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PubMed1985

Effect of diet particle size and feeding of H2-receptor antagonists on gastric ulcers in swine.

Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of diet and the administration of H2-antagonists in feed on gastric ulcer formation and performance of growing-finishing swine. Pigs receiving a finely ground diet (less than lmm) grew faster (.73 vs .68 kg/d, P less than .01) and had better feed utilization (3.47 vs 3.76, P less than .01) than pigs receiving a cracked corn-based diet. Incidence of ulcers in the esophageal region of the stomach of pigs fed the finely ground diet was greater (P less than .01) than in pigs fed cracked corn. The average daily gain of pigs receiving the finely ground diet was inversely related to ulcer incidence (r = .403, P less than .01, df = 59). The addition of 5, 10, 20 or 100 ppm of the H2-antagonist, metiamide, or 6, 18 or 54 ppm of SK&F 93479 to the finely ground diet did not improve pig performance or affect the incidence of gastric ulceration. The addition of 2, 6 and 18 ppm of SK&F 93479 to a corn-soy diet containing 4.5% alfalfa meal caused a reduction in gastric ulceration (P less than .05) and improved feed utilization by 3.2% (P less than .05). These data suggest that finely ground diets improve the performance of growing-finishing swine, but increase the incidence of ulcers in the esophageal region of the stomach. Severe gastric ulceration adversely affects swine performance. Feeding H2-antagonists does not reduce the ulcerogenic properties of finely ground diets, suggesting factors other than gastric acid secretion are involved in ulcerogenesis. The use of H2-antagonists in corn-soy diets improves feed utilization and reduces ulceration.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Percutaneous serial catheterization in swine: a practical approach.

In a model designed for experimental cryoablation of the His bundle in swine, a study that required multiple and follow-up cardiac catheterizations, femoral percutaneous cannulations were successfully performed in 14 of 15 swine: 6/6 Yucatan miniature, 5/6 Hanford miniature, and 3/3 Yorkshire farm pigs, weight range 15-50 kg. A follow-up cardiac catheterization was performed in 10 of these animals: 5 Hanford and 5 Yucatan. Femoral percutaneous cannulation was successful in 6. A cutdown approach was successful in the remaining 4 after failed attempts at percutaneous vascular access. The results show that percutaneous femoral cardiac catheterization is a feasible and practical technique for cardiovascular studies in swine, especially those that require multiple and serial catheterizations.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Enzyme immunoassay for swine trichinellosis using antigens purified by immunoaffinity chromatography.

Various preparations of crude and a purified preparation of Trichinella spiralis antigens were compared in a rapid, micro-enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for detecting trichinellosis in swine. The crude antigen preparations (XM-300 or S3 fraction) were lipid-free, cell-free fractions of muscle larvae, and the purified antigen was prepared by immunoaffinity chromatography of the soluble fraction of stichocyte secretory granules from rat muscle larvae. The antigens were tested against normal and immune swine sera for sensitivity and specificity, and for their ability to detect seroconversions early in the immune response. At optimum concentrations, absorbance values from immune and nonimmune sera produced sample to noise (S/N) ratios three-fold higher for the column antigen than for XM-300. Tests of sequential sera from experimentally-infected pigs showed that the column antigen produced lower absorbances with pre-infection sera and, from 18 days post-infection, higher absorbances with positive sera. From 21-28 days post-infection, absorbances and S/N ratios with column antigen were nearly twice those with XM-300. Column antigen detected antibodies more often than XM-300 antigen in sera collected prior to the appearance of larvae. Crude antigen did not distinguish all true negatives from weakly positives in a study involving 100 sera from muscle digestion-negative pigs and 75 sera from experimentally infected pigs, whereas the column antigen distinguished all negatives from positives. In a larger scale test of the column antigen, 1,130 pigs from Puerto Rico were tested in the micro-EIA test. Puerto Rico has no endogenous trichinellosis, and all 1,130 pigs were shown to be muscle digestion negative. These same pigs were all negative using the column antigen. These results show that the column antigen out-performs the crude antigens in sensitivity, specificity, and early detection. The column antigen is therefore a major improvement in the EIA for swine trichinellosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Prevalence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in groups of swine at slaughter.

In order to estimate the prevalence of swine herds infected with pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica, 103 lots of market swine were randomly selected at slaughter during six 1-month intervals. Pigs within each lot were sampled by swabbing the oral-pharyngeal surface, poststunning and postexsanguination but prescalding. Ninety-five lots (92.2%) contained at least one pig infected with Y. enterocolitica. Pathogenic strains were defined as those harboring the ail gene which has been identified in Y. enterocolitica that causes human clinical disease. Identification of those strains harboring the ail gene was accomplished using a polymerase chain reaction technique. Twenty-nine lots (28.2%) contained at least one pig from which ail-containing (pathogenic) Y. enterocolitica were isolated. Of the 107 pathogenic Y. enterocolitica isolates identified, 89.7% were serotype O:5 and 3.7% were serotype O:3. The results from this study will aid in the design of future epidemiological investigations concerning on-farm prevalence and associated risk factors for pathogenic Y. enterocolitica. Additionally, the results support the hypothesis that swine are a significant potential reservoir for human infections by Y. enterocolitica.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of subtherapeutic use of the antibiotics apramycin and carbadox on the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella infection in swine.

The antibiotics apramycin and carbadox were fed to growing swine, and the prevalence of Salmonella isolates that are resistant to apramycin and related aminoglycoside antibiotics was examined. Three hundred twelve Salmonella-positive pigs raised on one of five farms in an integrated swine operation and slaughtered at a central plant were used. All farms fed carbadox during the grower phase, and two farms administered apramycin during the first 21 days of age. Ileocolic lymph nodes and cecal contents were sampled at slaughter. One hundred of the 312 pigs were randomly selected to examine apramycin- and carbadox-resistant Salmonella infection, while all 312 pigs were used to evaluate the association between apramycin exposure and infection with Salmonella organisms resistant to amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, and streptomycin. Antimicrobial resistance was determined using disk diffusion and breakpoint concentrations. Apramycin treatment appeared to have little effect on apramycin- (12.5 versus 20.9%) or streptomycin- (76.4 versus 73.5%) resistant Salmonella isolates when averaged across farms and compared to control animals. Feeding carbadox resulted in carbadox-resistant Salmonella infection in only 5.3% of the isolates on one farm. The prevalence of amikacin-, gentamicin-, and kanamycin-resistant Salmonella isolates on farms feeding apramycin and carbadox were 0, 0, and 1.8%, respectively. Serogroup B was the most prevalent serogroup isolated, followed by C1 and E1. Apramycin and carbadox treatment did not appear to have any effect on the serogroup isolated. Subtherapeutic use of carbadox and apramycin did not appear to increase the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in market-age swine.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of the 1-2 test for detecting Salmonella in swine feces.

The 1-2 Test is a rapid culture test for the detection of motile Salmonella. The aim of this study was to evaluate the 1-2 Test for its ability to detect Salmonella in swine feces following preenrichment and selective enrichment. Pooled pen fecal samples (n = 118) and pig rectal swabs (n = 51) were cultured for Salmonella by the 1-2 Test, which was compared with the standard isolation protocol currently used in our laboratory. In addition, pen fecal samples known to be free of Salmonella were spiked with various concentrations of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium and cultured by both methods to determine the minimum number of organisms needed to produce a positive result. When naturally contaminated pen feces and rectal swabs were used, results obtained with the standard culture method were similar to those obtained with the 1-2 Test. However, the 1-2 Test did outperform the standard culture method when the spiked feces samples were tested (chi2 = 4.00). The test kit reduced the time and materials required for the detection of Salmonella in swine feces. The results of this study indicate that the 1-2 Test is an accurate method for monitoring Salmonella in swine feces.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Acute infection of swine by various Salmonella serovars.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of various serovars of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica to infect alimentary and nonalimentary tissues of swine within 3 h of inoculation. Fourteen wild-type S. enterica serovars (4,12:imonophasic, 6,7 nonmotile, Agona, Brandenburg, Bredeney, Derby, Heidelberg, Infantis, Muenchen, Thompson, Typhimurium, Typhimurium variant Copenhagen, untypeable, and Worthington), two known virulent S. enterica serovars (Choleraesuis strain SC-38 and Typhimurium strain chi4232), and two avirulent S. enterica Choleraesuis vaccine strains (Argus and SC-54) were inoculated intranasally (approximately 5 x 10(9) cells) into swine (four animals per Salmonella isolate). Three hours after inoculation, animals were euthanized, and both alimentary tissues (tonsil, colon contents, and cecum contents) and nonalimentary tissues (mandibular lymph node, thymus, lung, liver, spleen, ileocecal lymph node, and blood) were collected for Salmonella isolation. All Salmonella serovars evaluated except Salmonella Choleraesuis SC-54 acutely infected both alimentary and nonalimentary tissues. These results indicate that Salmonella isolates commonly found in swine are capable of acutely infecting both alimentary and nonalimentary tissues in a time frame consistent with that in which animals are transported and held in lairage prior to slaughter.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1975

Fascioloides magna (Bassi, 1875) in feral swine from southern Texas.

Between 1971 and 1975, Fascioloides magna was found in 46 of 67 (69%) feral swine (Sus scrofa) in southern Texas. Flukes were recovered from swine in areas where F. magna commonly has been recovered from white-tailed deer and cattle. One to 12 flukes were recovered from each infected animal. Their presence was indicated by black hematin pigment on the liver and various other internal organs. Eggs were not detected in the gallbladder or feces of infected animals although mature flukes and eggs were recovered in the livers suggesting that, like cattle, feral swine can be infected but are aberrant hosts for the parasite and do not disseminate eggs.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Possible role of wild mammals in transmission of pseudorabies to swine.

Of 73 wild and domestic mammals tested from an area endemic for pseudorabies in swine, 16 showed natural pseudorabies virus infection, 8 from farms with no pseudorabies history. In transmission experiments with swine and raccoons (Procyon lotor), pseudorabies was not transmitted between raccoons but was transmitted reciprocally between raccoons and swine by contact and when either consumed infected carrion of the other. The fluorescent antibody tissue section test proved valuable in diagnosis of pseudorabies, especially when employed with the virus isolation test.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed2004

Attempts to reproduce vacuolar myelinopathy in domestic swine and chickens.

Avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) was first recognized as a cause of bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) mortality in 1994 in Arkansas (USA) and has since caused over 90 bald eagle and numerous American coot (Fulica americana) mortalities in five southeastern states. The cause of AVM remains undetermined but is suspected to be a biotoxin. Naturally occurring AVM has been limited to wild waterbirds, raptors, and one species of shorebird, and has been reproduced experimentally in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis). In this study, chickens and swine were evaluated for susceptibility to vacuolar myelinopathy with the intent of developing animal models for research and to identify specific tissues in affected coots that contain the causative agent. Additionally, submerged, aquatic vegetation, primarily hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), and associated material collected from a reservoir during an AVM outbreak was fed to chickens in an effort to reproduce the disease. In two separate experiments, six 4-wk-old leghorn chickens and ten 5-wk-old leghorn chickens were fed coot tissues. In a third experiment, five 3-mo-old domestic swine and one red-tailed hawk, serving as a positive control, were fed coot tissues. In these experiments, treatment animals received tissues (brain, fat, intestinal tract, kidney, liver, and/or muscle) from coots with AVM lesions collected at a lake during an AVM outbreak. Negative control chickens and one pig received tissues from coots without AVM lesions that had been collected at a lake where AVM has never been documented. In a fourth experiment, eight 3-wk-old leghorn chickens were fed aquatic vegetation material. Four chickens received material from the same lake from which coots with AVM lesions were collected for the previous experiments, and four control chickens were fed material from the lake where AVM has never been documented. Blood was collected and physical and neurologic exams were conducted on animals before and once per week during the trials. All animals were sacrificed and necropsies were performed on Day 29 of feeding, with the exception of one treated chicken that was sacrificed and necropsied on Day 15 of feeding. Microscopic lesions of vacuolar myelinopathy were present in the red-tailed hawk and five chickens that received a mixture of all tissues and two chickens that received only gastrointestinal tissues of coots with AVM lesions. Three of four treated chickens in the aquatic vegetation trial developed vacuolar lesions. None of four treatment pigs or any of the negative control animals developed vacuolar lesions. Chickens are susceptible to AVM and may serve as a useful animal model for future studies. Swine may be refractory to AVM or not affected by AVM at the same dose as are chickens and red-tailed hawks. The causative agent of AVM in affected coots is associated with the gastrointestinal tissues. Furthermore, AVM can be reproduced in chickens via ingestion of aquatic vegetation and associated materials collected from a lake during an AVM outbreak. The cause of AVM is most likely present in the materials associated with submerged vegetation because the vegetation itself (hydrilla) was the same at our AVM-positive and AVM-negative sites.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1975

[Immunofluorescence technique in diagnosis of trichinellosis in swine. I. Investigations with the tube test (author's transl)].

Experiments have been made with serological demonstration of Trichinella spiralis infections in swine. The technique applied was the indirect immunofluorescence tube test with whole larvae of T. spiralis as antigen. The blood samples tested were taken from groups of SPF swine inoculated with, respectively, 50, 150, 500 and 1500 Trichinella larvae. In animals inoculated with at least 150 larvae, antibodies could be demonstrated 3-5 weeks p.i. until the investigation was finished 6-7 months later. The technique applied thus appears to represent a reasonably sensitive and reliable method for demonstrating infections with T. spiralis in swine.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Restraint, venipuncture, endotracheal intubation, and anesthesia of miniature swine.

Miniature swine are useful as experimental animals for investigations involving major surgical procedures, provided that proper restraint and anesthetic methods are employed. The methods and drugs described herein are not intended to be all-inclusive but rather those found most applicable to a wide variety of studies with miniature swine at this laboratory. This report is intended primarily to guide those unfamiliar in handling miniature swine during initiation of studies with that species. For chemical restraint during minor procedures, diazepam, at a dose of 5.5-8.5 mg/kg im, has become the drug of choice. For surgical anesthesia, optimal results have been obtained using thiamylal sodium iv for induction of anesthesia and maintained by 0.5-1.5% halothane administered via an endotracheal cannula. Pentobarbital sodium may be used to produce surgical anesthesia but is generally unsatisfactory except for terminal procedures. Electroanesthesia, even with concomitant use of tranquilizing drugs, is difficult to control and results in very poor muscle relaxation.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed2000

[Investigations on Brachyspira--diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in swine dysentery].

The infectious agent of swine dysentery, Brachyspira (Br.) hyodysenteriae, seems to be widespread in German pig herds. Due to different reasons the eradication is increasingly difficult. Not only the success of therapeutic procedures but also the possibilities of diagnostics are unsatisfactory. Although only the bacteriological investigation of faeces or intestinal probes by culture techniques allows the typing of Brachyspira strains and the testing of drug resistance, however, the rate of false negative results is relatively high. In comparison with the cultural method an easy, prompt and cheap immunofluorescent test (IFT) resulted in a good sensitivity (90%). The higher rate of negative results by culture techniques can not be attributed to a lower specificity of the IFT, but to an insufficient transport of samples to the laboratory. The IFT therefore has to be considered as a valuable supplement to the cultural diagnostic of Br. hyodysenteriae. It is absolutely necessary to establish strategies in eradication of swine dysentery which result in pig breeding herds free of Br. hyodysenteriae. Only weaner pigs which are reliable free of this germ guarantee a fattening period sufficiently free of swine dysentery. The principles of different measures in effective eradication are described.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Survival of certain pathogenic organisms in swine lagoon effluent.

Six pigs from a closed herd with no evidence or history of salmonellosis or swine dysentery were fed effluent from an anaerobic lagoon on a farm where salmonellosis and swine dysentery were enzootic. Salmonella saint-paul was isolated from the effluent and fromthe feces and certain tissues of the pigs. Clinical signs typical of swine dysentery and enteric shedding of large numbers of spirochetes with the characteristics of Treponema hyodysenteriae were noted in 5 of the 6 pigs.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Mycoplasms of the swine--A review].

The mycoplasmas constitute a group of microorganisms placed between bacteria and virus. The name, Mycoplasma, is derived from the mycelial morphology of the organisms. The minimal reproductive unit, the elementary body, measures 0.2-0.5 mum. Unlike bacteria, mycoplasmas are not confined by a rigid cell wall, but just by a thin membrane. For their cultivation, though common bacteriological technique is adequate, especially enriched media are required. Antibiotics, as a rule penicillins, are added to the medium for inhibition of bacteria. Up to the present, 5 porcine species of mycoplasma are known: Mycoplasma suipneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyorhinis, Mycoplasma hyosynoviae, Mycoplasma flocculare, and Acholeplasma granularum. The 4 species first mentioned are very common among swine in Denmark. A. granularum has not been demonstrated so far. Occasionally, other species of mycoplasma are found in swine. M. suipneumoniae is by far the most important porcine mycoplasma, being to-day regarded as the primary etiologic agent in porcine enzootic pneumonia. A pure mycoplasma infection usually results in only weak clinical signs of pneumonia, but the disease may be aggravated by secondary factors as bacteria, parasites, and bad housing conditions. Enzootic pneumonia is usually prevalent only in fattening units, where it tends to persist indefinitely. The mycoplasma infection is practically incurable. Control of the disease is attempted by the SPF-program launched by the Danish Meat Research Institute, Roskilde. In this connexion the high sensitivity of mycoplasmas to physico-chemical influence is of advantage, because it results in a low rate of survival of the organisms outside the host. A further advantage is afforded by the fast that M. suipneumoniae is a definitely swine-specific organism. The rest of the porcine mycoplasmas are of far lesser importance. Yet, M. hyorhinis may produce a sero-fibrinous inflammation of serous cavities and joints in pigs less than 10 weeks old, and M. hyosynoviae may produce arthritis in fattening pigs.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Homogeneity study on the Streptococcus suis isolated from human and swine].

OBJECTIVE: To identify S. suis and to evaluate the homogeneity of isolates of S. suis from human and swine. METHODS: Culture, morphology, API biochemical tests and serum coagulate tests were used. All the 7 strains of streptococcus were confirmed to be S. suis serotype 2. Two strains and 1 strain were isolated from blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients, respectively, while the other 4 strains were obtained from the infected swine or their corpses. Seven strains of S. suis serotype 2 and reference strain SS2 were analyzed by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis with six primers and Rep PCR with four primers and thalli fatty acid profile analysis. Cluster and principal compound analysis of results were performed with RAPD, Phylip and Treeview software. RESULTS: By analysis on RAPD patterns, a close relationship among 7 strains of S. suis serotype 2 and reference strain SS2 was discovered. Human-born strains and swine-born strains exhibit similar RAPD patterns. There was a same clonal relationship between strains originated from the blood and CFS of the patients. These results were confirmed by thalli fatty acid profile to have genotypic and phenotypic identity. CONCLUSION: Homogeneity exists among the 7 strains and reference strain SS2.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Characterization of integron mediated antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolated from diseased swine.

Forty-two Salmonella isolates obtained from diseased swine were genetically characterized for the presence of specific antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. Twenty of these isolates were characterized as S. Typhimurium DT104 strains. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to determine genetic relatedness and revealed 20 distinct genetic patterns among the 42 isolates. However, all DT104 isolates fell within 2 closely related genetic clusters. Other Salmonella isolates were genetically grouped together according to serotype. All DT104 isolates displayed the penta-resistance phenotype to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline. Resistance to sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, streptomycin, kanamycin, and ampicillin was most common among the non-DT104 Salmonella isolates. All DT104 strains contained 2 chromosomal integrons of 1000 and 1200 base pairs. The DNA sequencing revealed that the 2 integrons contained genes encoding a resistance to streptomycin and ampicillin, respectively. None of the non-DT104 strains showed the same pattern, although several strains possessed integrons of 1000 base pairs or larger. However, the majority of non-DT104 Salmonella strains did not possess any integrons. Two Salmonella isolates displayed tolerance to the organic solvent cyclohexane, indicating the possibility that they are overexpressing chromosomal regulatory genes marA or soxS or the associated multidrug efflux pump, acrAB. This research suggests that integrons contribute to antimicrobial resistance among specific swine Salmonella serotypes; however, they are not as widely disseminated among non-Typhimurium swine Salmonella serotypes as previously thought.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Experimentally induced Mycobacterium avium serotype 8 infection in swine.

Five of 6 swine experimentally inoculated with Mycobacterium avium serotype 8 had microgranulomas in the cervical or mesenteric lymph nodes at necropsy 92 days later. In vivo tuberculin skin reactivity and in vitro lymphocyte immunostimulation responses were evaluated at 10 and 12 weeks after the pigs were inoculated. Positive responses were obtained on both tests in inoculated pigs, whereas test results in noninoculated pigs and pigs given killed bacterial cells were negative. Mycobacterium avium serotype 8 was isolated at necropsy from the cervical or mesenteric lymph nodes of each of the pigs inoculated with viable microorganisms and from the 2 pigs kept in the pen with inoculated swine. Mycobacteria were not isolated from tissues of the noninoculated swine or those given killed cells.

Animals↗