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PubMed1999

Effect of abuse on self-perception of rural Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white adolescents.

The prevalence of adolescent abuse has serious community health ramifications because of its associated psychological responses. Theoretical frameworks have described behaviors arising from interpersonal interactions as being affected by self-concept. Therefore, the issue of assessing the self-concept is critical in research and practice for understanding the behavior of abused adolescents. This research arose from clinical practice in a rural Mexican-American and non-Hispanic White community. The practice focused on individual and group counseling for adolescents in abusive relationships. This study proposed to refine the theoretical basis for interventions related to self-concept and woman abuse for rural Mexican-American and non-Hispanic White adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Adult inpatient alcoholics: physical exercise as a treatment intervention.

This study examined the usefulness of physical exercise as a treatment intervention to decrease depression and anxiety in adult inpatient alcoholics while increasing aerobic capacity and self-concept. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale, the Self-Rating Depression Scale and the Astrand-Rhyming bicycle-ergometer were administered to a treatment and a control group on admission to and again at discharge from a 28-day inpatient treatment program. Control group data were gathered prior to initiating the exercise program. The exercise program consisted of walking or jogging 3 days a week and was designed to meet the American College of Sports Medicine's minimum requirements for a graded exercise program. Results indicated that there were significant differences on posttest scores between the control and exercise groups on state anxiety, trait anxiety and depression, but not on self-concept or aerobic capacity. The usefulness of physical exercise as a treatment intervention as well as the implication for research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Some psychosocial aspects of nonlethal chondrodysplasias: III. Self-esteem in children and adults.

Self-esteem is considered one of the most important personality attributes. It correlates with physical and mental health and the ability to cope with stress. The attitudes of others, and the experiences of interacting with them, are considered as playing a major role in the development of self-esteem. Thus, those patients with disproportionate short stature due to a chondrodysplasia can reasonably be considered to be at risk of developing low self-esteem. In this study, self-concept and self-esteem were measured in 159 children and adults with various chondrodysplasias and disproportionate short stature. The results from the children did not suggest that they had a lower concept of self than did their unaffected sibs or a sample of average-size persons. By contrast, although the adults did not differ significantly from a population sample, they scored significantly below their unaffected sibs. There also appeared to be a trend to lower scores among women, patients who had had an unaffected parent, and those who were married to an unaffected spouse, although none of those differences were statistically significant.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Perceived self in educated employed and educated unemployed women.

The purpose of this study was to compare the perceived self-concept of employed and unemployed educated women. The study also examined the relationship of perceived self-concept with the type of employment and period of service of the employed women. The sample consisted of 150 employed and 150 unemployed educated married women residing in an urban area of Patna. The self-concept scale of Deo (1985) was used in the study. The findings showed that the perceived self of the employed women scored relatively higher in each of the five attributes of the perceived self; ie. Aesthetic, Emotional, Character, Intellectual and Social. It was concluded, from this study, that employment leads to a higher self-concept among educated women, which however varied with different types of employment.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

General and specific self-esteem in late adolescent students: race x gender x SES effects.

This study assessed the effects of gender, race, and social class on the general and area-specific self-esteem of high school students. One hundred and ninety-five high school students served as subjects in a 2 (gender: male, female) X 2 (race: black, white) X 3 (social class: low, middle and high) factorial design. The Rosenberg General Self-Esteem, the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept, and the Brookover Self-Concept of Ability and School Achievement scales were the measures of either general or specific self-esteem. Females, whites, and lower social class adolescents were consistently lower in their self-esteem scores than were males, blacks, and upper social class teenagers, respectively. White females were found to be lower in general and happiness self-esteem than all other gender by race subgroups. High SES white students were lower on the happiness and behavior self-esteem measures than black students and white middle-class students. Black males and white females were less confident in their school ability than were black females and white males.

Achievement↗
PubMed1983

Anorexia and the adolescent.

Anorexia nervosa or self-starvation is a disease that can lead to life-long problems or death. A problem primarily affecting young women, anorexia is occurring at a rapidly increasing rate in the United States. In today's society, thinness is perpetuated in all aspects of life; the result of this initial dieting in combination with a low self-concept and self-esteem appear to be factors related to this disease. This article defines anorexia nervosa, explains physical and psychological problems resulting from the disease and emphasizes the role health professionals have in the prevention and early recognition of anorexia nervosa in the adolescent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Figure drawing as an expression of self-esteem.

Figure drawings were obtained from 97 preadolescent males who differed in self and behavioral assessments of self-esteem. These subjects had been selected from a much larger sample and represented five different types of self-esteem. The figure drawings were scored for 15 variables, dealing with formal characteristics, content, and global-interpretations of the total drawings. Five significant differences were obtained, with the content and global-interpretative categories proving more differentiating between self-esteem groups than did the formal characteristics. Behavioral expressions of self-esteem were more associated with figure drawing characteristics than were subjective evaluations. Discussion focuses on the nature of self-concept and self-esteem in children as a sensorimotor rather than symbolic expression.

Child↗
PubMed1991

Self-injury concept formation: nursing diagnosis development.

Self-inflicted injury, an increasingly common phenomenon in psychiatric settings, often is seen in borderline clients who scratch or burn themselves repeatedly. Their dysfunctional behavioral patterns present special challenges to the psychiatric/mental health nurse who seeks to interrupt such destructive means of coping. Aside from the difficult task of assisting these individuals to deal with their feelings in a constructive way, the psychiatric nurse often struggles with difficult countertransference feelings. The authors review a historical perspective of self-injury behaviors, define the phenomenon through the procedure of concept analysis, propose the creation of a new nursing diagnosis, and outline interventions appropriate for these clients.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Uncovering young children's psychological selves: individual and developmental differences.

3 major goals were addressed: (1) to examine whether 3 1/2-7 1/2-year-old children have consistent and meaningful concepts that reflect psychological self-understanding, (2) to uncover individual differences in young children's self-concepts, and (3) to determine whether any observed differences are stable over time. A new method was developed for assessing young children's self-concepts. 180 children between 3 and 8 years of age were presented with pairs of statements representing the high and low end points of 10 psychological dimensions. For example, the statements "It's not fun to scare people" and "It's fun to scare people" represent the low and high ends of the psychological dimension of aggression. Children were then asked to pick the statement that best described themselves. The dimensional scores were factor analyzed and higher-order factor scales were constructed. These factor scales were found to be internally consistent and psychologically meaningful in each age group, indicating that even young children have psychological concepts of themselves. Moreover, substantial individual differences were demonstrated on the scales even among the youngest children. Finally, these differences were found to be moderately stable over a 1-month test-retest.

Child↗
PubMed1982

Assessment of depression among incarcerated females.

The use of the abridged BDI as a depression screening device for a sample of recently incarcerated adult female felons was explored, and the concurrent validity of the instrument was examined. The results indicated that the abridged BDI was a highly reliable measure which substantially and significantly correlated with the MMPI D scale, as well as other MMPI scales. In addition, individuals who tended to score high or depressed on the abridged BDI consistently described themselves on self-concept rating scales in the direction of low self-esteem and low self-worth. Substantial and statistically significant negative correlations were consistently observed between the abridged BDI and self-concept measures. Consistent patterns of relationships between the abridged BDI and MMPI, as well as between the abridged BDI and self-concept scales, emerged and were congruent with clinical descriptions of depression. The consistency and pattern of results added strong support to the concurrent validity of the abridged BDI.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Self-esteem in asthmatic children.

This study investigated the hypotheses that asthmatic children would score lower on a self-report inventory of self-concept than either the normative sample or a comparison group of emotionally disturbed children, and that severe asthmatics would report poorer self-concepts than less severe asthmatics. The Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale was administered to 36 asthmatic children (22 severe and 12 less severe) and 32 emotionally disturbed children. Contrary to expectations, no significant differences in overall self-concept were found among these groups, but the severe asthmatics saw themselves as generally less anxious than the emotionally disturbed group (P less than 0.05) and exhibited a slight tendency toward seeing themselves as happier (P less than 0.1).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Some effects of homelessness on the psychological functioning of preschoolers.

The developmental consequences of homelessness have only recently begun to be investigated. This study examined the effects of homelessness on the self-concept, behavioral symptoms, and emotional development of preschoolers. Self-concept was examined using the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Acceptance for Young Children and teachers rated behavioral symptoms using the Child Behavior Checklist. Emotional development was also examined. Results showed that homeless preschoolers have lower self-concepts and display more deviant behaviors on the Child Behavior Checklist than housed preschoolers of the same socioeconomic status. Recognition and understanding of emotion, however, were similar in both groups.

Child Behavior Disorders↗
PubMed1982

Social-psychological adjustment to multiple sclerosis. A longitudinal study.

This study employs a longitudinal design to analyze the adjustment process of 103 people diagnosed with multiple sclerosis and in the middle and later stages of their illness careers. The mean age of the sample at Time 2 is 52 years, and mean duration since diagnosis is 17 years. A highly reliable self concept measure is the indicator of adjustment and changes in adjustment from T1 (1974) to T2 (1981). Four sets of variables are analyzed in their relationship to adjustment: (1) socio-demographic; (2) disease-related; (3) medical; and (4) social-psychological. Females are more likely than males to show positive adjustment (improving self concepts). Hours of employment and living arrangement are also related to the adjustment process. The vast majority of respondents show only slight decline in mobility, but among the disease related variables, number of episodes (exacerbations) in past seven years is the strongest predictor of changes in adjustment. Nearly half the respondents seek medical attention for their M.S. once a year or less, and the choice of health care professional is related to changes in the course of the disease. Subjects with an internal locus of control have more positive adjustment scores. Those who say they cope through acceptance of the disease show improvements in self concept while those reporting religion or family as major coping strategies have decreasing self concepts. Results indicate that the majority make satisfactory adjustment as indicated by maintenance of positive self concepts over the 7 year period, although the disease is chronic and progressive. For patients in the middle and later stages of illness careers, the data suggest comprehensive rehabilitation efforts that enhance autonomy and develop the social-psychological resources of the lifestyle.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2007

The multistory self: why the self is more than the sum of its autoparts.

A summary is presented of both the theoretical and clinical points made by the contributors to this issue of Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session on the multiplicity of self. It is argued that there are many theoretical and clinical commonalities in the diverse range of psychotherapies that have been developed and that have been used in work with problems in the self-concept. Core problems encountered in clinical practice include an apparent self-integration that is attained through the exclusion of important parts of the self. The key to opening up clients who present such problems is through the use of experienced emotions and the therapeutic relationship. More extreme problems in the self-concept can be seen in the personality and psychotic disorders, in which the self may be chaotic or disintegrated. Such clients may need help with the development of a reflective self that can integrate and regulate the separate parts of the self-concept.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Motivated recruitment of autobiographical memories.

We hypothesized that people motivated to believe that they possess a given trait search for autobiographical memories that reflect that trait, so as to justify their desired self-view. We led subjects to believe that either extraversion or introversion was desirable, and obtained convergent evidence from open-ended memory-listing tasks as well as from reaction-time tasks measuring the speed with which memories could be generated that this manipulation enhanced the accessibility of memories reflecting the desired trait. If people rely on their memories to construct desired self-concepts, motivated changes in self-concepts should be constrained by the content of available memories. Our final study demonstrates such constraints.

Achievement↗
PubMed1990

The concept of self in the context of crisis: a study of families of the severely brain-injured.

Patients in coma and a persistent vegetative state (PVS) lack cognitive ability, but may survive for prolonged periods. They present their family members with complex and difficult questions with respect to their treatment and care ranging from the type of technical support they should receive to the nature of adjustments in daily life to accommodate new circumstances and needs. Such decisions are often made in the face of considerable socio-economic and moral constraints with little if any medical guidance and no firm cultural guidelines. Based on a continuing study of families of patients in coma and PVS living in the greater New York area and using the case-study method, this paper argues that such patients and their families find themselves in socially ambiguous and isolated positions which can best be described through the anthropological concept of liminality. Further, it is hypothesized that decisions concerning these patients will in part reflect the way in which family members define the concept of self.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Defensive evaluation of antismoking messages among college-age smokers: the role of possible selves.

This study hypothesized that individuals respond to antismoking messages in a biased or defensive manner to the degree that smoking is a personally relevant activity for them. The authors operationalized the personal relevance of smoking variously as smoking behavior (smoking status, rate, duration, and recent attempts to quit), endorsement of the smoker stereotype, and importance of smoking behavior as an identity within the self-concept (current self and possible selves). In the experiment, smokers (n = 82) and nonsmokers (n = 105) privately viewed several antismoking video segments. Smoking status, current smoking identity, and long-term future smoking identity were significantly associated with a defensive evaluation of antismoking messages. The study concludes that the concept of possible selves (H. Markus & P. Nurius, 1986) is critical in understanding college-age smoking and in the design of effective antismoking campaigns.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Psychosocial antecedents of hostility in persons with coronary heart disease.

Although it is known that hostility precedes coronary heart disease (CHD), little is known about factors that influence the development and progression of hostile characteristics. The relations among hostility, self-esteem, self-concept, and psychosocial residual were conceptualized within the modeling and role-modeling theoretical framework and examined in a sample of 85 persons with CHD. There were significant associations between all variables. Regression analyses revealed that self-esteem, mistrust residual, isolation residual, and self-concept contributed significantly, accounting for 31% of the variation in hostility scores. These findings provide support for the belief that the development of hostility in persons with CHD is related to beliefs and attitudes about the self and others. Persons with self-esteem need deficits, and a subsequent build up of negative psychosocial residual, have poor self-concepts. This poor self-concept is hostile in nature and reflects a mistrust of others and a deep sense of isolation.

Adult↗