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PubMed2005

Multilevel analyses of genetic differentiation in Anopheles gambiae s.s. reveal patterns of gene flow important for malaria-fighting mosquito projects.

Malaria control projects based on the introduction and spread of transgenes into mosquito populations depend on the extent of isolation between those populations. On the basis of the distribution of paracentric inversions, Anopheles gambiae has been subdivided into five subspecific chromosomal forms. Estimating gene flow between and within these forms of An. gambiae presents a number of challenges. We compared patterns of genetic divergence (F(ST)) between sympatric populations of the Bamako and Mopti forms at five sites. We used microsatellite loci within the j inversion on chromosome 2, which is fixed in the Bamako form but absent in the Mopti form, and microsatellites on chromosome 3, a region void of inversions. Estimates of genetic diversity and F(ST)'s suggest genetic exchanges between forms for the third chromosome but little for the j inversion. These results suggest a role for the inversion in speciation. Extensive gene flow within forms among sites resulted in populations clustering according to form despite substantial gene flow between forms. These patterns underscore the low levels of current gene flow between chromosomal forms in this area of sympatry. Introducing refractoriness genes in areas of the genome void of inversions may facilitate their spread within forms but their passage between forms may prove more difficult than previously thought.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Control of filarial infections: not the beginning of the end, but more research is needed.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Infections with the filarial nematodes affect more than 150 million people mainly in the tropics. The very successful efforts to control filarial infections, however, have to be sustained by new tools that require long-term commitment to research. This review, focusing on reports from 2002 and 2003, highlights recent advances in research on immunology, understanding of pathogenesis and drug development in lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis research with potential relevance to the generation of new tools for control. RECENT FINDINGS: Dramatic improvement has been achieved in the control of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis by vector control and mass treatment with microfilaricidal drugs. Additional tools that could help in regional elimination or, ultimately, eradication of filariasis may arise from the development of new drugs or a vaccine. Research into the immune responses mediating protection or pathology has provided new insights into the pathways that lead to effector function and immunosuppression, such as T regulatory responses, as well as into genetic predispositions from the host's side, and to the identification of vaccine candidates that show protection in animal models. Recognition of the role the Wolbachia endosymbionts may play in activating the innate immune system has altered our understanding of immunopathology of filariasis and adverse reactions to microfilaricidal drugs. Wolbachia spp. have also proven to be suitable targets for the development of a long-term sterilizing or potentially macrofilaricidal drug. SUMMARY: This review summarizes recent developments in the control of filariasis, in particular lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis, as well as in modern research into the immunity of filariasis and new drug development that could lead to additional tools necessary for sustained success in filariasis control.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1990

[Application and environmental impact of the biocontrol agent--Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis for vector control].

In 1976, Goldberg and Margalit found a potent isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, which has great mosquitocidal activity and was commercialized within 5 years in the USA. It is now the only bio-control agent on the market for vector control worldwide. Because of concerns about environmental pollution and ecological preservation, vector control can no longer be solely dependent on the use of chemicals. It appears that the best strategy is to be integrated with biological control. When considering the value and future progress of BTI, it is important to evaluate applicability based on (1) production technology and economic considerations (2) standardization and quality control, and (3) field realization and environmental impacts. Finally, government policy and regulation limitations are the key factors which influence the availability of BTI in the vector control program.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Effects of diflubenzuron on growth and glutathione in mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis).

Although some biological control agents and related biorational approaches are available for mosquito control, insecticides remain the principal control method. In addition, the secondary affects of conventional insecticides in environment has led to the discovery of more target-specific chemical such as insect growth regulators. Dimilin (25% WP), the common name of diflubenzuron, prevent molting by interfering with chitin synthesis in several insect orders. This study evaluate toxicity of this insecticide on a larvivorous non-target species, Gambusia affinis (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae). Dimilin, applied for 24 h at a concentration of 78 ng/l, corresponding to the LD90 against the fourth instar larvae of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) was first tested on growth and development of 7-day old juvenile mosquitofish during 45 days following treatment. Results showed that dimilin caused significant (p < 0.01) reduction in both length and weight of juveniles from days 30 following treatment, compared to controls. In a second series of experiments, designated for measurements of glutathione (GSH), adults of G. affinis were exposed continuously to a concentration of 78 ng/l for 30 days. Treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the amount of glutathione in mosquitofish bodies starting day 15 during treatment, compared to controls.

Animals↗