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PubMed2005

Sexuality and human rights in europe.

Written human rights law in Europe is as scanty as in the rest of the world. Case-law however provides considerable protection of sexual rights. It guarantees comprehensive protection of autonomy in sexual life, also for minors, and provides protection against discrimination based on sexual orientation. Negative attitudes of a majority may not justify interferences with the sexual rights of a minority and society could be expected to tolerate a certain inconvenience to enable individuals to live in dignity and worth in accordance with the sexual identity chosen by them. Compensation for interference with sexual autonomy and freedom is awarded. This high-level protection (as compared to other parts of the world) is however limited. It seems to be granted only in areas where it corresponds with public attitudes and social developments. And it is seldom secured on the national level but nearly exclusively by the European Court of Human Rights, whose case-law is often weakened by inconsistency.

Europe↗
PubMed2005

Representations of the cinaedus in Roman art: Evidence of "gay" subculture?

Whereas analysis of ancient Roman texts reveals signs of a possible homosexual subculture, their interpretation is difficult. This article analyzes the content and context of visual representations of male-male intercourse, including wall paintings at Pompeii, a silver cup, and an engraved agate gemstone. Whether presenting negative stereotypes (Tavern of Salvius, Pompeii; Suburban Baths, Pompeii), or positive ones (Warren Cup, British Museum; Leiden gemstone), these representations reveal the presence of well-developed social attitudes toward the practice ofmale-male sex and the practitioners themselves.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Conversational control in mother-child dyads. Auditory-oral versus total communication.

This study compared the conversational control of hearing mothers who use auditory-oral communication (A/O) and those who use total communication (TC). Deaf preschool children were grouped into pairs consisting of one A/O and one TC child matched for age, intelligence, and communicative competence. Interaction between the children and their mothers was then evaluated. The mothers of both A/O and TC children were found to exert similarly high levels of conversational control; however, the TC children exerted more control than the A/O children. For both the A/O and TC groups, maternal conversational style was found to be related to the child's communicative competence. Within the A/O group, maternal style reflected the child's spoken language ability. Within the TC group, maternal style was related to the child's social development.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1989

Factors affecting the placement of preschool-aged deaf children.

The placement in and movement among preschool programs of 131 children with severe and profound hearing losses was monitored over four years. Longitudinal data were obtained on the children's linguistic and social development. In the first year of the study, most of the children were enrolled in auditory/oral (A/O) programs. By the final year, most were enrolled instead in total communication (TC) programs; similar movement occurred from individual to classroom programs. Children in A/O individual programs had the most hearing, highest intelligence and most favorable family profile, followed by children in A/O classes, TC individual programs, and TC classes. Scores on measures of spoken language followed the same pattern. On measures of receptive language and mother-child communication, children in A/O individual programs and those in TC classes had similar scores. Children in TC individual programs came next, and last were children in A/O classes. These findings have implications for the choice of programs for preschool deaf children.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2004

Providers' perspectives and beliefs regarding transition to adult care for adolescents with sickle cell disease.

Until recently, few children with chronic illnesses such as sickle cell disease (SCD) lived past late adolescence. Substantial reductions in mortality mean a growing number of adolescents with SCD reach adulthood. Consensus among researchers and health care providers (HCP) from multiple disciplines is that critical attention to and more empirical research on the transition from pediatric to adult care is needed. We address the following questions: (1) How do pediatric and adult providers demonstrate involvement in transition? (2) What is expected of adolescents when they move to adult care? and (3) Do providers think there is a need for a systematic transition program? A cross-sectional, multi-format survey research study utilizing open-ended and forced-choice questions was conducted to compare responses between pediatric and adult providers from multiple disciplines. Data were collected from 227 HCP in three waves. Significant bivariate results (p < 0.05) reflected differing opinions regarding transition expectations and program need, especially among female providers, those practicing in urban areas, and providers who treat both adolescent and adult clients in comparison with their counterparts. Discussion includes implications for program development, social service and public health practice, and future research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Childhood and adolescent predictors of alcohol abuse and dependence in young adulthood.

OBJECTIVE: To provide a comprehensive examination of childhood and adolescent predictors of alcohol abuse and dependence at age 21, theoretically guided by the social development model. METHOD: Data were taken from an ethnically diverse urban sample of 808 students (51% male), surveyed at age 10 and followed prospectively to age 21 in 1996. Potential predictors of alcohol abuse and dependence at age 21 were measured at ages 10, 14 and 16. Relationships between these predictors and alcohol abuse and dependence were examined at each age, to assess changes in their patterns of prediction over time. RESULTS: Strong bonding to school, close parental monitoring of children and clearly defined family rules for behavior, appropriate parental rewards for good behaviors, high level of refusal skills and strong belief in the moral order predicted a lower risk for alcohol abuse and dependence at age 21. Of these, strong bonding to school consistently predicted lower alcohol abuse and dependence from all three ages (10, 14 and 16). By contrast, youths who had a higher risk of alcohol abuse and dependence at age 21 engaged in more problem behaviors, had more opportunities to be involved with antisocial individuals and spent more time with and were more bonded to those individuals, viewed fewer negative consequences from antisocial behaviors and held more favorable views on alcohol use. Of these, prior problem behaviors and antisocial opportunities and involvements at ages 10, 14 and 16 consistently predicted alcohol abuse and dependence at age 21. CONCLUSIONS: These important malleable predictors, identifiable as early as age 10, provide potential intervention targets for the prevention of alcohol abuse and dependence in early adulthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Playing in hospital: addition to nursing care].

Playing is one of the essential activities for the physical, emotional and social development to the child. Although the recognized importance of this activity, during the hospitalization process it is little value, so it is not find out between the foreseen therapeutic actions that are preview. The goal of this paper is discuss the theory and practice principles to subsidize the utilization of play in the aid to the hospitalization children. The empiric data collection was realized through the participant observation of 11 children who were intern in a pediatric unit of a teaching hospital of State of São Paulo up country. We identify that the act to play has repercussions in the child, nurse and hospital. To the child it is not obstruct the development; help it in the understanding about what is occurring with itself and discharge fear, tension, anxiety and frustration; promote satisfaction, funny and spontaneity and allows it transforms experiences that should support inactive in active discharge. To the nurse it is a tool of intervention and a way of communication, that allows detect the uniqueness of each child. Related to the hospital, change the current view that is only a pain and suffering place.

Child↗
PubMed2006

[Maternal mortality on the family members' perspective].

Maternal mortality is one of the health and social development indicators for countries. It is a tragedy for the family, as the death of a mother deprives the child of breastfeeding and maternal contact and also due to the fact that women maintain family unity. This study is aimed at understanding the meaning of death for the family members of women who have died. The population was formed by 10 family members of 7 women who died as a result of maternal problems in the municipality of Ribeirão Preto. The authors visited their homes and collected data through interviews. For analyzing the data the authors used thematic analysis. Three thematic categories were found: the meaning of maternal mortality; living maternal mortality in the family; and living maternal mortality in the health services. The visit confirmed that there are secondary factors that influenced in the occurrence of maternal deaths.

Death↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Dental caries and socioeconomic conditions in the State of Paraná, Brazil, 1996].

The aim of this research was to determine the correlation between dental caries and socioeconomic conditions in the State of Paraná, Brazil. Caries prevalence was estimated for each city in the State by gathering data on the DMFT index (in 12-year-old schoolchildren) supplied by the State Health Department. Official socioeconomic data for the municipalities were also presented. Ordinary least squares regression analysis was performed, and significant correlation coefficients were observed between the dental caries index and various social development indicators. Maps highlighting the overlapping areas with poor outcomes for most of these variables were presented. The results showed a significantly lower DMFT index in cities with fluoridated water supply and a negative correlation between the caries index and the proportion of households with running water in cities with fluoridated water supply. This observation highlights the importance of fluoridated drinking water for the prevention of dental caries and as a measure to reduce the impact of socioeconomic inequalities on the prevalence of tooth decay.

Brazil↗
PubMed1999

Maternal mortality in Campinas: evolution, under-registration and avoidance.

CONTEXT: Up until a few years ago, maternal mortality did not merit much attention as a worldwide public health issue. The health and social development indicator almost exclusively used was infant death. OBJECTIVE: To study the number, characteristics, basic causes and avoidance of maternal mortality (MM) among women living in the city of Campinas, which occurred between 1985 and 1991, identified from all death certificates of women aged 10 through 49 years. DESIGN: Retrospective and descriptive population-based study. SETTING: University Referal Center. SAMPLES: All eligible death certificates classified as declared and presumed maternal deaths according to the Laurenti criteria for the cause of death were selected and complementary studies of the clinical records were performed. MAIN MEASURES: Day of the week and place of occurrence of death; period of occurrence; transfer from another hospital; number of days from delivery/abortion to death; blood transfusion; opportunity for transfusion; complications; autopsy; basic cause of death. RESULTS: Initially 39 declared maternal deaths were identified and a total of 62 were confirmed by the end of the study. This corresponds to an under-registration rate of 37.1% and to an MM ratio of 45.5 per 100,000 live births. Around three-fourths of these maternal deaths were due to a direct obstetrical cause and were considered avoidable. CONCLUSION: Maternal mortality still is high in the municipality of Campinas, although lower than the mean estimated for Brazil. The predominance of direct obstetric causes and avoidable deaths reinforces the need for public health interventions directed towards avoiding them.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Brazilian study on substance misuse in adolescents: associated factors and adherence to treatment.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate developmental and environmental factors associated to substance misuse in adolescents seen at a university day-hospital in Brazil and to verify the correlations between those factors and adherence to treatment. To compare factors associated to substance misuse in adolescents with the available scientific literature and to suggest specific preventive interventions for a national policy in Brazil. METHODS: Eighty-six adolescent's guardians were evaluated at admission to the service by using a semistructured interview including sociodemographic data, family relationship, perinatal and pregnancy histories, psychomotor and educational development, social relations, history of previous illnesses and family diseases, including drug abuse. RESULTS: The sample was predominantly male (90%). Adolescents referred from the criminal justice were older than those originating from other sources (16.4 x 15.4 years old p=.00). Forty-four percent of adolescents reported school failure, a level which is two times higher than Brazilian statistics. Forty percent of the sample had criminal involvement, mainly drug dealing. Cannabis was the most prevalent reported drug. Living with both parents was protective, delaying the age of initiation by one year. Domestic violence was more frequent among parents with illicit drugs abuse (38.1% x 12.5%, p<.05). Alcoholism and drug addiction in parents and relatives were about four times higher than those reported for the Brazilian population. No correlation was found between the investigated factors and adherence to treatment. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the programs must include treatment of adults and education of parents and parents to be. Withdrawal of treatment occurs in the first month, and seems to be related to factors extrinsic to the adolescent. Substance misuse. Adolescent. Treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Conversational skills of preschool and school-age children with cleft lip and palate.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the conversational skills of preschool and school-age children with cleft lip and palate. DESIGN: The children were audio- and videotaped during interactions with an unfamiliar adult. In addition, standardized measures of speech and language were administered, and ratings of resonance were obtained. Comparisons were made between the children with cleft lip and palate and their same-age peers on measures of conversational participation and a standardized test of pragmatic skills. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were 20 children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (10 preschoolers and 10 school-age children) recruited from the Craniofacial Team at Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland (OH) and 20 noncleft peers matched for gender, age, and socioeconomic status. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Separate comparisons were made for the preschool children with cleft lip and palate and their noncleft peers, and the school-age children with cleft lip and palate and their noncleft peers on eight measures of conversational assertiveness/responsiveness and the standardized tests of pragmatics. Next, each child with cleft lip and palate was classified for level of conversational participation. RESULTS: Paired t tests revealed no significant differences between the preschool and school-age children with cleft lip and palate and their noncleft peers in level of conversational participation. However, individual child comparisons revealed less assertive profiles of conversational participation for 50% of the preschool and 20% of the school-age children with cleft lip and palate. CONCLUSIONS: Children with cleft lip and palate may show a less assertive style of conversational participation, at least during the preschool years. Therefore, craniofacial team evaluations should include examination of conversational competency, particularly for children who are demonstrating difficulty with other aspects of speech, language, or social development.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Strategies to eradicate rubella in the English-speaking Caribbean.

OBJECTIVE: This report presents the strategies used to eradicate rubella in the Caribbean region and the challenges faced by that effort. METHODS: Using the surveillance system for measles cases that was instituted in all countries in the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), 12 countries confirmed cases of rubella between 1992 and 1996. Rubella infections occurred in epidemic proportions in 6 countries during that period. RESULTS: On the basis of the rubella prevalence data, rubella-congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) cost-benefit analysis, and cost-effectiveness of the mass campaign, the Council for Human and Social Development of CARICOM resolved, on April 21, 1998, that every effort would be made to eradicate rubella, as well as to prevent the occurrence of new cases of CRS by the end of 2000. Using the Pan American Health Organization's template for measles eradication, CARICOM proposed and implemented the main strategies for rubella and CRS eradication, and rubella mass campaigns were conducted in 18 countries. The target population, which included males and females (aged 20-40 years), was approximately 2.2 million. CONCLUSION: The major challenges for rubella eradication are attaining high vaccine coverage in the adult population and maintaining an effective surveillance system able to detect rubella activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The dynamics of alcohol and marijuana initiation: patterns and predictors of first use in adolescence.

OBJECTIVES: This study, guided by the social development model, examined the dynamic patterns and predictors of alcohol and marijuana use onset. METHODS: Survival analysis and complementary log-log regression were used to model hazard rates and etiology of initiation with time-varying covariates. The sample was derived from a longitudinal study of 808 youth interviewed annually from 10 to 16 years of age and at 18 years of age. RESULTS: Alcohol initiation rose steeply up to the age of 13 years and then increased more gradually; most participants had initiated by 13 years of age. Marijuana initiation showed a different pattern, with more participants initiating after the age of 13 years. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that: (1) the risk of initiation spans the entire course of adolescent development; (2) young people exposed to others who use substances are at higher risk for early initiation; (3) proactive parents can help delay initiation; and (4) clear family standards and proactive family management are important in delaying alcohol and marijuana use, regardless of how closely bonded a child is to his or her mother.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Exercise-induced asthma in children.

Exercise-induced asthma (EIA) is a relatively common problem in children, but may not be recognized because children either do not report their symptoms, or avoid activities that cause it. Clarifying the diagnosis of EIA, in particular separating EIA from other causes of exertional dyspnea, is essential. Treating EIA in children is challenging because of the nature of their physical activities, which are often not planned, and may be prolonged. Keeping children active is an important goal to ensure healthy physical and social development. Many children with EIA are well managed with an inhaled short-acting beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist before exercise or if symptoms develop. The approach to more troublesome EIA depends on whether the child has persistent asthma and requires better prevention, or the EIA is an isolated clinical problem. The options for treatment also depend on the timing, frequency, and duration of activity that induces EIA. Options include the addition of a cromone, a leukotriene modifier, an inhaled corticosteroid, or switching to use a long-acting beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist. The use of warm-up exercises has been shown to be helpful by using the refractory period but is not practical for most children with EIA. A final consideration for successful management of EIA in children is that the delivery of medication needs to be age-appropriate.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2006

Malaria: burden of disease.

Despite more than 100 years since Laveran described plasmodium species and Ross confirmed that they were transmitted by female anopheline mosquitoes, malaria remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although the areas where transmission takes place have reduced, and they are by now confined to the inter tropical areas, the number of people living at risk has grown to about 3 billion, and is expected to go on increasing. Not only does malaria cause around 500 million cases every year, and between 1 and 3 million deaths, but it also carries a huge burden that impairs the economic and social development of large parts of the planet. The failed attempt to eradicate malaria gave way to the control policy that was followed by a huge resurgence of malaria during the late 70s and 80s. Together with the emergence and spread of resistance to chloroquine and the weak health infrastructure in many of the endemic countries, particularly in Africa, the malaria situation worsened worldwide. The last decade of the 20th century was witness to the international community becoming increasingly aware of the unacceptable situation that the burden of malaria represented to large parts of the world. Renewed efforts to describe the problem, design and evaluate new control strategies, design and develop new drugs, better understand the biology of the parasite and the immunity it induces in the human host, develop candidate vaccines, together with new financial support constitute renewed hope that may lead to new trends in global health.

Chloroquine↗
PubMed1993

An investigation of work and unemployment among psychiatric clients.

Employment and work can have a positive effect on mental health by providing opportunities for skill development, social contact, self-esteem, and income. Unemployment is a source of anxiety, stress, and depression. At the same time work can be a major source of stress by decreasing opportunities for control and autonomy. This article examines the role of work and unemployment and the relationship of work status to other indicators of community adjustment among a sample of 68 psychiatric clients in outpatient treatment. Comparisons are made between clients who are not working or seeking work, those who are unemployed and seeking work, and those who are currently working. Regression analysis is then used to examine the effect of work status on other indicators of community adjustment: psychiatric symptoms, functioning, social integration, stress, and mental hospitalizations. Working clients are more likely to be male and younger and to have had previous work experience. Working is related to higher levels of functioning in the community, while unemployment is positively related to stress. Work status was not related to social integration, indicating that work may be an alternative source of social support and should receive separate attention in assessments of community adjustment and integration.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Aging in art: beyond stereotypes.

The human experience of aging has always been compelling for artists. This article examines what artists have expressed about demeaning stereotypes related to physical and psychological deprivations, social influence and power, and sexuality in old age. Artistic representations transcend demeaning stereotypes and unveil the truth behind misconceptions. They balance negative experiences of growing old with the forces of inner and social development and growth and reconcile the negative and positive in visions of old age as a valuable, constructive stage of life. The examination of 424 works of art representing old age suggests that art can be successfully discussed in terms of gerontological concepts. Artistic representations of old age can play a heuristic role as a resource for research.

Aging↗