relation to cancer recommendations for intake of fat, fibre, meat, fruit and vegetables. SETTING: The UK study was conducted in Leicestershire, central England and the French study was carried out in Hérault, southern France. SUBJECTS: UK: n=418 subjects (57.9% female and 42.1% male; mean age=45.0 y); France: n=635 subjects (50.1% female and 40.9% male; mean age=49.8 y). Age range of both samples: 20-74 y. RESULTS: There were positive and negative trends in food consumption in each country. UK respondents reported eating more beans and pulses (P=0.000), less cheese (P=0. 000), red meat (P=0.001), and processed meats (P=0.000) than French respondents. However, on the negative side, they ate less fruit and vegetables (P=0.000), fish and poultry (P=0.000), cereals (P=0.000), and more sweets and chocolates (P=0.000), and cakes, pastries, biscuits and puddings (P=0.000). Women had healthier diets in both countries. CONCLUSIONS: Overall the southern French diet was healthier as French respondents scored significantly better for indices for fat, dietary fibre, fruit and vegetables (P=0.000 in all cases). However, the French sample scored poorer for the meat index (P=0.000). SPONSORSHIP: This study was supported by a grant from l'Association de la Recherche contre le Cancer (ARC) awarded to M Holdsworth.

Adult↗
PubMed1967

Serum lipoproteins during chemical carcinogenesis.

1. The serum-protein and -lipoprotein patterns of rats, given a purified diet containing 0%, 0.005% or 0.03% 2-acetamidofluorene, have been determined by disk electrophoresis. 2. An abnormal high-density lipoprotein was detected from the first week of the experiment in the serum of the animals given the carcinogen. The low-density lipoproteins also increased on prolonged feeding with the carcinogen.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Effects of diets high in sucrose or aspartame on the behavior and cognitive performance of children.

BACKGROUND: Both dietary sucrose and the sweetener aspartame have been reported to produce hyperactivity and other behavioral problems in children. METHODS: We conducted a double-blind controlled trial with two groups of children: 25 normal preschool children (3 to 5 years of age), and 23 school-age children (6 to 10 years) described by their parents as sensitive to sugar. The children and their families followed a different diet for each of three consecutive three-week periods. One diet was high in sucrose with no artificial sweeteners, another was low in sucrose and contained aspartame as a sweetener, and the third was low in sucrose and contained saccharin (placebo) as a sweetener. All the diets were essentially free of additives, artificial food coloring, and preservatives. The children's behavior and cognitive performance were evaluated weekly. RESULTS: The preschool children ingested a mean (+/- SD) of 5600 +/- 2100 mg of sucrose per kilogram of body weight per day while on the sucrose diet, 38 +/- 13 mg of aspartame per kilogram per day while on the aspartame diet, and 12 +/- 4.5 mg of saccharin per kilogram per day while on the saccharin diet. The school-age children considered to be sensitive to sugar ingested 4500 +/- 1200 mg of sucrose per kilogram, 32 +/- 8.9 mg of aspartame per kilogram, and 9.9 +/- 3.9 mg of saccharin per kilogram, respectively. For the children described as sugar-sensitive, there were no significant differences among the three diets in any of 39 behavioral and cognitive variables. For the preschool children, only 4 of the 31 measures differed significantly among the three diets, and there was no consistent pattern in the differences that were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Even when intake exceeds typical dietary levels, neither dietary sucrose nor aspartame affects children's behavior or cognitive function.

Affect↗
PubMed1979

Evidences suggestive of no intestinal nitrogen fixation for improving protein nutrition status in sweet potato eaters.

Total of seven teenagers and two adults were given sweet potato diets that supplied slightly below requirement levels of protein for 32 (experiment 1) or 53 days (experiment 2) in two separate experiments. In experiment 1 and during the first 36 days of experiment 2, nitrogen (N) balance studies with the teenagers were conducted with 0.67 and 0.71 g of protein per kilogram of body weight, respectively. Results of the N balances including skin N loss were -0.5 mg N/kg per day in experiment 1 and -3.2 mg N/kg per day in experiment 2. Two adults were given 0.63 g/kg of protein and gave average N balance of +6.0 mg N/kg per day (experiment 2), however, one of them had a slightly negative cumulative N balance if miscellaneous N losses were included in calculation. Plasma urea N of both teenagers and adults decreased significantly from 8 to 11 to 2 to 3 mg/100 ml in experiment 2. After 32 or 53 days on the sweet potato diets, the plasma free amino acid pattern of the teenager subjects showed abnormality. Furthermore, the subjects were easier to get fatigue by physical exercise, and took longer nap due to sleepiness during the latter days of the experiments. Thus, although the mean hemoglobin, hematocrit, plasma total protein, and plasma albumin levels were within the normal ranges, the protein nutrition status of the teenagers and one of the two adults was considered to be not normal. The results suggested that intestinal N-fixation that was proposed by several investigators to occur in sweet potato eaters probably did not occur. The subjects' feces were examined in vitro for the ability of N-fixation with negative results. During the last 17 days of experiment 2 the effect of excess calorie on N balance was examined.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Evaluation of an alternating-calorie diet with and without exercise in the treatment of obesity.

This study examined the effects of calorie alternation and exercise on weight loss. Moderately obese women (130-160% of ideal body weight) were randomly assigned to an alternating- or constant-calorie diet with or without aerobic exercise. Both diets provided an average of 1200 kcal/d over a 12-wk period; daily intake of subjects in the alternating-diet condition varied in a prescribed pattern from 600 to 1800 kcal/d. Exercising subjects walked 5 d/wk. All subjects participated in an intensive outpatient behavior-modification program. At the end of the study, exercised subjects had greater reductions in body weight and body fat percentage than did nonexercised subjects. The type of caloric restriction did not affect weight or fat loss. Changes in resting metabolic rate did not differ among groups. Alternating calories was neither beneficial nor detrimental as a weight-loss strategy whereas exercise was clearly beneficial in weight-loss therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Dietary fat and the risk of clinical type 2 diabetes: the European prospective investigation of Cancer-Norfolk study.

The role of dietary fat in the etiology of type 2 diabetes remains uncertain. The authors investigated the association between dietary fat composition and risk of clinical type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer-Norfolk study and identified food consumption patterns associated with dietary fat composition. Diet was assessed at baseline (1993-1997) using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. From multiple sources of information, 414 incident cases of diabetes were identified among 23,631 men and women aged 40-78 years during 3-7 years of follow-up. The capture-recapture ascertainment level was 99%. The energy-adjusted dietary polyunsaturated:saturated fat ratio was inversely associated with the risk of diabetes (odds ratio (OR) = 0.84 per standard deviation change, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.75, 0.94). Adjustment for age, sex, family history of diabetes, smoking, physical activity, total fat, protein, and alcohol attenuated the association (OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.78, 0.99), and it was no longer statistically significant after including body mass index and the waist:hip ratio (OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.81, 1.03). This prospective study showed that an increased dietary polyunsaturated:saturated fat ratio was associated with a reduced risk of diabetes, independent of age, sex, family history of diabetes, and other lifestyle factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Sexual segregation of seasonal foraging habitats in a non-migratory marine mammal.

Many animal species segregate by sex. Such segregation may be social in nature, or ecological, or both. Grey seals (Halichoerus grypus), like many large mammals, are sexually size dimorphic. In size dimorphic species, allometric differences in morphology, metabolic rate and reproductive costs are likely. Such differences may require the sexes to use different foraging strategies or different habitats. To investigate sexual segregation of habitat in grey seals, we used satellite tracks from 95 (male 46; female 49) adults breeding at Sable Island, Nova Scotia (44 degrees N, 60 degrees W) collected from 1995 to 2005. Location estimates were made from satellite fixes using a state-space movement model to estimate true locations and regularize them in time. Location estimates were used to calculate home range kernels of male and female habitat use each month. Month by sex kernel home ranges revealed striking differences and dynamics in habitat use between males and females on spatial scales broader than most terrestrial examples and at temporal and spatial resolutions rarely available for marine species. Differences were most pronounced just before (October-December) and immediately after breeding (February-March). During both periods, males primarily used areas along the continental shelf break, while females mainly used mid-shelf regions. Coupled with previously identified sex-specific seasonal patterns of energy storage, diving and diet, our findings suggest that males and females differ profoundly in their spatial foraging strategies. These differences may serve to maximize fitness by reducing intersexual competition during key foraging periods.

Animal Migration↗
PubMed1981

Binge eating: a theoretical review.

An eating pattern consisting of gorging, alternating with dieting and purging is identified as a clinical problem in patients of normal weight, in the obese, and in patients with anorexia nervosa. The clinical reports have used a variety of names for this problem, and this has obscured the similarity between the various descriptions. Another perspective on the problem is offered by the experimental research on dietary restraint and counter-regulation. Counter-regulation, found in subjects from all weight groups who are restricting their food intake, is construed as a laboratory version of an eating binge. The clinical and experimental reports are combined to provide suggestions for the aetiology and treatment of the problem of binge eating.

Anorexia Nervosa↗
PubMed1994

The prevalence and consequences of subclinical eating disorders in female athletes.

A growing body of evidence suggests that the prevalence of eating disorders and excessive concerns regarding body weight in certain subpopulations of female athletes are increasing. The pressure on female athletes to improve their performances and physiques, coupled with the general sociocultural demand placed on all women to be thin, often results in attempts to achieve unrealistic body size and body weight goals. For some female athletes the pressure to achieve and maintain a low body weight leads to potentially harmful patterns of restrictive eating or chronic dieting. This paper seeks to further delineate the characteristics of a recently identified subclinical eating disorder in female athletes: anorexia athletica. Research studies that support the existence of subclinical eating disorders will be reviewed. In addition, the possible physiological and psychological consequences of subclinical eating disorders will be explored.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1999

Cataract development in 12-month-old rats fed a 25% galactose diet and its relation to osmotic stress and oxidative damage.

We attempted to clarify the pattern of cataract development in 12-month-old rats fed a 25% galactose diet and to assess the relation of cataract development with osmotic stress and oxidative damage. In lenses of 12-month-old male Wistar rats fed a 25% galactose diet over an 8-month period, suture accentuation appeared at 6 months of galactose feeding and then opacities developed from the anterior subcapsular cortex toward the posterior subcapsular cortex, reaching the nuclear region at 8 months of galactose feeding. Increases in lens galactitol and lipid peroxide contents and a decrease in lens reduced glutathione content occurred at 4, 6 and 8 months of galactose feeding. The increase in lens lipid peroxide content and the decrease in lens reduced glutathione content were accelerated with an increase in feeding period, while the increase in lens galactitol content was decelerated. An increase in lens water content and a decrease in lens protein content occurred at 6 and 8 months of galactose feeding. The lens vitamin E content increased at 6 months of galactose feeding and this increase was concomitant with increases in serum vitamin E and total cholesterol concentrations. The serum lipid peroxide concentration increased at 4 and 6 months of galactose feeding. The present results indicate that in lenses of 12-month-old rats fed a 25% galactose diet, suture accentuation appears initially and then opacities develop from the anterior subcapsular cortex toward the posterior subcapsular cortex, finally reaching the nuclear region. These results also suggest that in the galactosemic aged rats, osmotic stress would mainly contribute to cataract formation, while oxidative damage could be linked to both cataract formation and progression, although an increase in lens vitamin E content occurs during the cataract development.

Animals↗