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PubMed1991

Acute ethanol intoxication decreases the likelihood of resuscitation from cardiac arrest in rats.

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Acute ethanol intoxication has been shown to depress myocardial performance in both laboratory and clinical studies. The present study was designed to examine the effect of acute ethanol intoxication on resuscitation of rats subjected to cardiac arrest. Rats were given 1.2 g ("moderately intoxicated") or 2.4 g ("highly intoxicated") of ethanol/kg, or distilled water ("nonintoxicated" rats). Using a standardized technique, we induced cardiac arrest. CPR was then attempted using chest compressions interposed with abdominal compressions. Resuscitation was said to be successful if BP returned spontaneously within 6 mins of institution of chest compressions interposed with abdominal compressions, and if systolic BP was 50% of its prearrest level within 10 mins of discontinuation of chest compressions interposed with abdominal compressions. Mean +/- SD serum ethanol levels were 121.3 +/- 12.9 mg/dL (26.3 +/- 2.8 mmol/L) (moderately intoxicated rats) and 254.4 +/- 34.6 mg/dL (55.2 +/- 7.5 mmol/L) (highly intoxicated rats). RESULTS: Resuscitation was successful in 75% (15/20) of nonintoxicated rats, 46.7% (7/15) of moderately intoxicated rats, and 33.3% (5/15) of highly intoxicated rats. The difference in resuscitation rates was significant for nonintoxicated rats compared with either intoxicated rats as a group (p = .021) or highly intoxicated rats (p = .019), but was not significant for nonintoxicated rats compared with moderately intoxicated rats. CONCLUSION: Acute ethanol intoxication appears to decrease the likelihood of successful resuscitation in a dose-dependent fashion.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed2003

Genetic variation of resistance to mercury poisoning in steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) alevins.

Newly hatched steelhead alevins were obtained from the factorial breeding of 24 male and 10 female steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Each set of offspring were in a separate cell. They were tested for resistance to intoxication by methylmercuric chloride (CH3HgCl) in water at a nearly constant mercury concentration of 8 microg l(-1). High mortality (81% of the tested alevins) occurred within 2 weeks. Resistance to intoxication, as measured by the time to death, as well as by the survival rate, shared high paternal and maternal variation with negligible interaction. Heritability of time to death was 0.59 +/- 0.17; heritability of survival (all-or-none trait) was lower (0.26 +/- 0.09). Mercury in dead alevins increased with time to death, exhibiting a large environmental variation and (comparatively) negligible genetic influence. At the end of the bioassay, the mercury content in survivors varied widely (3-21 microg g(-1) wet weight). The content was greater than, but correlated with that of dead alevins from the same cells, and it showed little relation with survival rate. Thus, it seems that resistance to poisoning implies a tolerance to high levels of mercury rather than a limitation of its accumulation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Concentrations of protein sulfhydryl and amino groups in the brain during acute and chronic alcoholic intoxication].

The content of sulphydryl and amine groups in water- and salt- soluble proteins of different areas of the rat brain was studied as affected by acute and chronic alcohol intoxication. With a relatively unchanged content of sulphydryl groups, noticeable variations are observed in the level of amine groups, most pronounced in proteins of the intermediate and middle areas of the brain. Under chronic intoxication the greatest changes in the content of the functional groups occur on the fourth day after cessation of the alcohol administration, when changes in the clinical state of the animals are most pronounced. It is supposed that the found shifts are caused by an acetaldehyde reversible blockade of amino groups and by the conformation rearrangement of protein molecules.

Alcohol Deterrents↗
PubMed1988

Biochemical changes in the rat after chronic thioacetamide intoxication.

Male Wistar rats were given drinking water ad libitum with 0.075% thioacetamide (TAA) for 4 weeks. TAA treatment did not affect serum aminotransferase activities and total bilirubin content. The activities of 5'-nucleotidase, K+, Na+- and Mg2+-adenosine triphosphatases in liver plasma membrane preparations were strongly depressed, while that of gamma-glutamyl transferase was considerably increased. A decline in liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome b5 concentrations was also recorded. In contrast, the content of reduced glutathione in liver homogenate supernatant (9000 g) increased about 2-fold. As plasma membrane associated enzymes seem to be exclusively affected, the liver plasma membrane could be involved in the pathogenesis of the TAA-induced precirrhotic liver changes.

Acetamides↗
PubMed1970

"Antidotal thirst": a response to intoxication.

Albino rats increased their intake of water soon after they were given a load of 0.12 molar lithium chloride in the stomach. Alterations in blood volume and tonicity could not account for the magnitude of the thirst observed, which served to facilitate the renal excretion of the toxic lithium ions.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Study of the anti-icteric and hepatoprotective activity of Persea gratissima Gaertner (Lauraceae) seeds ].

The lyophilisat of Persea gratissima Gaertner almonds was administered in various quantities to eighty four rats divided in three groups of twenty eight. in the first group (negative reference group), each animal was forcefed with 5 ml of distilled water on a daily basis, in the second group (positive reference group), the rats were forcefed with 5 ml of distilled water per day, after they were intoxicated with 0,3 ml of carbon tetrachloride under cutaneous injection, in the third group (experimental animals), each animal after it was intoxicated by the same quantity of carbon tetrachloride, was forcefed on a daily basis with 14mg/100g PV of lyophilisat of avocado almonds diluted with 5 ml of distilled water. The results showed that the lyophilisat of avocado almonds have a anti-icteric activity which is reflected in the stimulation of the liver to conjugate and eliminate bilirubin, as well as hepatoprotective activity characterised by the normalisation of the aminotransferases enzymes (ASAT, ALAT) and the healing of hepatic lesions within 10 days.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Low-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol as a probe of gastrointestinal permeability after alcohol ingestion.

Gastrointestinal permeability has been assessed previously by the excretion of PEG-400, which consists of inert molecules that are neither degraded nor metabolized and are excreted intact in the urine. We report here the effects of alcohol on gastrointestinal permeability using PEG-400. Ten grams of PEG-400 dissolved in 60 ml of water were given to 12 intoxicated alcoholics (mean blood alcohol: 2406 mg/liter). The mean urinary excretion of PEG-400 in the following 6 hr was 3.75 +/- 0.3 g SEM. When repeated after sobering up (mean elapsed time: 45 hr), all except one subject showed a decrease in PEG-400 excretion (mean: 2.08 +/- 0.2 g) (P less than 0.001). Similar experiments were conducted in two series with 12 normal controls. (1) In 7 subjects the administration on consecutive days of (a) PEG-400 (10 g) alone, (b) 10.2 g (0.42 mol) of ethanol plus PEG-400 (10 g), (c) PEG-400 (10 g) alone, and (d) PEG-400 (10 g) plus a diuretic (40 mg furosemide) resulted in the following values of PEG-400 excretion in urine: (a) 2.12 +/- 0.3 g; (b) 3.5 +/- 0.3 g, P less than 0.005; (c) 2.02 +/- 0.4, NS; and (d) 2.2 +/- 0.2 g, NS. (2) In the second experiment (5 subjects) the administration on subsequent days of (a) PEG-400 (10 g) + 0.42 mol of urea; (b) PEG-400 (10 g) + 19.2 g ethanol; (c) PEG-400 (10 g) + 0.42 mol of urea resulted also, as in the previous experiment, in increased urinary excretion of PEG-400 after the solution (b) containing ethanol (P less than 0.001). Peak serum levels of PEG-400 were (a) 0.094 +/- 0.01 g/liter; (b) 0.152 +/- 0.02 g/liter (P less than 0.05); and (c) 0.095 +/- 0.01 (P less than 0.05). The ratio of urea--creatinine clearance and urinary volumes were the same in the three periods. Therefore, PEG-400 excretion was not related to changes in urinary clearance or in volume, since the furosemide increased the volume but not PEG-400 excretion. It is concluded that ethanol increases the permeability of the gastrointestinal tract as measured by the PEG-400 test, both in chronic alcoholics during intoxication and in nonalcoholics after a small dose of ethanol. The permeability alteration is transient once ethanol ingestion stops.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Selective vulnerability of pallidal neurons in the early phases of manganese intoxication.

Prolonged exposure to manganese in mammals may cause an extrapyramidal disorder characterized by dystonia and rigidity. Gliosis in the pallidal segments underlies the well-established phase of the intoxication. The early phase of the intoxication may be characterized by psychic, nonmotor signs, and its morphological and electrophysiological correlates are less defined. In a rat model of manganese intoxication (20 mg/ml in drinking water for 3 months), neither neuronal loss nor gliosis was detected in globus pallidus (GP). However, a striking vulnerability of manganese-treated GP neurons emerged. The majority of GP neurons isolated from manganese-treated rats died following brief incubation in standard dissociation media. In addition, patch-clamp recordings in the whole-cell configuration were not tolerated by surviving GP neurons. Neither coeval but untreated GP neurons nor striatal ones manifested analogous susceptibility. Using the perforated-patch mode of recording we attempted at identifying the functional hallmarks of GP vulnerability: in particular, voltage-gated calcium currents and glutamate-induced currents were examined. Manganese-treated GP neurons exhibited calcium currents similar to control cells aside from a slight reduction in the dihydropyridine-sensitive current facilitation. Strikingly, manganese-treated GP cells--but not striatal ones--manifested peculiar responses to glutamate, since repeated applications of the excitatory amino acid, at concentrations which commonly promote desensitizing responses, produced instead an irreversible cell damage. Possible mechanisms are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Characterization of two structural forms of otonecine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Ligularia hodgsonii by NMR spectroscopy.

Clivorine (1) and ligularine (2), two hepatotoxic otonecine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloids isolated from Ligularia hodgsonii, an antitussive traditional Chinese medicine, were investigated in CDCl(3) and D(2)O by various NMR techniques to delineate why this type of alkaloid displays uncharacteristic solubility properties by dissolving in both nonpolar organic and aqueous solutions. The results demonstrated that both alkaloids exist in a non-ionized form in CDCl(3), but in an ionized form in D(2)O, suggesting that this unique dual solubility may play a role in the intoxication resultant from consumption of water extracts of herbs, including herbal teas, containing otonecine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloids.

Antitussive Agents↗
PubMed2004

Cell type specificity of lung cancer associated with arsenic ingestion.

Arsenic is a well-documented human carcinogen. Previous studies on urinary bladder and skin cancers have shown that arsenic can cause specific cell types of malignancy. To evaluate whether this is also true for lung cancers, we conducted a study on 243 townships in Taiwan. We identified patients through the National Cancer Registry Program and compared the proportion of each major cell type between an endemic area of arsenic intoxication with exposures through drinking water, which includes 5 of the townships and the other 238 townships. To control for gender and age, we analyzed data on men and women separately and divided patients into four age groups. A total of 37,290 lung cancer patients, including 26,850 men and 10,440 women, was diagnosed between January 1, 1980 and December 31, 1999 in study townships. Patients from the endemic area had higher proportions of squamous cell and small cell carcinomas, but a lower proportion of adenocarcinomas. These findings were similar across all age groups in both genders, although the lack of data on smoking is a limitation of our study. The results suggested that the carcinogenicity of arsenic on lungs is also cell type-specific: squamous cell and small cell carcinomas appeared to be related to arsenic ingestion, but not adenocarcinoma. Whereas data in the literature are limited, the association between adenocarcinoma and arsenic exposures through inhalation appeared to be stronger than that of squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore, we speculate that arsenic may give rise to different mechanisms in the development of lung cancers through different exposure routes.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1989

Effect of hyperthermia on breath-alcohol analysis.

Mild hyperthermia to the extent of a 2.5 degrees C increase above normal body temperature was produced by immersion of ethanol-intoxicated subjects in a warm water bath. Hyperthermia did not influence the blood-alcohol decay curve of the subjects. Hyperthermia did cause a significant distortion of the breath-alcohol decay curve, up to as much as a 23% increase above blood-alcohol concentration. The magnitude of this distortion effect was calculated to be a 8.62% increase in breath-alcohol concentration over blood-alcohol concentration for each degree C increase in core body temperature. The forensic relevance of these results is that further support is given to previous recommendations that temperature monitoring be included in procedures for breath-alcohol analysis. This leads to the recommendation that mouth temperature be measured before breath sampling to screen for abnormal body temperature and to allow for potential use of a "temperature correction factor." This modification to existing analytical procedures would optimize the reliability of breath-ethanol analysis for prediction of blood-ethanol concentration.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of retinol, tocopherol and ascorbic acid on vitamin metabolism in experimental chromium poisoning and controlled diet].

The possibility of dietary correction of disorders in the metabolism of some fat- and water-soluble vitamins under chrome intoxication has been shown experimentally in August rats giver rations supplemented with fibers and antioxidant vitamins. The results obtained can be used as the theoretical ground for further improvement of nutrition for chrome industry workers.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Fluoride-induced chronic renal failure.

Renal fluoride toxicity in human beings is difficult to assess in the literature. Although experimental studies and research on methoxyflurane toxicity have shown frank renal damage, observations of renal insufficiency related to chronic fluoride exposure are scarce. We report a case of fluoride intoxication related to potomania of Vichy water, a highly mineralized water containing 8.5 mg/L of fluoride. Features of fluoride osteosclerosis were prominent and end-stage renal failure was present. The young age of the patient, the long duration of high fluoride intake, and the absence of other cause of renal insufficiency suggest a causal relationship between fluoride intoxication and renal failure.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Different methods for toxin analysis in the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena (Cyanophyceae).

The brackish water cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena produce the hepatotoxic cyclic pentapeptide nodularin. Intoxications for both human as well as animal may arise when water reservoirs are contaminated with potentially toxic Nodularia species. Here, results of three independent methods for the determination of nodularin in different strains of N. spumigena are presented. The results obtained with a protein phosphatase assay and a HPLC/UV/MS method are compared with the results obtained with a bioluminescence assay, which is successfully introduced here for nodularin determination. Statistical evaluation of the three applied methods revealed a good comparability towards the detected toxin content. The methods were evaluated taking into consideration the parameters: handling, efficiency, sensitivity and selectivity. The detection limit in the protein phosphatase assay is highest (0.05ng nodularin) and lowest (250ng nodularin) in the bioluminescence assay- it was determined with 5ng (MS) and 25ng (UV) for the HPLC/UV/MS methods. The different selectivities and sensitivities are critically discussed and an analytical pathway for the determination of the biotoxin nodularin from Nodularia samples is proposed.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1978

Aluminium toxicity during regular haemodialysis.

In the west of Scotland the incidence of dialysis encephalopathy has been confined to three geographical areas where the concentration of aluminium in the water supply is greatly increased owing to the addition of aluminium sulphate. Eight patients with encephalopathy who dialysed at home in these areas had greatly increased serum aluminium concentrations, and a significant correlation was found between serum aluminium concentrations and the concentrations of aluminium in the water supply. This study provides further evidence that the dialysis encephalopathy syndrome is due to aluminium intoxication, the major source of aluminium being the water supply from which dialysis fluid prepared.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Disruption of Schwann cell elemental composition is not a primary neurotoxic effect of 2,5-hexanedione.

The effects of 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) on elemental composition (Na, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Mg) and water content of Schwann cells and myelin were assessed in rat posterior tibial and proximal sciatic nerves. Animals were intoxicated with 2,5-HD by two routes of administration: oral (0.4% in drinking water for 78, 85 or 104 days) and intraperitoneal (i.p.; 0.4 gm/kg/day x 11, 18 or 30 days). Electron probe X-ray microanalysis demonstrated that oral 2,5-HD intoxication produced temporally-dependent disruptions of Na, P, Cl, K and Mg distributions in Schwann cells of proximal and distal nerve regions. On both a dry and wet weight basis, cytoplasmic Na and Cl concentrations increased, while P, K and Mg levels declined relative to control values. In contrast, intraperitoneal administration was associated with minimal changes in regional glial cell elemental concentrations. Moreover, neither route of intoxication altered the elemental composition nor water content of myelin. Thus, oral but not i.p. intoxication of rats with 2,5-HD causes perturbation of elemental distributions in peripheral nerve Schwann cells. Although the pattern of elemental disruption caused by oral administration is typical of cellular injury, the route-dependent nature draws into question the overall mechanistic relevance of this effect.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Chronic endemic regional hydroarsenicism. The manifestations of arsenic poisoning caused by drinking water].

This report deals with endemic chronic arsenical intoxication (HACRE) observed in several provinces in Argentina. Similar reports come from Chili, Mexico, Brasil, Bolivia, Peru and Japan. HACRE patients show no systemic, symptoms and specific manifestations are palmoplantar keratoderma, multiple cutaneous epitheliomas, mainly Bowen-type and respiratory or digestive carcinomas. The authors emphasize that these specific manifestations of HACRE are worth knowing for their possible social incidence.

Adolescent↗