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On the basis of data from the Epidemiologic Study of Cardiovascular and other chronic diseases which has been carried out among the population of 6460 males, 35-62 years of age in the territory of the Tuzla commune in Yugoslavia, this relationship between peptic ulcer and blood pressure level had been analyzed.
"It has been estimated that more than 70 million people, from developing countries mostly, are employed outside their native countries, legally or illegally, that more than a million people emigrate on a permanent basis to other countries every year, that as many seek asylum and that more than 12 million refugees live outside their native countries. These estimates point at external migrations as a widely spread and growing phenomenon, with various important developmental, economic, political and humanitarian facets. Like almost all other countries, Yugoslavia too is affected by this global phenomenon and it has been in the world migratory trends for a long time now. Its entire territory was characterized by external migrations and some of its regions particularly by migration for economic reasons."
Dragan M. Dugalitsh was born on 2nd August 1934 in Stari Trg in Kosovo in a working family. He finished the elementary school in his birthplace and the secondary school in Kosovska Mitrovica. He entered the University School of Medicine in Belgrade in 1954 and finished the studies in 1961 as one of the best students in his generation (average mark 9.22). During the studies D. Dugalitsh was very active in the students' organization, especially in professional and sport activities. He was educator first at the Chair of Chemistry and later at the Chair of Physiology. He was member of the Yugoslav Communist Party since 1954. He participated in three federal work drives. After having done the internship and national service he began to work at the Institute of Physiology of the University School of Medicine in Belgrade. However, in 1963 he changed the Institute for the First Department of Surgery managed by professor Ljubomir Rashovitsh. In 1968 he passed the examination in general surgery with excellent mark and in 1969 he was elected assistant lecturer at the Department of Surgery. His doctor's thesis was entitled "Experimental transplantation of lungs in dogs". Then, he was elected senior lecturer in 1975, associate professor in 1980 and professor of surgery in 1985. At the Department of Surgery he passed through all professional grades, from clinical physician and head of a ward to director of the Department of Surgery (1988-1992). He was also secretary of the Chair of Surgery (1984-1987) and associate dean of the University School of Medicine in Belgrade. Several times he received advanced training abroad. D. Dugalitsh was the visiting lecturer and surgeon in many towns in former Yugoslavia. He was member of many national and international surgical associations (SIC/ICC, CICD) and member of editorial boards of domestic and foreign medical journals (ACI, SA, AGEH). He was very active in the Serbian Medical Society, especially in the Section of surgery where he was also general secretary. He was rewarded by the Serbian Medical Society several times. In 1985 he was awarded the "Vishnjevski Medal" by the Moskow Vishnjevski Institute. In 1988 he became member of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the Serbian Medical Society. D. Dugalitsh was a workaholic, altruistic and self-denial person, especially devoted to an ill person. He was very respected by his colleagues and collaborators. He died on 3rd December 1992.
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the standardised incidence ratio (SIR) of TB among the foreign-born in Norway. METHOD: The expected number of TB cases was calculated by applying the sex- and age-specific incidence rates for those born in Norway to the corresponding foreign-born population. The SIR was measured as the ratio between observed and expected number of cases. RESULTS: The expected number of TB cases was between zero and three for all selected countries; the observed number of cases was significantly higher. The SIR was highest for Africa (160, 95%CI 144-175) and lowest for USA/Canada (0.4, 95%CI 0.1-1.0). It was 883 for Somalia (95%CI 775-991), 122 for Vietnam (95%CI 106-139), 119 for Pakistan (95%CI 105-134), 115 for the Philippines (95%CI 91-144) and 49 for former Yugoslavia (95%CI 40-57). The SIR for all the foreign-born was 21 (95%CI 20-22), giving a population attributable risk of 38%. It was highest in the age group 15-39 years (95, 95%CI 89-101), and lowest for those 65 years and older (3, 95%CI 2.1-3.3). The SIR for extrapulmonary TB was also high in those aged 15-39 years (159, 95%CI 146-173). CONCLUSION: SIRs for TB differ by country and continent of birth. Understanding local epidemiology and immigration patterns will help better target prevention efforts.
Standardized dental examinations of schoolchildren were regularly carried out since 1964 in 16 rural communities of the Canton of Zurich. In 1964, there were no 14-year-old schoolchildren free from caries; in the Nineties about half of the 14-year-olds had a caries-free permanent dentition (DMFT = 0). From the year 1992 to 2000, the caries prevalence (DMFT) of 14-year-olds decreased once again, by 31%. The pit and fissure caries prevalence (DFS) of 12- and 14-year-olds decreased by 28% and 37%, respectively. In 2000, the mean DMFT-value of the 12- and 14-year-old schoolchildren was 0.90 and 1.27 respectively. In 1964, only few 7-year-old schoolchildren were caries-free; in the Nineties about half of the 7-year-olds had a primary dentition without caries. From the year 1992 to 2000, caries prevalence (dmft) in 7-, 8- and 9-year-olds increased by 64%, 22% and 31%. In 2000, the mean dmft-value of all 7-year-old schoolchildren was 2.45. The Swiss schoolchildren had 1.79 dmft; the schoolchildren from former Yugoslavia and from Albania had 6.89 dmft and those of other nations had 3.37 dmft. Possible reasons for the continuous caries decrease in the permanent dentition and the increase in the primary dentition are discussed. Additional measures in order to improve the situation in the primary dentition are proposed.
Epidemiological, clinical pathological investigations concerning Balkan nephritis (BN) have revealed some particular aspects which define this condition as a distinct nosologic entity. Its endemic familial character and its occurrence restricted to some limited geographic areas in Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Romania, are highly unusual. BN leads to chronic impairment of the renal function which is, however, not constantly associated with edema and hypertension. The duration of the disease is prolonged; death takes place from uremia within five to ten years. Gross pathologic changes are consisting of severe bilateral atrophy of the kidneys, with structural changes suggesting a 'renal cirrhosis'. The etiology of the disease is obscure. Investigations carried out by means of electron microscopy and immunofluorescence tests are suggesting that the pathogenesis is rather complex. The role of a persistent tolerated or slow, latent virus infection in certain families, that of some toxic factors, and the implication of autoimmune mechanisms are to be considered.
Principal changes in the drug field in this country in 1991 were caused by the armed aggression committed against Croatia and the succession of disturbances that this aggression induced. Abroad as many as 13.6% of drugs could be ranked as category A. Here dominate some drugs for AIDS, which is a significant problem in medicine, but also some drugs for rare diseases ("orphan drugs"), like Gaucher's disease, precocious puberty etc. In this country (until the sovereignty was reached on October 8, 1991) 13.8% of drugs belonging to category B were approved. In category C ranked were 83.0% of drugs, abroad 75%. Two in this country (rutoside and creatinephosphate), one abroad (ditiocarb) were classed in category D. At preparing new Drug Law of independent Croatia, caution is necessary over numerous details which will enable us to become, in this field too, as soon as possible a part of the developed Europe. The latest List of Drugs that is paid by the Croatian Health Insurance is discussed. It comprises up to 230 generic names, excluding those that are--unjustifiably--most prescribed. The List's aim is to rationalize drug therapy, allowing other modes of prescribing improvement. To a large degree drug prescribing is not rational. The latest data (1990) have shown that only 4 out of 10 most prescribed drugs in Zagreb are undoubtedly efficacious, 9 out of 10 in Ljubljana, 5 out of 10 (1989/90) in former Yugoslavia, and abroad ("in the world") all 10. The characteristics of drug filed in war are reviewed as well as problems connected with drug donations. The importance of concern that "aimed" donations replace those that are not optimally used is stressed. The article ends with the question of the importance of objective information sources in drug field.
BACKGROUND: The recent development of laboratory techniques that can rapidly characterize the molecular defects of beta-thalassemia has resulted in the discovery of more than 100 different point mutations in the beta-globin gene. These mutations are population specific. About 20 of them account for over 90% of beta-thal genes in the world. The other mutations are usually found in single families. In this paper we describe a case with a novel mutation at position IVS II-850 (G-C) as a cause of beta-thalassemia. METHODS: Direct sequencing of PCR amplified DNA was used for the detection of the mutation. ASO probes were synthesized for dot-blot hybridization. Expression of the mutated allele was evaluated through Northern blot and RNA-PCR analyses. RESULTS: This mutation was found in four members of a family, who exhibited severe microcytosis and hypochromic anemia, with an average alpha/beta ratio of 2.0. The sequencing of PCR amplified DNA showed a G-C mutation at position IVS II-850 of the beta-globin gene. Dot blot analyses confirmed the presence of this substitution in all four carriers. Northern blot and RNA-PCR analyses did not reveal any abnormally spliced mRNA species. DISCUSSION: The G-C substitution at position IVS II-850 is the third mutation in the invariant AG dinucleotide of the acceptor splice site of the second intron of the beta-globin gene. It abolishes normal splicing, which leads to abnormally processed mRNA. It is a relatively rare mutation since it was not detected among the uncharacterized beta-thal chromosomes from Yugoslavia.
The aim of the present survey was to assess the caries prevalence in schoolchildren of the city of Winterthur in the year 2002. A simple random sample of 1000 schoolchildren was drawn. 65% of the children participated in the standardized investigation. The mean DMFT-value (permanent dentition) in 12-year-olds was 1.0 and was on a low level in a European comparison. The mean dmft-value (deciduous dentition) in 7-year-olds was 2.0. From 1971 to 2002, DMFT-values decreased by about 80% in Winterthur. The dmft-values decreased by about 60%. The splitting by nationality revealed a high caries prevalence in schoolchildren from the former Yugoslavia and Albania. A multivariate analysis showed no significant differences in caries prevalence between the schoolchildren of the city of Winterthur and other communities of the canton of Zurich.
During the period 29.10.1987-10.5.1988 an outbreak of an illness with rash resembling Erythema Infectiosum occurred among school children in one part of Belgrade-Mladenovac. This is the first outbreak of Erythema Infectiosum reported in Yugoslavia and confirmed in University College of Middlesex School of Medicine, London, in November 1989. Of 720 school children exposed to infection of Human Parvovirus B 19 two hundred and eighty four (39.4%) have had clinical symptoms and 166 (58.4%) of them were in the age group 10-14. The sero-epidemiologic investigations excluded infection of Rubella virus, Cytomegalovirus and Coxsackie viruses A 9 and B 5. To detect the infection Elisa IgM antibody, complement fixation, inhibition of hemagglutination and isolation have been used. Clinical symptoms of illness have been manifested as Rubella like exanthemas on extremities in 92.5%, extremities and body in 26.5% and the phenomenon "slapped Cheek" was discovered in 76.25% of all patients. Reappearance of rash has been observed in 25% of cases.
OBJECTIVES: The study involved Nigerian soldiers engaged in peacekeeping missions in Liberia and Yugoslavia. Using case illustrations, the study sought to describe patterns of homicidal violence among soldiers from the same country or soldiers from allied forces, and to suggest possible reasons for the attacks. DESIGN AND SETTING: Nigeria was actively involved in peacekeeping missions in Liberia between 1990 and 1996. During this period, intentional homicidal attacks occurred among the Nigerian military personnel. Post-homicidal interviews conducted among the perpetrators were combined with evidence obtained at military courts to produce the case studies. SUBJECTS: Six Nigerian military personnel who attacked other Nigerians or soldiers from allied forces, with homicidal intent. RESULTS: Possible predisposing and precipitating factors for these attacks were highlighted. The possibility of recognising these factors before embarking on overseas missions was discussed, so that preventive measures could be instituted as far as possible. Finally, medico-legal implications of homicide in the military were discussed. CONCLUSIONS: A certain degree of pre-combat selection is essential to exclude soldiers with definite severe psychopathology. A clearly defined length of duty in the mission areas and adequate communication with home could reduce maladjustment. Health personnel deployed to mission areas should be very conversant with mental health issues so that early recognition of psychological maladjustment is possible.
Serbia-Montenegro, formerly the Republic of Yugoslavia, is the first European Country where Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Le Conte (Col.: Chrysomelidae) (D.v.v.) was reported in 1992 as an invasive alien pest species, Baca (1993), Camprag and Baca, (1995): From a focal point near Belgrade airport, the maize pest quickly spread in all directions reaching the economic threshold in a number of surrounding countries around 1995. The field experiments described took place in the Banat region east of Belgrade in July of 2002. The plant kairomone mimic 4-methoxycinnamaldehyde (MCA) dissolved in acetone was slowly volatilized from paper squares. It permeated a maize field of known D.v.v. history of 0.5 ha size 3 km north of the village of Crepaja. With release rates of 266 g/ha, max. orientation disruption levels of 55% were achieved. The total amount of MCA was distributed in two manual applications. Readings of orientation levels were continued for eleven days during the latter part of July and into early August of 2002.
There are many reports relating to victims and mass graves in the former Yugoslavia. They emphasize the importance of creating local skeletal identification standards. In this paper we deal with the first mass grave examined since the Kosovo crisis started and discuss problems regarding the identification process, especially the coincidence of antemortem with postmortem data. Twelve persons out of 39 bodies were identified using interviews with relatives and correspondence of biological data with personal effects and/or documents. Previous pathology was of crucial importance in the identification of three persons.
Following a report from the Secretary General in May 1993, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 827 and its Statute establishing an International War Crimes Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) located in The Hague, The Netherlands. Although such action has been discussed in the past, this is the first time the international community has established a tribunal to indict and try individuals for war crimes. The crimes had been previously "created" by multilateral international treaties. The ICTY Rules of Procedure and Evidence allowed for "any special defense, including that of diminished or lack of mental responsibility." Precise legal parameters of the defense were not specified. In 1998, a defendant at the ICTY "Celebici" Trial named Esad Landzo raised the defense of diminished mental responsibility. The Celebici Trial Chamber thus became the first legal body to consider reduced mental capacity as it applies to international criminal law. This article is an examination of the application of the affirmative defense of diminished responsibility at the ICTY and relates the process to the need for further definition of mental incapacity defenses at the newly established International Criminal Court (ICC). At the ICC preparatory commission, drafting material elements of crimes was emphasized, with less consideration given to mental elements. That diminished capacity and diminished-responsibility defenses have often confused scholars and practitioners alike is explored in this article with suggestions for further directions.
This paper examines the participation of anthropologists in international human rights investigations between 1990 and 1999 by surveying four of the most active organizations, including the Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team, the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, Physicians for Human Rights and the U.N.-sponsored International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. The education level, sex, nationality and primary role of the anthropological members of each team are quantified, as are the types of projects in which they contributed. The results show that 134 anthropologists from 22 nations investigated nearly 1300 sites in 33 countries during the study period. While involvement is not limited to those with advanced degrees and few obstacles are placed before anthropologists who wish to participate, full-time service within these organizations is rare and those interested in a career in forensic anthropology and human rights should understand the employment limitations.
Ministry of Health of the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia established the National Poison Control Centre in 1995. However, that was only the formally solution since clinical, analytical and experimental services in toxicology had worked independently for at least 40 years. Besides the Headquarters, NPCC has currently 2 main units, the Clinic of Emergency and Clinical Toxicology and Pharmacology and the Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology. The latter is consisted of Toxicological Information Department, Department of Analytical Toxicology and Department of Experimental Toxicology and Pharmacology. The Mobile Toxicological Chemical Unit is a separate department that is activated from personnel of the NPCC in a case of chemical accidents and/or disasters. Clinical, information and analytical parts of NPCC have a 365-day/24-hour working service. The Clinic of Emergency and Clinical Toxicology and Pharmacology is a place where the intoxicated patients are treated, including those that need the intensive care measures. Toxicological Information Department uses the data from a self-made computer Database for different information purposes. Department of Analytical Toxicology is equipped with a lot of contemporary analytical equipment that is giving the opportunity of identification and quantification of chemicals/metabolites/degradation products in biological material, food, water, air and soil. Basic pharmacological and toxicological research of chemicals and pre-clinical investigations of antidotes are realized in the Department of Experimental Toxicology and Pharmacology. In terms of medical prevention and rational treatment of human poison exposures in Serbia, the current organization of NPCC has so far proven to be effective.
INTRODUCTION: The incidence of sarcoidosis varies according to ethnic origin, geographic region and genetic factors. It might be more prevalent than reported Serbia & Montenegro is a Balkan country which has a population of about 8 million inhabitants and occupies part of the territory of ex-Yugoslavia. Epidemiological data on sarcoidosis are collected and followed-up through a network of referral facilities. The aim of the study was to analyze some sarcoidosis epidemiological features in Serbia&Montenegro in a 10-year period (1991-2002) and to highlight advantages of central sarcoidosis register. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Annual reports of two referral institutions (one from Serbia, the other from Montenegro) on sarcoidosis were analyzed, as well as official mortality statistics. RESULTS: The incidence rate (IR) trend for sarcoidosis is stable with 1.9/100,000 inhabitants on average in 12 year period (RR: 1.3 - 2.6%). In the last year of the analyzed period--2002--IR was 1.3/100,000 pop. IR varies significantly by region (0.05 - 4.9/100,000). Female to male ratio is 1.84. The prevalence of sarcoidosis has an increasing tendency and might require precise exclusion criteria of cases in registries. The mortality rate is below 1/100,000 both in females and males. CONCLUSION: Although we assume that provided data are accurate on average, a central sarcoidosis registry would improve registration, follow-up and research on sarcoidosis. Significant IR differences among regions might be an object of another investigation, as well as a study of genetic predispositions to sarcoidosis.
BACKGROUND: Historically, Wisconsin has received refugees from 3 large geographic areas: Southeast Asia, the Former Soviet Union, and the former Republic of Yugoslavia. However, recent trends demonstrate a dramatic increase in the number of countries from which current refugees originate. Further, state migration patterns show that most counties in Wisconsin have sizable per capita refugee populations and can expect more. OBJECTIVE: This paper describes past and current refugee resettlement trends and their ramifications on health care delivery, health policy, and social development in Wisconsin. METHODS: Statistical data on national, regional, and state refugee resettlement trends was obtained from the US Department of Health and Human Services' Office of Refugee Resettlement and the Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development. Additional data was obtained from Milwaukee-based refugee service agencies. Further, discussions were held with health officials in Barron County and around the Midwest. FINDINGS: Beginning in the 1980s, with the influx of Laotian Hmong refugees, and continuing through the late 1990s with the end of the Balkan Wars, Wisconsin has provided safe refuge for thousands of refugees. Over the last 5 years the diversity of refugees being resettled in Wisconsin has accelerated to include an array of countries. This phenomenon has led to an increase in the range of health behaviors and health needs characteristic of these populations. The new face of refugee immigration has profound implications on Wisconsin's health landscape, not only in terms of clinical disease, but also in health policy, planning, and social development.