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PubMed2004

Muscle MRI findings of X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.

We report here muscle MRI findings of the lower limb in X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA). T1-weighted imaging of muscle MRI disclosed that the thigh muscles, including the semimembranosus, biceps femoris longus and the vastus lateralis muscles, showed high intensity signals with atrophy. Contrarily, the sartorius, gracilis and rectus femoris muscles were comparably preserved. Not only the thigh muscles, but also the calf muscles including the gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis, and soleus muscles showed high intensity signals. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the leg muscles are generally atrophic, but the selective pattern of fatty degeneration, seen in SBMA was not observed. Muscle MRI is a useful method of estimating the distribution and severity of SBMA in affected muscles.

Disease Progression↗
PubMed2001

Muscle length affects the architecture and pattern of innervation differently in leg muscles of mouse, guinea pig, and rabbit compared to those of human and monkey muscles.

The innervation pattern and fascicular anatomy of muscles of different lengths in mouse, guinea pig, rabbit, macaque monkey and human legs were analyzed. Neuromuscular junctions, muscle tendon junctions and ends of intrafascicularly terminating fibers were stained for acetylcholinesterase, and fascicle lengths measured. A high correlation between increasing fascicle length and increasing number of neuromuscular junctions was found, with non-primate (mouse, guinea pig, rabbit) and primate (macaque monkey, human) muscles forming two discrete groups. In non-primates, muscles with a single endplate band, fascicles were always shorter than 35 mm, fixing the limit of fiber length served by one neuromuscular junction. Muscles with fascicles longer than this had multiple discrete bands of motor endplates crossing their width at regular intervals. An increase in muscle length across or within species corresponded to an equivalent, standard increase of 10-12 mm fascicle length per motor endplate band. All human and monkey leg muscles, with the exception of gracilis and sartorius, were singly innervated and all muscle fibers ran the full distance from tendon to tendon. Singly innervated primate muscle fibers were up to 140 mm long whereas the mean distance between endplate bands in the two multiply innervated muscles was also considerably greater than in non-primates. These data indicate that allometric effects of increasing fascicle length, are distinct in common laboratory animals and two primates, when architecture and pattern of innervation are compared.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1989

A comparative histochemical and morphometric study of canine skeletal muscle.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there were differences in skeletal muscle properties in the hindlimb muscles of different types of dogs. Muscle samples were obtained from the gracilis, sartorius cranial head, sartorius caudal head and tibialis anterior muscles of mixed-breed and hound-type dogs and Beagles. Fiber type, fiber size and capillary morphometry determinations of each muscle from each dog were made from sections stained for myofibrillar ATPase activity. Individual animals were bilaterally symmetric for all measured variables. Fiber type, fiber size and capillary geometry varied between dogs of a given type and muscles within a given dog. There were no differences between dog types for fiber type or fiber size; significant variation in log(muscle)/log(body) mass ratios between dog types was observed for all muscles. The results indicate that for a given muscle, significant variation can occur in skeletal muscle characteristics between different types of dogs and that these differences can be independent of differences in exercise history.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1994

Pedicled muscle flaps in the management of infected aortofemoral grafts.

Graft infection, although uncommon, is a serious complication of reconstructive vascular surgery, associated with a high mortality and limb loss in a large percentage of the survivors. Although débridement and drainage, specific systemic antibiotics, removal of the entire infected graft and revascularization by extra-anatomic bypass are the general principles of management, this technique has its limitations and in certain circumstances is not feasible. The use of well-vascularized autogenous tissue as coverage of infected grafts has been successful in the lower extremities, with graft and limb salvage, but not when the infection extends above the inguinal ligament. Instances where the infection at the inguinal area extends retrograde along the limb of the aortofemoral graft represent a greater therapeutic challenge. In two instances, a dual muscle flap was used successfully to cover the exposed prosthesis after complete débridement of the perigraft granulation tissue. Sartorius and rectus femoris muscles, with their blood supply, were mobilized and rotated to cover the distal anastomosis and the retroperitoneally exposed graft respectively, with primary wound closure. All flaps survived and the patent grafts were salvaged. There was no long-term functional deficit from the transposition of these muscles. Pedicled muscle flaps appear to be a well-tolerated method of achieving autogenous tissue coverage of an infected graft in the groin, and retroperitoneal portions and should be considered a satisfactory alternative when the traditional methods of management cannot be applied.

Aorta, Abdominal↗
PubMed2004

Pes anserinus: layered supportive structure on the medial side of the knee.

The pes anserinus is composed of a combination of tendinous insertions of the sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus muscles. Precise knowledge of the structures on the medial side of the knee and the relationships between fascia and tendons is critical for diagnosis, surgery, and the development of improved operative procedures of the knee. To obtain precise data on the layered structures associated with the fascia cruris on the medial side of the knee and the fibrous bundles attached to them, we dissected nine legs of five adult cadavers. We observed a superficial longitudinal fibrous bundle on the superficial surface of the sartorius and a deep longitudinal fibrous bundle on the aponeurotic membrane covering the tendon of the gracilis muscle. The distal parts of the tendons of the gracilis and semitendinosus were found to have aponeurotic membranes, and these membranes were fused with the fascia cruris. These two longitudinal fibrous bundles and the aponeurotic membranes from the gracilis and semitendinosus tendons fused with the fascia cruris, and a small tendinous expansion from the semimembranosus muscle fused with the aponeurotic membrane from the semitendinosus tendon and tibial collateral ligament as well as the fascia covering the medial head of the gastrocnemius and fascia cruris. Based on the considerable tension from the sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosus, semimembranosus and gastrocnemius muscles, these bundles, membranes, and muscles may act as a complex tensor fasciae cruris muscle and play a significant role as stabilizers of the medial side of the knee joint in the upright posture.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1999

Contractile properties of muscles used in sound production and locomotion in two species of gray tree frog.

The sound-producing muscles of frogs and toads are interesting because they have been selected to produce high-power outputs at high frequencies. The two North American species of gray tree frog, Hyla chrysoscelis and Hyla versicolor, are a diploid-tetraploid species pair. They are morphologically identical, but differ in the structure of their advertisement calls. H. chrysoscelis produces very loud pulsed calls by contracting its calling muscles at approximately 40 Hz at 20 degrees C, whereas, H. versicolor operates the homologous muscles at approximately 20 Hz at this temperature. This study examined the matching of the intrinsic contractile properties of the calling muscles to their frequency of use. I measured the isotonic and isometric contractile properties of two calling muscles, the laryngeal dilator, which presumably has a role in modulating call structure, and the external oblique, which is one of the muscles that provides the mechanical power for calling. I also examined the properties of the sartorius as a representative locomotor muscle. The calling muscles differ greatly in twitch kinetics between the two species. The calling muscles of H. chrysoscelis reach peak tension in a twitch after approximately 15 ms, compared with 25 ms for the same muscles in H. versicolor. The muscles also differ significantly in isotonic properties in the direction predicted from their calling frequencies. However, the maximum shortening velocities of the calling muscles of H. versicolor are only slightly lower than those of the comparable muscles of H. chrysoscelis. The calling muscles have similar maximum shortening velocities to the sartorius, but have much flatter force-velocity curves, which may be an adaptation to their role in cyclical power output. I conclude that twitch properties have been modified more by selection than have intrinsic shortening velocities. This difference corresponds to the differing roles of shortening velocity and twitch kinetics in determining power output at differing frequencies.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Muscle development in the human fetus as exemplified by m. sartorius: a quantitative study.

M. sartorius was removed from 21 human fetuses ranging from 7.0 to 35.0 cm crown-rump length (CR). Various gross amd cellular changes (as seen in a transverse section) which take place in developing human skeletal muscle were quantified. The weights, lengths and cross sectional areas (at mid-length level) of m. sartorius were found to exhibit allometric relationship with CR and body weight (BW). Initially (7.5 cm CR) myotubes were more numerous and larger (40 micrometer 2 cross sectional area) than the myofibres (about 26 micrometer 2). This situation was soon reversed, however, so that at about 19 cm CR myotubes were only a very small proportion of the total muscle cell population and somewhat smaller than the myofibres in cross sectional area. At about 21 cm CR all myotube appearance was lost, whilst the total number of myofibres increased rapidly up to about 22.5 cm CR, and thereafter the rate slowed down. This stage (22.5 cm CR) seemed, in fact, to be about the time when hypertrophy of myofibres started to markedly replace hyperplasia as the main factor contributing to total muscle cross sectional area increase, although there was still a 6% contribution from hyperplasia at 35 cm CR. At 18 to 22 cm CR there were no more myofibres in the smallest size class (2-3 micrometer diameter). This may be an indication that real hyperplasia had ceased at this point so that beyond this the hyperplasia seen was only apparent and represented longitudinal growth of existing myofibres. Throughout the period studied the amount of intercellular space decreased (at a declining rate) from about 62% at 7 cm CR to about 21% at 35 cm CR. Results on counts of nuclei suggested that total muscle nuclear proliferation slowed down in later gestation. Myofibril number was not related to myotube size but increased, though at a declining rate, with myofibre size. All the muscle parameters mentioned were plotted against CR, and sometimes BW, and regression equations given wherever possible.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1986

Direct measurement of the influx of sodium in frog skeletal muscle.

When a frog's sartorius is immersed in sodium-free lithium-substituted solution at 0 degree C, the tissue sodium content declines in two distinct phases. The rate of the slow phase has a temperature dependence expected for a process dependent on metabolism (Q10, ca. 3), and sodium content (51.5 mmol/kg dry weight) equal to that measured by others using electron microprobe microanalysis. The rate of the rapid phase has a temperature dependence (Q10, 0.3-1) expected for a passive process, and a sodium content equal to that in the sorbitol space. It was concluded that incubation of a muscle at 0 degree C for 45 min in sodium-free solution will wash out almost all of the sodium in the extracellular space but will leave almost all the sodium in the intracellular space. The unidirectional sodium influx was measured by incubating a muscle in 22Na-containing Ringer's solution for a timed interval at 23 degrees C, then in sodium-free lithium-substituted solution at 0 degree C for 45 min, before analysis for ion content and radioactivity. The ratio of the specific activity of sodium in the muscle to that in the radioactive bathing solution was calculated, and the time course of its rise was used to calculate an influx rate coefficient. The use of the specific activity minimizes the error due to the loss of intracellular sodium and radiosodium which occurs during the wash in cold solution. It was found that the rate of the radiosodium uptake varied as the uptake proceeded, in a manner similar to that previously shown for the rate of the radiosodium efflux and attributed to the existence of a diversity of cell size in this muscle.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Chronic neurogenic quadriceps amyotrophies.

Two cases of quadriceps amyotrophy, probably of chronic neurogenic origin are reported. Only the knee jerks were diminished, the calves hypertrophic, and the serum creatine kinase level very high in one case, and there were neurogenic electromyographic abnormalities in the quadriceps. In the first case, biopsy of the quadriceps muscle revealed a neurogenic origin with hyalinized hypertrophic fibres. CT scan showed abnormalities not only in the quadriceps but also in the sartorius, gracilis and gastrocnemius muscles. A second biopsy specimen from the gastrocnemius muscle showed histological findings similar to those of the quadriceps. In the second case, the EMG and biopsy findings suggested a myogenic origin, but 6 years later they were compatible with neurogenic atrophy. Differentiation from Becker dystrophy is very difficult in the first case and the second case is more a focal spinal amyotrophy. Further, in spite of their localization, the extension of the affected muscles changes the diagnosis. The same applies to chronic quadriceps amyotrophy in general, which cannot be regarded as an entity, but which suggests muscular dystrophy, spinal atrophy, polymyositis or a metabolic disorder. These cases can be compared with the four cases reported in the literature, which were regarded as a "forme fruste" of chronic spinal amyotrophy.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Management of early groin vascular bypass graft infections with sartorius and rectus femoris flaps.

Groin infections adjacent to vascular bypass grafts continue to be a source of morbidity. The authors reviewed retrospectively 9 consecutive patients with early localized groin infections treated at their institution with sartorius or rectus femoris muscle flaps between 1998 and 2002. All wounds were initially opened and drained. Wounds with necrotic tissue were treated with serial surgical debridements, with a vacuum-assisted closure device, or with wet-to-dry dressing changes. Two bypass grafts were excised and replaced in the presence of marked exposure or pseudoaneurysm. Small wounds were closed with a turnover sartorius flap and larger wounds were closed with either a muscle or musculocutaneous rectus femoris flap. Groin wounds healed in all patients without subsequent graft exposure, rupture, or pseudoaneurysm. Local wound therapy with staged debridement and muscle flaps is effective for most early localized graft infections.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Research note: simultaneous histochemical determination of three fiber types in single sections of broiler skeletal muscles.

A staining procedure used for simultaneously determining three different fiber types in single sections of bovine, porcine, or ovine skeletal muscle was modified for use with broiler skeletal muscle. The modification involved acid-preincubation of muscle sections at a pH of 4.15 followed by staining for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) tetrazolium reductase enzyme and for acid-stable myosin-adenosine triphosphatase enzyme activity, respectively. Four broiler muscles were selected for fiber-type determination of fast (alpha), slow (beta), red, aerobic (R), or white, anaerobic (W) properties. The anterior latissimus dorsi muscle was composed almost entirely of beta-R fibers while the pectoralis superficialis muscle was composed almost entirely of alpha-W fibers. The sartorius and posterior latissimus dorsi muscles were much more heterogeneous in fiber-type distribution, exhibiting all three types of fibers (alpha-W, alpha-R, and beta-R).

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of genotype and overfeeding on lipid deposition in myofibres and intramuscular adipocytes of breast and thigh muscles of ducks.

We conducted a study to evaluate the effects of genotype (Muscovy, Pekin and their crossbred, hinny and mule) and overfeeding (14 days from 12 weeks of age) on lipid deposition in myofibres and intramuscular adipocytes of breast and thigh muscles of ducks. Birds of the four genotypes were also reared contemporaneously with a growing diet distributed ad libitum. Muscle samples (Pectoralis major and Sartorius) were collected at 14 weeks of age on 8 ducks per treatment. The muscle fibre typing, the total lipid and triglyceride contents in myofibres and the relative surface occupied by adipocytes on the cross-sectional area of the muscles were determined by histological and image analysis. Overfeeding induced a marked increase of body weight but had no significant effect on the muscle weight, the cross-sectional area (CSA) of myofibres and the muscle typology. In muscles, overfeeding induced a large accumulation of lipids, mainly in adipocytes whose relative surface increased 1.5 fold in P. major and 2.1 fold in Sartorius and an increase in triglyceride content of fast twitch oxydo-glycolytic and glycolytic fibres in P. major only (+ 37 and + 16% respectively). Genotype had no significant effect on the muscle typology. By comparison with the other genotypes, Muscovy ducks exhibited the highest body weight, the highest muscle weight which could partly be explained by the highest fibre CSA and the lowest intramuscular fat content in adipocytes and myofibres (only fast twitch oxydo-glycolytic fibres in P. major). We observed the reverse situation for the Pekin ducks. The crossbred ducks always presented intermediate values except for body weight.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1991

Canine X-linked muscular dystrophy: selective involvement of muscles in neonatal dogs.

The development of lesions in dogs with canine X-linked muscular dystrophy (CXMD) was studied in dogs from birth to 8 weeks of age. Selective involvement of muscles was noted in dogs up to 4 weeks of age, after which lesions were noted in all muscles examined. Marked fiber hypertrophy was a consequence of the dystrophic process. Severe degenerative lesions were first detected in the tongue, diaphragm, trapezius, deltoideus, extensor carpi radialis, sartorius, and cranial tibial muscles, with relative sparing of the triceps, biceps femoris, and quadriceps muscles. Fiber necrosis and regeneration were present in the tongue muscle at birth, indicating onset of degeneration in utero. The propensity for early development of lesions in certain muscles could not be attributed to larger fiber diameter or to fiber maturity. It is suggested that early development of lesions in these muscles may be related to the activity of these muscles in neonatal dogs.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2003

Relationship between number of muscles, behavioral repertoire size, and encephalization in mammals.

Behavior for mammals is built out of multiple muscles acting in a coordinated fashion. Prima facie, there are three principal ways to increase an animal's behavioral repertoire size. The first is to, for each new behavior type, create a set of new muscle types (e.g. triceps, sartorius, etc.) with new functions specifically devoted to the implementation of that behavior type. If this were the case, then although each behavior is built out of many muscles, behavior is not built in a combinatorial fashion out of muscles. The second is similar to the first in that new behavior types are implemented via new muscle types, but, instead, muscles are used in a combinatorial fashion, so that it is the combination of the new muscle type with existing muscle types that makes the new behavior type possible. This is analogous to the addition of new words in a language. The third way behavioral complexity may be scaled up is to increase the complexity of behavioral expressions themselves (rather than increasing the number of muscles types), namely by having more muscles involved in an average behavior. This is analogous to uttering longer sentences in a language. My main task in this paper is to examine which of these ways underlies the increase of behavioral complexity among mammals. Behavioral repertoire sizes from the ethology literature were accumulated for mammals from two dozen species across eight orders, and the number of muscle types was estimated from atlases of anatomy across eight mammalian orders. The manner in which behavioral complexity actually increases among mammals appears to favor the second possibility mentioned above: greater behavioral complexity is achieved primarily by increasing the number of muscle types, and by using muscles in a combinatorial fashion. The theoretical framework I describe allows us to interpret the manner in which the number of muscle types scales with behavioral repertoire size, and I conclude that the number of degrees of freedom in the construction of behavioral expressions is on the order of three, which is probably due to neurobiological limitations in forming behaviors. The ontogeny of behavior in rat is also discussed within this framework. Finally, I show that there is a strong positive relationship between behavioral repertoire size and encephalization among mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

The role of the musculature in injuries to the medial collateral ligament.

With a knee-testing device we measured the valgus stiffness of the medial musculoligamentous complex of the knee in five volunteers. Tests were done with the muscles quiescent and with contraction of the sartorius and vastus medialis. Contraction of those muscles substantially increased the valgus stiffness. In eight subjects the voluntary reaction times were measured. With either a visual or a tactile impulse for prophylactic muscle contraction, the muscles acted too slowly to augment the stiffness of the knee so as to prevent injury. In fifty-one volunteers we applied the maximum torque to the leg, just short of eliciting pain, and showed that even then the muscle contraction would occur too late to protect the knee in typical sports situations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Norepinephrine-induced depolarization of skeletal muscle cells.

I.v. administration of norepinephrine to anesthetized hamsters was followed by a significant depolarization of the cell membranes of skeletal muscle (gracilis anticus and sartorius). The occurrence of this depolarization in consistent with the suggestion that changes in ionic distribution across the cell membrane are associated with activation of non-shivering thermogenesis in muscle cells as has been proposed for brown adipocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The developmental program of fast myosin heavy chain expression in avian skeletal muscles.

We have examined the types of fast myosin heavy chains (MHCs) expressed in a number of different developing chicken skeletal muscles by combining peptide mapping and immunoblotting to identify fast MHC-specific peptides among the total mixture of MHC digestion products. Using this technique, we have identified three different fast MHC patterns among the different fast and mixed (i.e., fast and slow) fiber type muscles of the adult. While the different muscles all underwent sequential changes in fast MHC isoform expression during their development, the exact sequence of these changes and the isoform patterns expressed varied from muscle to muscle. During late embryonic or fetal development, all muscles expressed a similar fast MHC pattern (designated here as the fetal pattern) which was replaced shortly after hatching with a different fast MHC pattern (the neonatal pattern). During the transition from the neonatal to the adult state that occurred sometime in the first year after hatching, many of the muscles underwent additional changes in fast MHC isoform expression. In muscles such as the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor, a new fast MHC isoform pattern was seen in the adult so that the developmental program of isoform switching in these muscles involved the sequential appearance of distinct fetal, neonatal, and adult fast MHCs. Other muscles, such as the sartorius and posterior latissimus dorsi, underwent a qualitatively different program of isoform switching and expressed as an adult a fast MHC pattern that was indistinguishable from that expressed during fetal development. Finally, in some muscles, such as the superficial biceps, no change in isoform pattern was detected during the neonatal to adult transition--in these muscles, expression of the neonatal MHC isoform pattern apparently persisted into the adult state. These data indicate that no single scheme or program of fast MHC isoform switching can describe all the developmental changes that occur in fast MHC isoform expression in the chicken and that at least three different programs of isoform switching and expression can be identified.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Treatment of femoral neck fracture with muscle-bone flap of both tensor fasciae latae and sartorius.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of muscular pedicle bone grafts with sartorius or tensor fasciae latae and sartorius in fresh transcervical or subcapital fractures of the femoral neck. METHODS: Thirty cases of fresh transcervical and subcapital fractures of the femoral neck were treated by the tail breakable screws and sartorius pedicle bone grafts (single muscular pedicle, SMP group). The other 23 cases were treated by cannulated pressure screws and bone grafts with the muscular pedicles of both sartorius and tensor fasciae latae (double muscular pedicles, DMP group). RESULTS: Fifty-two cases were followed up for 3 to 5 years (mean, 4 years). In SMP group, ten cases showed poor therapeutic results. Excellent therapeutic effects were achieved in all cases of DMP group. CONCLUSIONS: The transcervical or subcapital fractures of the femoral neck can be treated by double muscular pedicles bone graft. The bone graft with double muscular pedicles is more effective than single sartorius muscular pedicles for fresh transcervical and subcapital fractures of the femoral neck during short and medium terms.

Bone Transplantation↗