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[Changes in the level of desired fertility in Mexican women, 1976-1986].
"Mexico has seen drastic changes in the population's reproductive behavior due mainly to a rapid increase in the use of contraceptive methods and lower fertility rates. In order to analyze the factors contributing to this decrease, the study examines variations in desired family size between 1976 and 1986, using Bongaarts' methodology." The data are from both surveys and censuses and are for the period 1976-1986. (SUMMARY IN ENG)
[CERPOD-SARA cooperation: a research project on adolescent fertility].
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Adolescent childbearing. Whose problem? What can we do?
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Bowen v. Kendrick, 29 June 1988.
A group of taxpayers and religious leaders challenged the constitutionality of the Adolescent Family Life Act, which authorizes federal grants to public and nonpublic private organizations for services and research in the area of premarital adolescent sexual relations and pregnancy. They claimed that the Act violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment of the US Constitution because the Act provides that the complexity of the problem requires the involvement of religious organizations, and funds had been given to institutions with ties to religious organizations. The Court held that the Act does not violate the Establishment Clause since 1) the passage of the Act was motivated primarily by the legitimate secular purpose of eliminating or reducing social and economic problems caused by teenage sexuality, pregnancy, and parenthood; 2) the Act does not have the primary effect of advancing religion because the services provided are not religious in character; and 3) the Act does not create excessive entanglement of church and state. It remanded the case to the lower court to determine whether the Act was unconstitutional as applied to specific organizations.
Determinants and consequences of adolescent pregnancies in Cameroon.
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[A model of premarital coitus and contraceptive behavior among female adolescents].
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Poor contraceptive use in the teenage years: situational and developmental interpretations.
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Adolescent contraceptive risk-taking behavior: a social psychological model of females' use of and compliance with birth control.
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Locus of control, premarital sexual exposure, marriage and conception among Japanese women.
"This paper examined the relationship between locus of control and such variables as unmarried woman's sexual activity, wife's experience of premarital conception, female marriage probability, post marital contraception and first-conception probability in present-day Japan...[using data from the 1987] Ninth Japanese National Fertility Survey....[The findings] contradict the general prediction that the internal locus of control is associated with well-planned behaviours...." (SUMMARY IN JPN)
The effect of social policies on teenage pregnancy and childbearing.
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House hearing on adolescent pregnancy focuses on social and economic costs.
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Adolescent unintended pregnancy: the scope of the problem.
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African American daughter-mother relations and teenage pregnancy: two faces of premarital teenage pregnancy.
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Arachidonic acid plays a role in rat vomeronasal signal transduction.
Sensory neurons of the vomeronasal organ (VNO) detect volatile chemicals that are released by conspecific animals and convey information about social and reproductive behavior. The signal transduction pathway in vomeronasal receptor neurons (VRNs) is not known in detail, but is believed to be distinct from that of the sensory neurons of the main olfactory system. Many of the identified olfactory transduction components are not expressed by VRNs. Using Ca2+ imaging and electrophysiological recordings, we investigated the signal transduction pathway of urine perception and the possible role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as intracellular messengers in freshly dissociated rat VNO neurons. We found that application of urine induced a transient increase in intracellular Ca2+ that was dependent on the activity of phospholipase C and diacylglycerol (DAG) lipase. The Ca2+ transient was not dependent on depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores but was dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca2+. Furthermore, the urine response was not sensitive to modulators of adenylate cyclase and inhibitors of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors. Application of PUFAs (linolenic acid and arachidonic acid, synthesized in living cells from DAG) also elicited Ca2+ transients in fura 2 measurements and inward currents in whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings. Pharmacological inhibition of lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase induced a transient increase in intracellular Ca2+, possibly by increasing the endogenous level of PUFAs, leading to activation of transduction channels. These data provide evidence for a role of PUFAs in rat vomeronasal signal transduction.
Preventing pregnancy and improving health care access among teenagers: an evaluation of the children's aid society-carrera program.
CONTEXT: Despite the recent declines in rates of teenage pregnancy, relatively little is known about the few programs that have been successful in reducing adolescent pregnancy. METHODS: Six agencies in New York City each randomly assigned 100 disadvantaged 13-15-year-olds to their usual youth program or to the intervention being tested--the Children's Aid Society-Carrera program, a year-round afterschool program with a comprehensive youth development orientation. Both program and control youth were followed for three years. Multivariate regression analyses assessed the effects of program participation on the odds of current sexual activity, use of a condom along with a hormonal contraceptive, pregnancy and access to good health care. RESULTS: Seventy-nine percent of participants remained in the program for three full years. Female program participants had significantly lower odds than controls of being sexually active (odds ratio, 0.5) and of having experienced a pregnancy (0.3). They had significantly elevated odds of having used a condom and a hormonal method at last coitus (2.4). However, participation in the program created no significant impact on males' sexual and reproductive behavior outcomes. Nonetheless, program participants of both genders had elevated odds of having received good primary health care (2.0-2.1). CONCLUSIONS: This program is one of only four whose evaluation has successfully documented declines in teenage pregnancy using a random-assignment design. Better outcomes among males may be achieved if programs reach them even earlier than their teenage years.
Prolonged activation of Ca2+-activated K+ current contributes to the long-lasting refractory period of Aplysia bag cell neurons.
Stimulation of the bag cell neurons of Aplysia activates several biochemical pathways, including protein kinase C (PKC), and alters their excitability for many hours. After an approximately 30 min afterdischarge, these neurons enter an approximately 18 hr inhibited state during which additional stimulation fails to evoke discharges. In vivo, this refractory period limits the frequency of reproductive behaviors associated with egg laying. We have now examined the role of Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) currents in the refractory period. Outward currents gated by both intracellular Ca2+ and depolarization, with pharmacological characteristics of BK currents, were recorded in isolated bag cell neurons. These currents were enhanced by the BK channel activators phloretin and 1,3-dihydro-1-[2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoro-methyl)phenyl]-5-trifluoromethyl-2H-benzimidazol-2-one and inhibited by the BK blocker paxilline. The BK component of K+ current was enhanced by 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, an activator of PKC, and this effect was blocked by sphinganine and PKC(19-36), inhibitors of PKC in bag cell neurons. To test whether the BK current is altered during the refractory period, intact clusters were stimulated to afterdischarge, and neurons were isolated after the clusters had entered the refractory period. Compared with unstimulated cells, current density was almost doubled in refractory neurons. This increase in current was inhibited by preincubating clusters in sphinganine. Treatment of refractory clusters with paxilline significantly restored the ability of stimulation to evoke afterdischarges. Conversely, application of phloretin to previously unstimulated clusters inhibited the onset of afterdischarges. These results indicate that a prolonged increase in BK channel activity contributes to the prolonged refractory period of the bag cell neurons.
[Few teenage pregnancies in Sweden--a comparison between five Western industrialized countries. Support from and attitudes in the society explain the differences].
Cross-national comparisons of teenage sexual and reproductive behavior in five Western industrialized countries show vast differences in teenage pregnancy rates and birthrates. The lowest rates are found in Sweden and France, moderate rates in Canada and Great Britain, and the highest in the USA. Since age and frequency of sexual activity are similar across countries, the variations in pregnancy rate reflect young people's motivation and ability to prevent unwanted pregnancies. Sweden and France offer the most positive attitudes to sexuality combined with a clear expectation that teenagers can make responsible decision about sexuality and delay childbearing. Societal acceptance of teenage sexuality is reflected in open-minded sexuality education and easy access to contraceptive services. In contrast the official message in USA is to delay childbearing until marriage by abstinence only, and use of contraceptives is not supported. Differences in societal support for employment and education also played a major role.