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PubMed2004

The S haplotype-specific F-box protein gene, SFB, is defective in self-compatible haplotypes of Prunus avium and P. mume.

Many Prunus species, including sweet cherry and Japanese apricot, of the Rosaceae, display an S-RNase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI). The specificity of this outcrossing mechanism is determined by a minimum of two genes that are located in a multigene complex, termed the S locus, which controls the pistil and pollen specificities. SFB, a gene located in the S locus region, encodes an F-box protein that has appropriate S haplotype-specific variation to be the pollen determinant in the self-incompatibility reaction. This study characterizes SFBs of two self-compatible (SC) haplotypes, S(4') and S(f), of Prunus. S(4') of sweet cherry is a pollen-part mutant (PPM) that was produced by X-ray irradiation, while S(f) of Japanese apricot is a naturally occurring SC haplotype that is considered to be a PPM. DNA sequence analysis revealed defects in both SFB(4') and SFB(f). A 4 bp deletion upstream from the HVa coding region of SFB(4') causes a frame-shift that produces transcripts of a defective SFB lacking the two hypervariable regions, HVa and HVb. Similarly, the presence of a 6.8 kbp insertion in the middle of the SFB(f) coding region leads to transcripts for a defective SFB lacking the C-terminal half that contains HVa and HVb. As all reported SFBs of functional S haplotypes encode intact SFB, the fact that the partial loss-of-function mutations in SFB are present in SC mutant haplotypes of Prunus provides additional evidence that SFB is the pollen S gene in GSI in Prunus.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Stylar glycoproteins bind to S-RNase in vitro.

S-RNases determine the specificity of S-specific pollen rejection in self-incompatible plants of the Solanaceae, Rosaceae, and Scrophulariaceae. They are also implicated in at least two distinct types of unilateral interspecific incompatibility in Nicotiana. However, S-RNase itself is not sufficient for most types of pollen rejection, and evidence for its direct interaction with pollen tubes is limited. Thus, non-S-RNase factors also are required for pollen rejection. As one approach to identifying such factors, we tested whether SC10-RNase from Nicotiana alata would bind to other stylar proteins in vitro. SC10-RNase was immobilized on Affi-gel, and binding proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. In addition to SC10-RNase and a small protein similar to lily chemocyanin, the most prominent binding proteins include NaTTS, 120K, and NaPELPIII, these latter three being arabinogalactan proteins previously shown to interact directly with pollen tubes. We also show that SC10-RNase and these glycoproteins migrate as a complex in a native PAGE system. Our hypothesis is that S-RNase forms a complex with these glycoproteins in the stylar ECM, that the glycoproteins interact directly with the pollen tubes and thus that the initial interaction between the pollen tube and S-RNase is indirect.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

AhSSK1, a novel SKP1-like protein that interacts with the S-locus F-box protein SLF.

The S-locus F-box (SLF/SFB) protein, recently identified as the pollen determinant of S-RNase-based self-incompatibility (SI) in Solanaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Rosaceae, has been proposed to serve as the subunit of an SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box) ubiquitin ligase and to target its pistil counterpart S-RNase during the SI response. However, the underlying mechanism is still in dispute, and the putative SLF-binding SKP1-equivalent protein remains unknown. Here, we report the identification of AhSSK1, Antirrhinum hispanicumSLF-interacting SKP1-like1, using a yeast two-hybrid screen against a pollen cDNA library. GST pull-down assays confirmed the SSK1-SLF interaction, and showed that AhSSK1 could connect AhSLF to a CUL1-like protein. AhSSK1, despite having a similar secondary structure to other SKP1-like proteins, appeared quite distinctive in sequence and unique in a phylogenetic analysis, in which no SSK1 ortholog could be predicted in the sequenced genomes of Arabidopsis and rice. Thus, our results suggest that the pollen-specific SSK1 could be recruited exclusively as the adaptor of putative SCF(SLF) in those plants with S-RNase-based SI, providing an important clue to dissecting the function of the pollen determinant.

Alternative Splicing↗
PubMed1985

Alcoholism and skin disease.

One hundred and one patients who met criteria for alcoholism were evaluated for dermatologic signs. There were 98 men and 3 women, with an average age of 40.85 years; 40 were white and 61 black. Significant findings were no skin disease in 19, acne in 27, folliculitis in 8, seborrheic dermatitis in 12, tinea pedis in 32, and xerosis in 7. Only two patients had rosacea, which is contrary to previously held beliefs about the drinker's nose.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1994

Rhinophyma in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Rhinophyma is an end stage of acne rosacea. It results in a large nose due to a proliferation of sebaceous glands and fibrous tissue. Many cases of rhinophyma have been reported in the Western world; however, in Japan, rhinophyma has been an uncommon disease. METHODS: We present two patients associated with rhinophyma who were treated by cross-shaped full-thickness excision followed by direct closure and compare the rhinophyma in Japan with that in the West. RESULTS: To date, only 20 rhinophyma cases including our 2 cases have been reported in Japan. Epidemiologic factors of rhinophyma between the West and Japan do not differ except for location, malignancy and surgical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: In Japan, almost all cases are located on the lower half of the nose, treated by full-thickness excision followed by application of either skin grafts or direct closure. None have been malignant.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Seasonal variation of dermatologic disease in the USA: a study of office visits from 1990 to 1998.

BACKGROUND: Seasonal variation has been demonstrated in many diseases, including certain skin diseases. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is seasonal variation in dermatologic office visits in the USA. METHODS: Data on dermatologic office visits were obtained from representative visits to outpatient physicians in the USA from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey from 1990 to 1998. Office visit seasonality was examined for all skin conditions, and individually for the 15 most commonly diagnosed conditions. RESULTS: Office visits for skin conditions were seasonal (P = 0.002). The magnitude of variation can be roughly expressed by the following scheme: actinic keratosis (P = 0.0001) > acne (P = 0.0001) > folliculitis (P = 0.002) > dyschromia (P = 0.01) > seborrheic keratosis (P = 0.04) > psoriasis (P = 0.07) > seborrheic dermatitis (P = 0.09). Visits for skin cancer, not otherwise specified (skin cancer NOS), atopic dermatitis, cysts, common wart, wart, not otherwise specified (wart NOS), rosacea, contact dermatitis, and benign tumors showed no significant seasonal variations or trends. CONCLUSIONS: Dermatologic office visits are seasonal, with visits for individual diseases varying in their magnitude of seasonality. This seasonal variation may be a result of biological and nonbiological variables.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Correlates of health-related quality of life in women with severe facial blemishes.

BACKGROUND: Facial appearance plays a large role in self-perception and interaction with others. Visible facial skin lesions are a common condition. Purpose This study assessed factors associated with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in women with visible facial skin lesions. METHODS: The study included 73 women with one or more of the following conditions: acne, dermatosis papulosis, hypopigmentation, lentigenes, melasma, rosacea, vascular proliferations and other facial scars. The Skindex-16 was used as a measure of HRQOL. Fear of negative evaluation (FNE) was assessed to determine whether self-perception characteristics relate to HRQOL. RESULTS: There were strong correlations in both bivariate and multivariate analyses among increased FNE, heightened perception of QOL without the facial condition and lower overall HRQOL (P< 0.05 and P< 0.01, respectively). There were no differences in HRQOL by type of facial condition, as well as no effects of the area covered by the condition on HRQOL. Interestingly, women not using foundations represented only 10% of the study population and had better HRQOL than women who did use foundations. CONCLUSIONS: Severe facial blemishes of any cause have a significant impact on women's QOL, and the effect of these lesions is mediated in part by psychological characteristics related to self-perception and self-presentation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Ivermectin treatment of three cases of demodecidosis during human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Demodecidosis is an ectoparasitosis that is infrequently observed in subjects with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It has a rosacea-like presentation. We present three cases in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Two of these patients had a profuse eruption, and all three cases were cured by ivermectin. The single-dose treatment could be repeated in cases of subsequent recurrence. Ivermectin thus seems to be a good alternative in the treatment of demodecidosis in patients with HIV infection.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Cleansing, moisturizing, and sun-protection regimens for normal skin, self-perceived sensitive skin, and dermatologist-assessed sensitive skin.

Acquiring or maintaining healthy skin requires a multifunctional approach: mild cleansing, moisturizing, and sun protection. The clinical benefits of a daily, healthy facial skin-care regimen comprising a mild cleanser and moisturizer were evaluated on normal skin, self-perceived sensitive skin, and dermatologist-assessed sensitive skin for a period of up to 4 weeks. Subjects with normal, healthy skin were photographed with a calibrated, high-resolution digital camera, and the average improvement in overall health was calculated using image morphing and facial averaging techniques, following a 2-week period of product application. In a second study that included subjects with self-assessed sensitive facial skin, changes in skin hydration, skin dryness, and skin sensitivity (determined by means of a lactic acid sting test and subject self-assessment) were monitored during a 3-week regimen of mild cleansing and moisturizing with products designed for sensitive skin. The third study involved dermatologist-assessed highly sensitive skin patients (mostly rosacea with an atopic background in some cases). These patients underwent a 4-week skin-care regimen involving mild cleansing and moisturizing. In all three studies, significant improvements in skin health/quality were observed by means of expert assessments, instrumental evaluations, and subjective self-assessment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Mustard allergy confirmed by double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges: clinical features and cross-reactivity with mugwort pollen and plant-derived foods.

BACKGROUND: Mustard IgE-mediated allergy is supposed to be a rare cause of food allergy, and its clinical features and cross-reactivities have not been fully elucidated. METHODS: A prospective study was carried out, recruiting mustard allergic patients, and paired control subjects. A clinical questionnaire was administered, and skin-prick tests (SPT) with panels of aeroallergens and foods, serum extraction for in vitro tests and double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges (DBPCFC) were performed. RESULTS: Thirty-eight mainly adult patients, with 10.5% reporting systemic anaphylaxis, were included in the study [age (mean +/- SD): 21.9 +/- 8.6 years]. DBPCFC were performed in 24 patients, being positive in 14 cases (58.3%). Patients with positive outcome showed significantly greater mustard SPT than those with negative outcome (8.2 +/- 3.7 vs 5.3 +/- 2.4 mm, P <0.05), and the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis yielded a cut-off value for mustard commercial SPT of 8 mm, with a specificity of 90% (95% CI, 55.5-98.3), and a sensitivity of 50% (95% CI, 23.1-76.9). A significant association between mustard hypersensitivity and mugwort pollen sensitization was found (97.4% of patients), with partial cross-reactivity demonstrated by UniCAP System inhibition assays. All patients showed sensitization to other members of Brassicaceae family, and cross-reactivity among them was also confirmed. Moreover, significant associations with nut (97.4%), leguminous (94.7%), corn (78.9%), and Rosaceae fruit (89.5%) sensitizations were also shown. Around 40% of these food sensitizations were symptomatic, including food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis in six patients. CONCLUSIONS: Mustard allergy is a not-uncommon disorder that can induce severe reactions. Significant associations with mugwort pollinosis and several plant-derived food allergies are demonstrated, suggesting a new mustard-mugwort allergy syndrome. A relationship between this syndrome and food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis is also reported.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Tinea incognito in Italy: a 15-year survey.

Tinea incognito or steroid modified tinea is a dermatophytic infection in which topical or systemic steroids, administered as a result of dermatological misdiagnosis or preexisting pathologies, have modified the clinical appearance of the fungal infection, transforming the typical ringworm and mimicking other skin diseases. This is a retrospective study of the agents, clinical aspects, sources of infection of 200 cases (98 males, 102 females, mean age 42 years) of tinea incognito, observed in Siena and Milan, Italy, in the period 1987-2002. In order of decreasing frequency, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton violaceum and Trichophyton erinacei were isolated. The clinical appearance of the infection was lupus erythematosus discoid-like, eczema-like, rosacea-like, especially on the face, impetigo-like and eczema-like on trunk and limbs. Less often the dermatophytosis resembled psoriasis, purpura, seborrhoic dermatitis and lichen planus. There was folliculitis in 9% of cases and dermatophytid in 3% of cases. Antimycotic therapy brought about clinical and mycological recovery in all patients except one, who had iatrogenic immunodepression.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2005

Persistent unilateral orbital and eyelid oedema as a manifestation of Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome.

Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome (MRS) is a complex neuromucocutaneous disorder characterized by localized orofacial oedema and cranial nerve dysfunction, frequently associated with minor signs, including furrowed tongue. Complete forms are rare whereas mono- and oligosymptomatic variants are more common. A 71-year-old man presented with a 2-year history of relapsing and progressively persistent oedema of the right eyelids and periorbital region. A fissured tongue and telangiectatic rosacea had been present since the age of 50 and 60 years, respectively. The patient was also affected by essential hypertension and diabetes mellitus. A skin biopsy showed a marked upper dermal oedema, and small epithelioid cell granulomas arranged in perivascular and perilymphatic location. Collections of small epithelioid cells were occasionally observed within lymphatic spaces. No acid-fast bacteria, fungi or foreign bodies were detected. Intralesional corticosteroids induced transient improvement, whereas minocycline, clofazimine and dapsone have been ineffective. MRS may present with unilateral eyelid and periorbital swelling. Differential diagnoses of such cases may include a variety of cutaneous, ophthalmic and systemic diseases.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Childhood granulomatous periorificial dermatitis: lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei in children?

BACKGROUND: Childhood granulomatous periorificial dermatitis (CGPD) is a granulomatous disease characterized by monomorphous, small papular eruptions around the mouse, nose and eyes, and is thought to be closely related to perioral dermatitis. This condition has always been believed to occur more commonly in dark-skinned patients; however, recent observations have revealed CGPD to occur also in white patients. OBSERVATION: We report an 11-year-old Japanese boy with the characteristic features of CGPD. Although sarcoidosis and acne/granulomatous rosacea could be differentiated from CGPD, we could find no essential differences between CGPD and lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei (LMDF). The cases of LMDF in children, which were recorded in the Japanese literature, had highly similar clinicopathological features to those of CGPD. This case responded dramatically to topical tacrolimus in combination with the oral administration of minocycline. CONCLUSIONS: The entity 'facial idiopathic granulomas with regressive evolution' is considered to include LMDF (a common adult form), CGPD (a rare childhood form) and perioral dermatitis (a peculiar form exacerbated by topical corticosteroids). Topical tacrolimus may be recommended as one of the therapies for LMDF as well as CGPD.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2005

Plant self-incompatibility systems: a molecular evolutionary perspective.

Incompatibility recognition systems preventing self-fertilization have evolved several times in independent lineages of Angiosperm plants, and three main model systems are well characterized at the molecular level [the gametophytic self-incompatibility (SI) systems of Solanaceae, Rosaceae and Anthirrhinum, the very different system of poppy, and the system in Brassicaceae with sporophytic control of pollen SI reactions]. In two of these systems, the genes encoding both components of pollen-pistil recognition are now known, showing clearly that these two proteins are distinct, that is, SI is a lock-and-key mechanism. Here, we review recent findings in the three well-studied systems in the light of these results and analyse their implications for understanding polymorphism and coevolution of the two SI genes, in the context of a tightly linked genome region.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2004

Alpha-hydroxyacids and carboxylic acids.

The carboxylic acids include alpha-hydroxyacids (AHAs), polyhydroxy acids (PHAs), aldobionic acids (ABAs), retinoic acid, vitamin C and azelaic acid. They all have therapeutic actions. AHAs, PHAs and ABAs are organic hydroxyacids, a group of natural and physiological substances which can modulate skin keratinization and increase biosynthesis of dermal components. Because of these effects, AHAs, PHAs and ABAs are therapeutically effective or beneficial for topical treatment of dry skin, rough skin, acne, rosacea, warts, eczema, psoriasis and skin changes associated with ageing, including wrinkles and photoageing. In addition, PHAs and ABAs, which are antioxidants, are topically beneficial for sensitive or diseased skin and for the prevention of oxidative damage caused by UV radiation. The vitamin A derivatives, known as retinoids, include three that are found physiologically. Retinoic acid is the most potent of these in promoting proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells, and in stimulating biosynthesis of collagen I and III. Because of these actions, retinoic acid is therapeutically effective for topical treatment of acne, actinic keratoses and photoaged skin. Vitamin C, which is l-ascorbic acid and a lactone form of 3-keto-polyhydroxy acid, is a water-soluble antioxidant. Because of this property vitamin C has been promoted for topical prevention of skin damage caused by UV radiation. Azelaic acid has been shown to normalize keratinization in the follicular infundibulum, exert an antibacterial effect against Propionibacterium acnes and inhibit melanogenesis and so has been used for topical treatment of acne and melasma. The carboxylic acids display similarities and differences in their topical actions and therapeutic applications.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Nicotinic acid/niacinamide and the skin.

Nicotinic acid (also generally known as niacin) and niacinamide (also known as nicotinamide) are similarly effective as a vitamin because they can be converted into each other within the organism. The blanket term vitamin B(3) is used for both. Niacinamide is a component of important coenzymes involved in hydrogen transfer. Here, the two codehydrogenases, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) are of central importance. Topical application of niacinamide has a stabilizing effect on epidermal barrier function, seen as a reduction in transepidermal water loss and an improvement in the moisture content of the horny layer. Niacinamide leads to an increase in protein synthesis (e.g. keratin), has a stimulating effect on ceramide synthesis, speeds up the differentiation of keratinocytes, and raises intracellular NADP levels. In ageing skin, topical application of niacinamide improves the surface structure, smoothes out wrinkles and inhibits photocarcinogenesis. It is possible to demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects in acne, rosacea and nitrogen mustard-induced irritation. Because of its verifiable beneficial effects, niacinamide would be a suitable component in cosmetic products for use in disorders of epidermal barrier function, for ageing skin, for improving pigmentary disorders and for use on skin prone to acne.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

A retrospective study of the efficacy of intense pulsed light for the treatment of dermatologic disorders presenting to a cosmetic skin clinic.

BACKGROUND: One hundred seven patients presenting to a cosmetic skin clinic were treated with intense pulsed light (IPL) over a 12-month period. The main categories of patients offered treatment were those with vascular problems such as rosacea, facial telangiectasia, and spider nevi; pigmentation disorders such as solar damage, lentigines, and hyperpigmentation; and assorted problems such as scarring and poikiloderma. METHODS: Each patient who entered into the study had the full medical history taken and a dermatologic assessment. Polaroid photographs were taken and the images used for comparison before and after treatment. Outcomes were assessed by physicians' global assessment and a patients' postal questionnaire. Patients were treated with a Lumina IPL (Lynton Lasers Ltd) using a multiple pulsing facility with variable interpulse spacing, incorporating a 585-nm head. Fluence levels varied between 10 and 40 J/cm(2), although the average fluence over all patients was 25 J/cm(2). The delay was set between 10 and 30 ms and two to four pulses were used. Results Excellent results were seen in 80% of patients treated. There was a high patient satisfaction rate and low prevalence of side effects. CONCLUSIONS: IPL has been shown to provide a safe and effective noninvasive treatment for a wide range of dermatologic disorders and is suitable for wider use in primary care.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Capillaroscopy and videocapillaroscopy assessment of skin microcirculation: dermatologic and cosmetic approaches.

BACKGROUND: Different noninvasive bioengineering techniques exist to study the microvasculature of the skin and the dynamics of the microcirculation. The goal of these techniques is to visualize the skin capillary circulation easily and directly. Indeed, this information is irreplaceable to study the physiology and physiopathology of the skin capillary circulation efficiently. AIMS: Capillaroscopy and video-capillaroscopy techniques are presented with different methods to study the capillary structure of the skin. METHODS: The methods presented in this work include image processing analysis combining morphology, statistics, geometry, and neural network detection designed to quantify the microcirculation and to follow its evolution. To illustrate the combination of these techniques and methods, different examples of their application are described, in dermatology (hypertension, venous insufficiency, age-related changes) as well as in cosmetology (rosacea and erythrosis assessment). CONCLUSION: The determination of structural or dynamic changes in the cutaneous microcirculation belongs to the noninvasive techniques of the biometrological domain. Thus, every capillary modification resulting from topical cosmetic products, or chemical agents can be observed. In pathology, numerous conditions can be better examined with this system. Associated with the potential of numerical image analysis, capillaroscopy techniques will probably extend their application fields to the assessment of the influence of arterial and venous diseases on the skin nutritional circulation.

Journal Article↗