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PubMed2000

Designing a Helical Polymer that Reverses its Handedness at a Selected, Continuously Variable, Temperature We would like to thank R. L. B. Selinger for helpful discussions. The Office of Naval Research supported the work at both the Polytechnic University and the Naval Research Laboratory. The work at the Polytechnic University was also supported by the Chemistry and Polymers Programs of the National Science Foundation and by the Petroleum Research Fund administered by the American Chemical Society. We are grateful to Professor Krzysztof Matyjaszewski of Carnegie-Mellon University for a discussion that led to the development of this work.

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PubMed2000

Experimental Observation of Pentaatomic Tetracoordinate Planar Si- and Ge-Containing Molecules: MAl(4)(-) and MAl(4) The theoretical work was done at Utah State University and supported by the donors of The Petroleum Research Fund (ACS-PRF no. 35255-AC6), administered by the American Chemical Society. The experimental work was supported by the National Science Foundation (DMR-9622733) and was performed at the W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, a national scientific user facility sponsored by DOE's Office of Biological and Environmental Research and located at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, which is operated for DOE by Battelle Memorial Institute. L.S.W. is an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Research Fellow. M=Si, Ge.

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PubMed2001

Aromatic Mercury Clusters in Ancient Amalgams Work done at Utah State University is supported by the donors to The Petroleum Research Fund, administered by the American Chemical Society. Work done at Iowa State University is supported by Basic Energy Sciences, the U.S. Department of Energy. Work done at Washington State University is supported by the National Science Foundation (DMR-0095828) and performed at the W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, a national scientific user facility sponsored by DOE's Office of Biological and Environmental Research and located at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, which is operated for DOE by Battelle.

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PubMed2001

"Cap-Tag"-Novel Methods for the Rapid Purification of Oligosaccharides Prepared by Automated Solid-Phase Synthesis Financial support from the donors of the Petroleum Research Fund, administered by the ACS (ACS-PRF 34649-G1), Merck (Predoctoral Fellowship for E.R.P.), Boehringer-Ingelheim (Predoctoral Fellowship for E.R.P.), and the NIH (Biotechnology Training Grant for M.C.H.) is gratefully acknowledged. Funding for the MIT-DCIF Inova 501 was provided by the NSF (Award CHE-9808061). Funding for the MIT-DCIF Avance (DPX) 400 was provided by the NIH (Award 1S10RR13886-01). We thank Silicycle (Quebec City, Canada) for the generous gift of fluorous silica gel and isocyanate silica gel scavenger resin. We thank Dr. O. Plante for helpful discussions and help with the automated oligosaccharide synthesizer.

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PubMed1990

Dangerous properties of petroleum-refining products: carcinogenicity of motor fuels (gasoline).

Gasoline contains large numbers of dangerous and cancer-causing chemicals such as benzene, butadiene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, trimethyl pentane, methyltertbutylether (MTBE) and many others. For the U.S. alone approximately 140 billion gallons of gasoline were consumed in 1989. An increase in only ten cents per gallon in price of gasoline generates 14 billion dollars in extra profit per year for oil industry cartel. Laboratory animals exposed to gasoline developed cancers in different tissues and organs. A number of epidemiological studies in humans provide evidence of increased cancer risk of leukemia, kidney, liver, brain, lymphosarcoma, lymphatic tissue pancreas and other tissues and organs.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Biotransformation, endocrine, and genetic responses of Anguilla anguilla L. to petroleum distillate products and environmentally contaminated waters.

The European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) was exposed to diesel oil water-soluble fraction (DWSF) and gasoline water-soluble fraction (GWSF). The potential of these fractions to induce endocrine disruption, carbohydrate, and xenobiotic metabolism effects, as well as genotoxic responses, was investigated in a time-course laboratory study (3 h to 6 days). Both water-soluble fractions induced a time-related increase in liver ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, as well as the appearance of erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities (ENA) after a 6-day exposure, revealing its genotoxic properties. Initially, DWSF exposure revealed an inhibition of the typical stress responses demonstrated by plasma cortisol and lactate decrease. Nevertheless, this effect progressively disappeared, allowing a plasma glucose and lactate increase after 6 days of exposure. Fish exposed to GWSF exhibited a liver alanine transaminase (ALT) activity increase after a short exposure while the longest exposure revealed liver damage expressed as an ALT activity decrease. A field caging experiment, carried out in a harbor area (Aveiro Lagoon, Portugal), and a complementary laboratory experiment were designed to assess the influence of the daily tide dynamic on polyaromatic hydrocarbon water distribution and effects on liver EROD and ALT activities, as well as ENA frequency. Eels exposed to low- and high-tide harbor waters, in the laboratory, exhibited a similar degree of genotoxicity, whereas clear differences were observed as EROD induction. In the field experiment, caged eels did not display significant responses enhancing the relevance of natural environmental factors on toxicity mechanisms as well as on the apparent lack of toxicity in harbor waters.

Anguilla↗
PubMed1998

Effects of Dispersant Treatment on the Acute Aquatic Toxicity of Petroleum Hydrocarbons

The acute effects of both untreated and dispersant-treated Prudhoe Bay crude oil on the early life-stages of three marine species were investigated. Identification of which water-accommodated fraction (undispersed or chemically dispersed) was considered "more toxic" was dependent on species, time, and endpoint (and by inference, test protocol). Generally, the data showed that at roughly equivalent hydrocarbon concentrations untreated oil solutions resulted in higher initial effects (< 1 h) in mysid and topsmelt tests, whereas dispersed oil solutions elicited higher levels of larval abnormality in abalone tests and higher levels of mortality in mysid tests. While differences in test protocols existed among the species tested, topsmelt were the most sensitive species to untreated oil solutions, with mysids being most sensitive to dispersed oil solutions.

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PubMed1998

Effects of Salinity and Temperature on the Bioavailability of Dispersed Petroleum Hydrocarbons to the Golden-Brown Algae, Isochrysis galbana

Comparative studies were done to determine the influence of a dispersant on the bioavailability of naphthalene from crude oil to the unicellular golden-brown algae, Isochrysis galbana, under changing temperature and salinity conditions. Conditions were selected to represent a range (two temperatures, 12 and 20 degreesC, and two salinities, 22 and 34 per thousand) encountered in Pacific waters, where extensive crude oil transport and refining occurs. Cells were exposed to laboratory preparations of either the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of Prudhoe Bay crude oil (PBCO) or a dispersed oil (DO) mixture of PBCO and Corexit 9527(R) spiked with [U-14C]naphthalene. Uptake increased by as much as 50% in DO, 20 degreesC exposures run at 22 per thousand (0.24 µmol naphthalene/g algae in WAF, 0.37 µmol naphthalene/g algae in DO) compared with comparable exposures at 34 per thousand (0.23 µmol naphthalene/g algae in WAF, 0.37 µmol naphthalene/g algae in DO). A 24-h bioaccumulation factor (BAF) calculated in the absence of steady state indicated increasing bioaccumulation with decreasing temperature. No significant variation in relative metabolite composition occurred under the different experimental conditions. Results of these experiments showed that the use of dispersants enhanced the uptake of naphthalene by microalgae under a variety of temperature and salinity conditions, independent of aqueous concentration.

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PubMed1984

Oxygen consumption rates of grunion (Leuresthes tenuis) embryos exposed to the petroleum hydrocarbon, benzo[a]pyrene.

Bioconcentration of [14C]benzo[a]pyrene and effects of unlabeled benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) accumulation on the routine oxygen consumption of embryonic grunion (Leuresthes tenuis) were studied. At Day 15, bioconcentration factors over dissolved BaP levels ranged from 249 to 466. Weight-specific respiration rates at Days 14-15 were significantly increased (P less than or equal to 0.05) at a mean BaP body burden of 0.51 ppm wet wt. Oxygen consumption rates of embryos containing 0.70 to 12.80 ppm BaP were not significantly different from control rates. Because in a previous study embryos containing 0.51 ppm BaP exhibited hatching and developmental rates similar to those of controls, their metabolic response to low-level hydrocarbon exposure may be an example of hormesis, an overcompensating metabolic regulation to inhibitory challenges.

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