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PubMed1981

Computer processing of visual field data. I. Recording, storage, and retrieval.

A minicomputer system has been developed to provide real-time management of visual field data. Records of a large population of patients with glaucoma in a university ophthalmic practice are stored on magnetic disks. Data storage has been semiautomated by means of a microprocessor-controlled recording device for standard perimeters. Existing visual field records may also be digitized by means of a magnetic graphics tablet. Records are retrievable in real time and are graphically displayed at video terminals.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗

PubMed1995

The visual system of the Florida garfish, Lepisosteus platyrhincus (Ginglymodi). IV. Bilateral projections and the binocular visual field.

Infusion of cobaltous-lysine into the optic nerve of juvenile Florida garfish reveals that the preoptic area, pretectum, thalamus and the mediorostral and ventrolateral poles of the optic tectum each receive bilateral, monosynaptic input. The bilateral input to the mediorostral pole of the tectum projects via the dorsal optic tract and terminates in the rostral half of the tectum. The bilateral input to the ventrolateral tectum projects via the ventral optic tract and extends the whole length of the tectum. The incidence of direct ipsilateral input to the tectum suggests binocular vision may play a functional role in the survival of this species. In order to test this hypothesis, we examined the retinal distribution of ipsilateral retinal ganglion cells that project to the mediorostral tectum and the size and location of the binocular visual field. Cell distribution was examined by retrograde labelling with rhodamine-conjugated dextran amine delivered by microinjections into the mediorostral pole of the right optic tectum. In the ipsilateral retina, ganglion cells are distributed in a narrow temporoventral area with a mean of 0.44 +/- 0.14 x 10(3) cells per mm2 apposing the retinal margin. In the contralateral retina, ganglion cells are also distributed within this temporoventral region with a mean peak density of 2.33 +/- 0.47 x 10(3) cells per mm2. Three broad classes of ipsilaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells (orthotopic cells within the ganglion cell layer, displaced cells within the inner nuclear layer, and giant cells within the ganglion and inner nuclear layers) are identified, intermingled in both the ipsilateral and contralateral retinae after retrograde labelling from the mediorostral pole of the tectum. Ophthalmoscopic mapping of the monocular and binocular visual fields reveals two small frontal wedges of binocular overlap. A dorsal wedge (12 degrees wide) extends from approximately 7 degrees above the horizontal axis to 10 degrees beyond the vertical axis, and a ventral wedge (20 degrees wide) extends approximately 10 degrees below the horizontal axis to 15 degrees beyond the vertical axis. The dorsal binocular visual field is subtended by the temporoventral region of the retina possessing both ipsilaterally and contralaterally projecting ganglion cells which terminate in the mediorostral pole of the optic tectum. Therefore, the partial decussation of retinal ganglion cell axons at the optic chiasm brings information from corresponding regions of the binocular visual field into register in the mediorostral pole of the optic tectum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed2003

[A comparison of visual field and optic disc appearance depending on the peak intraocular pressure in patients with normal-tension glaucoma].

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical differences between the two groups depending on the peak intraocular pressure(IOP) in patients with normal-tension glaucoma(NTG). METHODS: We studied 96 eyes of 48 NTG patients who were hospitalized for diurnal IOP measurement. Then we selected the eye whose peak IOP was higher than the other, or the right eye if the peak IOP of both eyes was equal. We divided these eyes into a "high-teen" group (peak IOP > or = 16 mmHg) and a "low-teen" group(peak IOP < or = 15 mmHg). We compared these two groups by age, gender, refraction, IOP, visual field defect, optic disc appearance, and tomograph. We used a Humphrey C 30-2 program to estimate the visual field defect and classified the optic disc into four types according to Nicolela's criteria. 22 eyes were imaged with Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) to obtain topographic parameters of the optic disc. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in age, gender, refraction, optic disc appearance, or tomograph between two groups. The trough and variation range of diurnal IOP were significantly larger in the high-teen group(p < 0.01). The value of mean deviation(MD) given by STATPAC was statistically lower in the high-teen group(p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with NTG, the visual field damage tended to be greater in the high-teen group than in the low-teen group. We surmise that the IOP might influence the progression of visual field defect in NTG.

Adult↗

PubMed1974

Visual fields of cats with cortical and tectal lesions.

When cats were tested for visual field perimetry, the field of vision for each eye separately was from 45 degrees contralateral to 90 degrees ipsilateral. After either bilateral occipitotemporal lesions (with a split of the tectal commissure) or bilateral area 17, 18, and 19 lesions, the cats could see with each eye only from the midline to 90 degrees ipsilateral. A cat that became nearly totally blind as a result of bilateral occipitotemporal decortication had a subsequent tectal split which enabled it to see with each eye from the midline to 90 degrees ipsilateral.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

GABA and the ornithine delta-aminotransferase gene in vigabatrin-associated visual field defects.

Vigabatrin use in some epilepsy patients has been associated with persistent visual field constriction and retinal dysfunction. The mechanism is unknown, but could be related to vigabatrin, chronic epilepsy, GABA toxicity, or the effect of a metabolite in combination with a predisposing genotype. The aim of this study was to investigate the latter two hypotheses. Levels of brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were similar in subjects taking vigabatrin who developed visual field constriction and those who did not. We tested whether allelic heterogeneity of the ornithine aminotransferase gene occurs in the affected patients. No clinically significant mutation was detected, although a common intronic polymorphism was identified.

Anticonvulsants↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of glaucomatous visual field loss with locally condensed grids using fundus-oriented perimetry (FOP).

PURPOSE: We compared detection rates of glaucomatous visual field defects (VFDs) between a conventional rectangular stimulus grid and locally condensed test point arrangements in morphologically suspicious regions. METHODS: Humphrey Field Analyzer model 630 (HFA I, program 30-2 with a rectangular 6 degrees x 6 degrees grid) was used as the conventional perimetric method. Individual local test-point condensation was realized by fundus-oriented perimetry (FOP) on the Tuebingen Computer Campimeter (TCC). RESULTS: Of a total of 66 glaucoma patients, or suspected sufferers, 23 showed normal findings and 27 showed pathological findings with both methods. In 15 cases we found normal visual fields in HFA 30-2, whereas FOP revealed early glaucomatous functional damage. Only one case showed pathological HFA results, while FOP was normal. Detection rates of VFDs significantly differed between the two methods (p < 0.001; sign test). CONCLUSIONS: FOP, using individually condensed test grids, significantly increases detection rates of glaucomatous VFDs in morphologically suspicuous areas compared with a conventional HFA 30-2 technique using equidistant rectangular (6 degrees x 6 degrees) test point arrangements.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Multifocal visual evoked potentials--a method study of responses from small sectors of the visual field.

OBJECTIVE: A method study of the mfVEP technique to establish a standardised way to identify stable response components from small areas in all parts of the visual field and a test-retest reliability study. METHODS: MfVEP was recorded from 26 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: Two response components could be clearly identified. The latencies corresponded to those of the traditional VEP response (N75 and P100). The visual field was divided into 12 sectors. A characteristic pattern was obtained. Component I was mainly negative in the upper sectors and positive in the lower sectors. Component II was positive in the upper sectors and negative in the lower ones. Most of the sectors with missing responses were the ones adjacent to the horizontal meridian, corresponding to the phase reversals. In a test-retest reliability study, the amplitude and latency measurements of the second test were plotted against those of the first test. Correlation coefficients between 0.84 and 0.93 were obtained. CONCLUSIONS: The mfVEP allows a reliable quantification of two response components from small parts of the visual field. SIGNIFICANCE: This paper suggests that mfVEP could be a valuable supplement to the traditional VEP for exploring restricted parts of the visual pathways.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Visual field correlations with color Doppler studies in open angle glaucoma.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to assess the correlation between flow velocity, the resistive index and visual field defects in patients with chronic open angle glaucoma in comparison with a nonglaucomatous control population. METHODS: Color Doppler imaging was used to study flow velocity in the central retinal artery and short posterior ciliary arteries of 76 patients with chronic open angle glaucoma and 28 normal subjects. Velocity and resistive index were correlated with visual field abnormalities. RESULTS: The chronic open angle glaucoma patients showed a statistically significant lowering of the end diastolic velocity and a raised resistive index in all vessels studied. The end diastolic velocity of the central retinal arteries of glaucoma patients were significantly correlated with the Mean Deviation of the visual field (right eye, p = 0.0041; left eye, p = 0.0167). The glaucoma patients showed a statistically significant lowering of the end diastolic velocity and a raised resistive index in all vessels supplying those parts of the optic disc that corresponded to visual hemifield defects. CONCLUSION: Open angle glaucoma is associated with changes in central retinal and ciliary artery flow velocity and resistive index which suggest a compromised circulation in this region.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Storage and analysis of Goldmann's visual fields with a personal computer.

A method of storing and analyzing Goldmann's visual fields with a personal computer has been developed and applied to cases of retinal detachment. Original two-dimensional analogue data, obtained manually by ophthalmologists, were digitized and transferred to a personal computer. A one-megabyte floppy disk was able to store data of 170 charts. Stored data were easily displayed on the CRT of the computer using two- and three-dimensional graphics. Total and four quadrant areas surrounded by isopter curves were calculated for fellow eyes, diseased eyes and operated eyes. Furthermore, weighted areas with four types of weighting function which attach more importance to the center than the periphery of a visual field were calculated. Power type weighting function was found to give the most significant effect on emphasizing abnormality of eyes with retinal detachment.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Correlation of spatial contrast sensitivity and visual fields in glaucoma.

Perimetry is the standard examination in glaucoma, whereas contrast sensitivity is often proposed as a complementary test. This study investigates the extent to which the outcomes of the two tests correlate. One eye each of 44 glaucoma patients and 16 glaucoma suspects was tested with the Haag-Streit Visometer and the Octopus 201 perimeter (program G1). Contrast sensitivities correlated highest with the center of the visual field (Spearman's rho = 0.76; P < 0.001) and slightly less with the mean sensitivity of the entire visual field (rho = 0.63; P < 0.001). Mean contrast sensitivity correlated weakly with the square root of corrected loss variance (rho = -0.45; P < 0.001) and short-term fluctuation (rho = -0.34; P < 0.007). The two tests differed considerably only in very few patients. We recommend careful evaluation of the central area of glaucomatous visual fields whenever contrast sensitivity testing is not available.

Contrast Sensitivity↗

PubMed1992

[Measuring visual field loss by automated perimetry in chronic glaucoma stabilized by trabeculectomy].

The progression of field loss was determined by Humphrey Automated threshold perimetry in the short and intermediate term after surgical trabeculectomy for chronic glaucoma: mean indices (MD, PSD et FOV) were studied before and after normalisation of the intraocular pressure. Risk factors such as secondary glaucoma, previous visual field defects and cardiovascular risk factors were significantly correlated to poor or bad progression of field loss: the mean variation of MD = +1.23 dB +/- 2.84 (p < 1.5%), the mean variation of PSD = 0.50 dB +/- 1.37 (p < 6%), but the mean variation of FOV was not significant; so 36% of field defects were improved, 42% were stabilized and 22% were aggravated. When the risk factors were absent, 86% of field losses were stabilised but when cardiovascular factors were present, only 64% were stabilised. These risk factors can also be used to ascertain the prognosis of post-surgical progression of visual field, as already shown in previous reports. Automated threshold perimetry was useful to study the visual field progression with standardized and reliable numerical parameters, allowing statistical computerised management of the patients with glaucoma.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

The effect of mitomycin C trabeculectomy on the progression of visual field defect in normal-tension glaucoma.

BACKGROUND: We investigated in a prospective fashion the visual prognosis and complications in normal-tension glaucoma following unilateral trabeculectomy with adjunctive mitomycin C. METHODS: Trabeculectomy with adjunctive mitomycin C was carried out unilaterally in 21 cases of normal-tension glaucoma. Intraocular pressure (IOP), visual prognosis, and complications were compared between the operated eyes and the non-operated fellow eyes. The follow-up period ranged from 2 to 7 years. RESULTS: The IOP dropped significantly from 14.8+/-1.8 mmHg (mean +/- SD) to 9.6+/-3.9 mmHg in the operated eyes (P=0.0002, Wilcoxon signed-rank test), but did not drop in the non-operated eyes. The mean deviation (MD) was -12.69+/-6.41 dB preoperatively and -14.70+/-5.49 dB at the last clinic visit in the operated eyes, whereas in non-operated eyes it was -7.85+/-5.65 dB and -11.15+/-5.62 dB, respectively. The MD deteriorated significantly in both operated and non-operated eyes (operated eyes P=0.0239, non-operated eyes: P=0.0002; Wilcoxon signed-rank test). The MD slope was -0.37+/-0.60 dB/year and -0.71+/-0.89 dB/year for the operated and non-operated eyes, respectively (P=0.5243, Mann-Whitney U-test). Visual field deterioration was more frequently observed in the non-operated eyes by a pointwise definition of the progression (P<0.05, McNemar test). Visual acuity deteriorated in 6 of the operated eyes and in 5 of the non-operated eyes. Cataract developed in 6 (29%) of the 21 operated eyes, while among the non-operated eyes 4 (19%) developed cataract. CONCLUSION: Mitomycin C trabeculectomy is effective in delaying progression of visual field defect in normal-tension glaucoma, but complications may arise and cause some visual disturbance.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

[Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in glaucomatous eyes. A comparative study between OCT and visual field].

PURPOSE: To investigate the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in glaucomatous eyes using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). To compare the RNFL thickness with visual field damage (Humphrey field analyzer). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The mean RNFL thickness in glaucomatous eyes (n = 80) was compared with age-matched normal eyes (n = 40). Three circular scans were obtained for each eye using OCT (3.4 mm diameter). In each eye, average RNFL, 4 quadrants and 12 meridians were calculated and compared. The superior-inferior asymmetry of RNFL was studied. The average RNFL thickness was compared with mean deviation (MD) and mean standard deviation (MSD) of SITA 24-2 visual field program. RESULTS: Mean RNFL was significantly thinner in glaucomatous eyes than in normal eyes (p<0.001). The RNFL thickness was decrease in the 4 quadrants and 11 of 12 meridians studied in glaucomatous eyes (p<0.05). The superior-inferior asymmetry showed a significant difference in RNFL thickness at 30 degrees central meridian (p<0.05). Mean RNFL thickness was significantly associated with DM and DSM of visual field (p<0.001) in glaucomatous eyes. CONCLUSIONS: OCT revealed significant quantitative differences in RNFL thickness between glaucomatous and normal eyes. OCT showed a considerable measurements overlap between glaucomatous and normal eyes, which can limit the sensitivity and specificity of this instrument (Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2002; 77: 435-442).

Female↗

PubMed1984

[What new knowledge has automated perimetry with the Octopus brought on glaucomatous visual field changes?].

The results of studying patients with glaucomatous field defects over a 5-year period using the Octopus automated perimeter are summarized. This instrument relies on a retest logic and problem-orientated adaptation of the test points as well as of the software is possible with it. Automated perimetry offers significant advantages over conventional field testing and has increasing our understanding of glaucoma considerably. (1) The probability of detecting glaucomatous field defects is substantially greater than with manual perimetry; (2) the results of a visual field examination can be treated mathematically and statistically, especially when Bebie and Fankhauser 's Delta program is used; (3) the evaluation of progressive field loss is only possible using threshold perimetry, as supra-threshold stimuli are too crude; (4) increased fluctuations around the normal age-corrected threshold represent the earliest detectable changes in glaucoma; (5) loss of sensitivity is reversible in early relative scotomata; (6) the depth of relative scotomata cannot be sharply defined on account of rapid fluctuations in sensitivity; (7) early visual field changes probably represent late changes in the course of chronic simple glaucoma.

Computers↗

PubMed2005

Decreased blood flow at neuroretinal rim of optic nerve head corresponds with visual field deficit in eyes with normal tension glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To determine the relationship between the blood flow parameters of the optic disc rim and the glaucomatous visual field changes. DESIGN: Observational cross-sectional study. METHODS: Tissue blood flow in the neuroretinal rim within the optic disc was determined with the Heidelberg retina flowmeter(HRF) in 54 eyes of 54 patients with normal tension glaucoma (NTG). Patients were selected whose visual field defects were confined to either the superior or inferior hemifield. Blood flow measurements were made in a 10 degrees x 2.5 degrees area of the superior and inferior neuroretinal rim within the optic disc. The mean blood flow (MBF) was calculated by the automatic full-field perfusion image analyzer program, and the ratio of the MBF in the superior to the inferior rim areas (the S/I ratio) was calculated from the same HRF image in order to minimize the variation of measurement condition. RESULTS: Inferior rim blood flow is less than superior rim blood flow in patients with superior hemifield defect, and superior rim blood flow is reduced compared to inferior in patients with inferior hemifield defect. The mean S/I ratios of the MBF in the patients with superior hemifield defect (1.46, n=37) was significantly higher than that in the patients with inferior hemifield defect (0.79, n=17; P<0.0001, Mann-Whitney U-test). CONCLUSIONS: The blood flow in the neuroretinal rim was found to correspond to the regional visual field defect in eyes with NTG. Reductions in flow were associated with reductions in function.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Visual field contraction during G stress at 13 degrees, 45 degrees, and 65 degrees seatback angles.

In support of the High Acceleration Cockpit program, two groups of six experienced subjects, operating a high-resolution visual field limit tracker, were exposed to gradual-onset (0.067 G/s) G stress to a 7-G maximum on the USAFSAM human centrifuge. Data obtained from one group described the G-induced vertical visual field contraction, and that from the other described horizontal visual field contraction--as they occurred in relaxed subjects in seats with 13 degrees, 45 degrees, and 65 degrees seatback angles. Curves of peripheral vision remaining vs. G level indicated a statistically significant difference in tolerance provided by the 65 degrees seat over that provided by the 13 degrees and 45 degrees seats in the 5- to 7-G range, and a significant difference in tolerance provided by the 45 degrees and 65 degrees seats over that provided by the 13 degrees seat in the 4- to 5-G range. Two-dimensional reconstructions of the superior half of mean binocular vision remaining at the various levels of G stress showed complete visual loss near 5 G in the 13 degrees seat, complete loss near 6 G in the 45 degrees seat, and substantial peripheral vision remaining at 7 G in the 65 degrees seat.

Aerospace Medicine↗

PubMed1980

Ocular toxoplasmosis and visual field defects.

We studied 34 patients with peripapillary lesions secondary to toxoplasmosis. All patients had visual field defects corresponding to interruption of the nerve fiber layer of the retina. The extent of visual field loss increased with proximity to the disk.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Prevalence of visual field defects due to capsular and simple glaucoma in Hälsingland, Sweden.

In a region where both simple and capsular glaucoma are common, the observed prevalence of glaucoma with glaucomatous visual field defects based on hospital records is presented. The prevalence increased with increasing age to a maximum of 4.5% of the age group 81-85. Capsular glaucomas accounted for two thirds of the glaucomatous visual field defects. A comparison with previous population surveys indicates that the frequency of simple glaucoma is of the same magnitude as elsewhere. The high frequency of glaucomatous visual field defects can be due to the occurrence of capsular glaucoma. This supports the hypothesis that capsular glaucoma has its own epidemiology.

Adolescent↗